Abstract: A system and method for creating a unique optical signature that uses a plurality of optical signature chambers containing fluids having differing optical properties, for example differing indices of refraction, that produce different individual optical signatures for each chamber. If the chambers are broken causing the fluids to spill or the fluids are otherwise discharged from the chambers, the fluids mix together so one does not know which fluid came from which chamber, thereby preventing replication of the correct optical signatures. This destruction of the optical signatures can occur mechanically, without the application or presence of electrical power.

Abstract: An optical measurement apparatus can be provided, in which the sample is optically measured without loss of the illuminating light with high sensitivity. A glass plate as the transparent member 50 is placed in the interface between the end face 43 of the optical waveguide 40 guiding the illuminating light L generated by the laser light source 20 and the wall face of the capillary 30. According to the above feature, the air layer is prevented from existing in the interface between the end face 43 of the optical fiber 40 and the wall face of the capillary 30, thus the sample S can be optically measured with high sensitivity and few variability without causing the loss of the illuminating light L.

Abstract: A light emitting diode for harsh environments includes a substantially transparent substrate, a semiconductor layer deposited on a bottom surface of the substrate, several bonding pads, coupled to the semiconductor layer, formed on the bottom surface of the substrate, and a micro post, formed on each bonding pad, for electrically connecting the light emitting diode to a printed circuit board. An underfill layer may be provided between the bottom surface of the substrate and the top surface of the printed circuit board, to reduce water infiltration under the light emitting diode substrate. Additionally, a diffuser may be mounted to a top surface of the light emitting diode substrate to diffuse the light emitted through the top surface.

Abstract: An automatic analysis apparatus and an automatic analysis method that can perform both spectrophometric measurements for biochemical tests and the turbidimetric immunoassay with high precision by selectively exchanging a white light or at least one monochromatic light based on analysis conditions determined by a measure condition setting unit for respective measuring object. The automatic analysis apparatus includes an irradiating direction setting unit configured to irradiate the selected white light or at least one monochromatic light based on the analysis conditions onto a reaction cuvette along the same light axis and a light detection unit having a plurality of light receiving elements in order to detect the white light of particular determined wavelength lights and the selected monochromatic light.

Abstract: A detecting apparatus is to at least assist in determining the concentration of colorants within a carrier liquid. The colorants at least absorb light and/or diverge light. The detecting apparatus includes one or more light sources to emit light, and one or more light detectors to detect light. The light sources and the light detectors are positionally configured in relation to one another such that both light directly emitted by the light sources and that has not been absorbed or diverged by the colorants, as well as light diverged by the colorants within the carrier liquid, are detected and/or determined. The concentration of colorants is determined based on the light directly emitted by the light sources that has not been absorbed or diverged by the colorants and/or on the light diverged by the colorants within the carrier liquid.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for detecting defects on a disk surface which projects light on the disk surface by a light transmitting system, receives specula reflection light and scattered light by a light receiving system, exposes defects by performing a two-dimensional frequency filter process on a signal, and performs a defect determination process to extract a linear-shaped isolative defect candidate. Next, the present invention performs a periodicity determination process to classify and detect the periodically generated linear and circular arc defects and the isolatively generated linear and circular arc defects.

Abstract: A detection device comprising a substrate comprising a plurality of objects of which properties are changed due to the contact with a target substance, means for bringing the target substance into contact with the objects, and means for detecting a change in properties of the objects caused when the target substance is brought into contact with the objects, based on light output when the objects are irradiated with light, wherein the plurality of the objects are located in the direction in which the light for irradiation travels, and the detecting means is means for detecting the change in the properties based on the summation of light output from the plurality of the objects upon irradiation with light.

Abstract: A turbidity measuring device having a four-beam, alternating light arrangement for registering turbidity of a measured medium includes first and second light sources L1, L2; and first and second receivers R1, R2. The direct measuring paths extend from light sources Li, through a measured medium, to receivers Ri, and indirect measuring paths extend from light sources Li, through the measured medium, to second receivers Rj; wherein i?j; wherein turbidity can be ascertained as a function of a quotient A/B by means of an evaluating circuit; wherein A and B are functions at least of signals registered via the direct or indirect measuring paths; wherein at least a first monitor signal, which depends on the first light source, enters into one of the two terms A or B; wherein the light reaches the monitor from the first light source without interaction with the measured medium; and wherein the monitor signal is added to at least one of the signals registered via the measuring paths and entering into the term A or B.

Abstract: The detection device provides with an optical fiber composed of a core, a clad and a fiber jacket. A grating is applied to the core, and the fiber jacket located at the portion to which the grating is applied is removed so that the clad is in contact with a fuel fed to an injector of a vehicle. The detection device also provides with a light source for incidence of a light in a range of clad mode wavelength to the optical fiber, and a light-sensitive part for detecting an intensity of the light transmitting through the region to which the grating is applied. The optical fiber, light source and light-sensitive part are held in a conduit disposed in a fuel tank or between a fuel pump and the injector of the vehicle.

Abstract: An optical element of the present invention includes a conductive microstructure having a conductive property, and detects an optical spectrum signal varied by the binding of measured molecules on the surface of the conductive microstructure. The optical element has a distribution in the binding capacity of the measured molecules on the surface of the conductive microstructure in the direction of the electric displacement vector generated inside the conductive microstructure. As a result, it is possible to provide an optical element capable of measuring the density at high accuracy without depending on the binding position of the measured molecules.

Abstract: High resolution particle differentiation process and separation system that provides enhanced resolution of particles based upon selected particle characteristics. In particular, the system may include an enhanced resolution flow cytometer. In an embodiment, the invention can include at least one fluid source conduit (24) that introduces 0 fluid source stream (24) into an enhanced resolution nozzle (25) at an angle that enhances particle resolution by the cell sensing system (13).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a turbidity calibration standard comprising: a number of from 1 to 5 sequentially-interfaced layers, wherein each layer independently comprises a light-permeable polymer or light-permeable interpolymer; a measured light transmission modulating amount of at least one light transmission modulator, which is distributed in any one or more of the layers; and a light-permeable container, which contains the layers and the at least one light transmission modulator. Also, the invention relates to methods of making and using the standard, and kits comprising the standard.

Abstract: A system and a method are disclosed for combining a soil sample and extractant in a mixing chamber to produce a liquid extractant-soil mixture. A portion of the liquid extractant-soil mixture is directed from the mixing chamber through a sample measurement chamber coupled to the mixing chamber. The sample measurement chamber is coupled to a light source so that light propagates from the light source through the portion of the liquid extractant-soil mixture to an optical detector which generates an attenuation spectrum indicating light received by the detector at different wavelengths. The sample measurement chamber may include an attenuation cell having a specified optical path between a first measurement window and a second measurement window and angular surface directing particulates in the liquid extractant-soil mixture away from the attenuation cell.

Abstract: An ultrasonic optical cleaning system is provided for cleaning and deterring the buildup of organic and inorganic particulates from the surface of glassware used in water testing instrumentation. The ultrasonic optical cleaning system includes a transducer that is attached to the surface of the glassware. A connector cap carrying a plurality of spring contacts interconnecting the transducer with an ultrasonic transducer control circuit. The control circuit operates continuously to provide an electrical signal to the transducer that vibrates the transducer and the glassware so that the glassware is cleaned of contaminates.

Abstract: A system and method for determining bubble shell properties using optical scattering. One or more ultrasound contrast agent (UCA) bubbles is placed in an imaging volume and illuminated with a laser. The UCA is exposed to pressure variations (e.g., using pulses of imaging or therapeutic ultrasound), while optical scattering data are collected and processed. The scattering intensity is related to the radius of the UCA. Thus, changes in the radius due to varying pressure conditions results in variations in the scattering intensity. The collected data are processed to provide a radius versus time (RT) relationship. The RT relationship is fit to one or more conventional dynamic models. The fitted empirical data can be used to determine one or more UCA parameters, such as shear modulus and shell viscosity.

Abstract: The light measurement apparatus of the invention, in which the light is irradiated to the sample dispersed in the liquid flowing through the flow passage, is used for measuring optical information of the sample. The apparatus includes a light source portion 20 for irradiating the irradiating light L to the liquid 11, a light receiving portion 31 to receive the optical information of the sample S including the irradiating light transmitted through the liquid to generate a receiving light signal SG1, under a condition in which the liquid is irradiated by the irradiating light of the light source portion 20 in a state that a relative position of the sample S to the irradiating light varies at constant speed, a measurement portion 120 for measuring variation of the receiving light signal according to the sample.

Abstract: The present disclosure is drawn to methods, devices, and systems for determining solid content of inks, including a device comprising a chamber configured to hold an ink sample having ionic particulates in a liquid vehicle, a first opening in the chamber for filling the chamber with the ink sample, a second distinct opening in the chamber for removal of the liquid vehicle, a deposition electrode at least partially defining the chamber, a counter electrode, a power supply connected to the deposition electrode and the counter electrode for creating an electric field inside the chamber, and a densitometer optically coupleable to the deposition electrode for measuring the optical density of ionic particulates. Additionally, the device can be operable to separate the ionic particulates from the liquid vehicle by deposition of the ionic particulates at the deposition electrode and/or the device can be operable to measure the optical density of the ionic particulates after migration to the deposition electrode.

Abstract: Cervical cancer screening using HPV testing can yields a high negative predictive value of approximately 99.5% for prediction of cervical lesions of CIN3 or greater. However, sample adequacy can affect the number of at-risk women that may go undetected due to the inadequacy of the tested sample. We have approached this challenge of increasing sample assurance of the negative results by estimating the cell count in known fluid volumes using light scattering techniques, in particular turbidity. These methods may be used as a fast, convenient, and economical method for measuring sample adequacy for other uses as well. Particular examples using these methods in conjunction with the HC2 HPV test are provided herein.

Abstract: A surface plasmon resonance meter is provided, including a backlight module, a line-slot plate, a parabolic mirror, a linear polarizer, a sensing chip, a prism and a photo detector array. The line-slot plate includes a light outlet. A light beam travels in the backlight module, and leaves the backlight module through the light outlet. The position of the line-slot plate is matched on a predetermined focal point of the parabolic mirror. The light beam is reflected by the parabolic mirror to be a parallel light beam, and travels trough the linear polarizer to the prism. The prism includes a light entering surface, a detection surface and a light exiting surface. The light beam enters the prism through the light entering surface, contacts the sensing chip with total internal reflection, and finally leaves the prism through the light exiting surface to be received by the photo detector array.

Abstract: A particulate concentration detector including a detection mechanism having a light emission unit and light reception unit. The particulate concentration detector detects the concentration of particulates suspended in a liquid from the light amount detected by the detection mechanism. The detection mechanism includes a first light guide, a second light guide, a liquid chamber, and a third light guide. The first light guide is arranged at a location facing toward a light emission surface of the light emission unit. The second light guide is arranged at a location facing toward a light reception surface of the light reception unit. The liquid chamber is formed between the first light guide and second light guide and allows the liquid to flow therein. The third light guide is arranged in an oscillatable manner in the liquid chamber so as to face toward the first light guide and the second light guide.

Abstract: This disclosure generally relates to methods of measuring the adequacy of a clinical sample by estimating the cell count in known fluid volumes using light scattering techniques, in particular turbidity. In another aspect, this disclosure provides machines for measuring the adequacy of a clinical sample by estimating the cell count. These machines can be used for high-throuhput processing of clinical samples. In another aspect this disclosure provides methods of determining whether testing of a clinical sample would be informative. Particular examples using these methods in conjunction with the HC2 HPV test are provided herein.

Abstract: The invention relates to an arrangement and a method for the analysis of body fluids (21), whereby an image recording device (30) is arranged in a low-reflection, preferably zero-reflection chamber (16), provided with an illumination device (45) and connected to an electronic image analyzer. The image recording device (30) is focused on a container (20), containing the body fluid (21) in an analysis position (22), in order to take at least one image of the body fluid (21), analyzed by means of an image analysis software which determines the quality of the body fluid (21).

Abstract: A sensor device and method for detecting the turbidity of wash liquor. The sensor device includes an optical transmitter; an optical receiver, wherein the wash liquor to be tested flows between the transmitter and the receiver; and an electronic control and evaluation device to (a) carry out a reference measurement by means of the optical transmitter and receiver in order to determine a reference measured value; (b) carry out a turbidity measurement on the wash liquor to be measured by means of the optical transmitter and receiver in order to determine a test measured value; (c) relate the reference measured value to the test measured value; and (d) determine a characteristic value for a determined turbidity of the wash liquor therefrom and transmit the characteristic value as a measurement signal. The determination of the reference measured value and the test measured value include determining a gradient of the turbidity.

Abstract: An optical sensor device (10) is able to be coupled to a window (14), in particular to a windscreen of a motor vehicle. The optical sensor device (10) comprises a sensor unit (12), which includes a emitter (26), a receiver (28) and a light conductor unit (30). By the light conductor unit (30), a light beam (34) emitted by the emitter (26) is coupled into the window (14), coupled out of the window (14) and directed onto the receiver (28). The light conductor unit (30) includes Fresnel lens regions and associated reflecting regions.

Abstract: A light scattering type smoke sensor includes a sensor body, light-emitter for emitting light toward an open smoke-sensing space and outputting a light-received signal according to the amount of scattering light received, and a fire judging unit for judging whether fire occurs or not on the basis of the amount of received light determined on the basis of the outputted light-received signal.

Abstract: A heat pump type hot water supply device is provided with a heat source side heat pump unit having a heat radiating heat exchanger that condenses refrigerant to radiate heat from the refrigerant. The hot water supply device is provided with a water tank that stores water, a water supply pipe that supplies water to the water tank from the outside, a water circulation pipe that is extended in a bypassing manner and circulates the water in the water tank from a bottom section to an upper section, a heat absorbing heat exchanger that is arranged on the water circulation pipe and connected to the heat radiating heat exchanger of the heat source side heat pump unit so as to absorb heat, and a hot water supply unit that comprises a hot water supply pipe that supplies warm water in the upper section of the water tank to the outside. The water supply pipe is branched into a plurality of water supply paths including a first water supply path and a second water supply path.

Abstract: A lubricant deterioration detecting device has a light emitting unit and a light receiving unit so arranged as to define a gap therebetween for accommodating a lubricant forming an object to be detected, and a determining circuit for determining a light transmittance of the lubricant in reference to an output from the light receiving unit to thereby detect a status of deterioration of the lubricant.

Abstract: A portable apparatus having a source, a detector and a filtering element placed a known distance from the source and/or the detector. One embodiment of the apparatus is a headlamp having an illumination source, a camera, and two eye pieces. The headlamp has an adjustable headband for positioning the headlamp on the head of the user and a protective cover for interacting with the camera, eye pieces, and/or illumination source. The protective cover preferably includes multiple sets of filtering elements such that motion about or along an axis changes the filtering elements interacting with the camera, eye pieces, and/or the illumination source.

Abstract: A surface plasmon microsensor or a nanosensor for chemical or biological species including pads distributed on the surface of a support, the pads including an electrically conductive material and being capable of immobilizing the chemical or biological species. The pads have a dimension less than 1 ?m.

Abstract: The present invention (HBX) describes a system and device design for measuring and analysis of properties in liquids with suspensions, preferably human body fluids e.g. whole blood and in the fluid existing substances and particles. By penetrating a sample of the liquid suspension with specifically calibrated light passing through a thin well defined layer of the liquid placed in a non added cuvette where the transmitted outgoing light from a measuring area is registered in a spectrophotometer adapted for the specific light and the optic geometrical system arranged for elimination of scattered light. The registered data points in the photometer is then processed in a series of steps for corrections and calculation of the values/results of the desired parameters by use of different algorithms in the microprocessor of the device for final presentation on a display, be stored in a memory and possible communication to other information receiving unit.

Abstract: A sample analyzer comprising a flow cell for forming a sample flow, a light source for irradiating the sample flow in the flow cell with near ultraviolet light, and an imaging section for taking an image of a particle contained in the sample flow irradiated with the near ultraviolet light by the light source is disclosed. A method for analyzing a sample is also disclosed.

Abstract: An absorptiometry microchip testing device with which, after one-time startup, test results of blood analyses are automatically obtained without a special tester. The microchip testing device has a rotary drive source which can be stopped at a prescribed angle; a centrifugal rotor connected to the rotary drive source via the main shaft; a direction switching mechanism for controlling the main shaft gear; a planetary gear which engages the main shaft gear which is located on the centrifugal rotor; a chip holder which turns together with the planetary gear; a microchip which is held in the chip holder and has a part for measuring absorbance; a light source from which light is incident in the absorbance measuring part of the microchip; a detector which receives light transmitted by the absorbance measuring part; and a controller which controls movements of the rotary drive source and the direction switching mechanism.

Abstract: Performing modulation spectroscopy by directing a probe beam and a pump beam at a strained semiconductor sample, modulating the pump beam, and reflecting the probe beam into a detector. The detector produces a direct current signal proportional to reflectance R of the probe beam and an alternating current signal proportional to the modulation of the reflectance ?R of the probe beam. Both R and ?R are measured at a multiplicity of probe beam photon energies, to provide a spectrum having at least one line shape. The spectrum is analyzed to measure energy differences between interband electronic transitions of the sample, and the strain of the sample is determined from the energy differences.

Abstract: A device for monitoring particle contamination in flowing hydraulic fluids includes a mechanism for particle counting and particle sizing. Further, a method for monitoring particle contamination in flowing hydraulic fluids: determines fluid flow velocity; counts particles in the hydraulic fluid passing the light barrier for a fixed period of time; and obtains particle size distribution by using a range of different trigger levels. The monitoring device is insertable into an A/C hydraulic system to enable an online-monitoring of degradation of fluid quality during normal flight operations or on the ground. The device and method help lower costs for A/C maintenance and increase A/C availability since necessary service actions can be scheduled strategically.

Abstract: A lubricant deterioration detecting device includes an arcuate optical fiber (4) having one end positioned in face-to-face relation with a light emitting element and also having the opposite end positioned in face-to-face relation with a light receiving element, and a measuring gap (7) for intervening a lubricating agent (5) is provided in a portion of the arcuate optical fiber (4). In the vicinity of the measuring gap (7), a resistance element (15), the amount of deformation of which varies with change in state of lubrication performed with the lubricating agent, is provided for flowing of the lubricating agent (5) within the measuring gap (7).

Abstract: A method of determining an optical parameter or function thereof for a liquid, the method comprising: flowing the liquid through a flow cell; transmitting a pulse of light into the liquid in the flow cell; generating a signal responsive to energy that the material emits responsive to a portion of the light from the light pulse that is absorbed by the liquid; and using the signal to determine the optical parameter or function thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the detection of optical sensors by means of measurement of information relative to the signal intensity and signal modulation phase shift. The proposed method employs the use of CMOS and/or CCD imager and illuminations with different wavelengths. The system is able realize a contactless measurement of a phase shift to curse on a gas concentration an distance.

Abstract: Methods for altering one or more parameters of a measurement system are provided. One method includes analyzing a sample using the system to generate values from classification channels of the system for a population of particles in the sample. The method also includes identifying a region in a classification space in which the values for the populations are located. In addition, the method includes determining an optimized classification region for the population using one or more properties of the region. The optimized classification region contains a predetermined percentage of the values for the population. The optimized classification region is used for classification of particles in additional samples.

Abstract: A liquid flow control system for use with infusion sets of the type comprising a liquid supply, a drip chamber 8 downstream of the liquid supply for forming liquid drops and a flexible tube 7 connecting the drip chamber with an injection needle, the system comprising a drop sensor 4 adapted for being arranged adjacent the drip chamber for sensing the passage of drops through the drip chamber, a valve 19 adapted for controlling the flow of the liquid through the tube, valve activating means for activating the valve, electrical circuits for registering the rate of drop formation and controlling the valve activating means, and a battery for powering the drop sensor, the electrical circuits and the valve activating means, the drop sensor, the valve, the valve activating means, the electrical circuits and the battery being mounted on or in a common housing having housing attachment means for releasably attaching the housing to the flexible tube.

Abstract: An optical sensor device includes a photoconductor structure having first and second partial members (16, 18) and a coupling surface (20) for coupling the optical sensor device to an opposing counter surface of a pane (22), particularly a windscreen of a motor vehicle. The optical sensor device further includes an optical transmitter (10) coupling a beam of rays into the first partial member (16), an optical receiver (12) receiveing a beam of rays emerging from the second partial member (18), and a printed circuit board (14) arranged parallel to the coupling surface (20). The transmitter (10) and the receiver (12) are arranged on the printed circuit board (14). The photoconductor structure is designed so that the central ray (28) of the transmitter (10) enters into the first partial member (16) perpendicularly to the coupling surface (20) and emerges from the second partial member (18) perpendicularly to the coupling surface (20).

Abstract: A drift tube amplifier having an input and an output. The drift tube amplifier including a current-to-voltage converter for converting input current to a voltage, a band pass filter assembly for reducing unwanted noise within the voltage, a voltage controlled amplifier for adjusting the output voltage level, and a logarithmic ratio converter for converting the voltage from linear to LOG scale.

Abstract: A simple pass-fail tool that can be used to test the particulate contamination level in a fluid. The tool relies upon a comparison between a measured indicator of the contamination level in the fluid with another indicator of a contamination level of the fluid. Based on the comparison, conclusions about the contamination level of the fluid, and decisions about the fluid, for example that the fluid is acceptable for a particular use, can be made. The fluid can be fuel, lubrication, power transfer, heat exchange or other fluids used in a fluid system, for example fuel injection systems of diesel engines or hydraulic systems, where contamination of the fluid is of concern and use of an excessively contaminated fluid is to be avoided.

Abstract: Apparatus for sorting and orienting sperm cells has a pair or walls in confronting relationship forming a flow chamber having inlet, a downstream outlet, and intermediate detector region. The inlet receives first and second spaced apart streams of input fluid and a third stream of sample fluid containing the cells to be sorted. The first and second streams have respective flow rates relative to third stream, such that the third stream is constricted forming a relatively narrow sample stream, so that the cells are oriented parallel to the walls. A detector detects desired cells and a sorter downstream of the detector for sorting the desired cells from the stream.

Abstract: A flow cell and flow cytometer in which a nozzle at the end of a flow channel is disposed on a removable substrate held at a registered location on a flow cell. Other elements including illumination optics, light collection optics, and the flow cell may then be positioned at fixed locations and would not require subsequent periodic adjustment. The registered location for positioning the nozzle allows removal and replacement of the nozzle key with the nozzle subsequently positioned in the identical location.

Abstract: Semiconductor processors, sensors, semiconductor processing systems, semiconductor workpiece processing methods, and turbidity monitoring methods are provided. According to one aspect, a semiconductor processor includes a process chamber configured to receive a semiconductor workpiece for processing; a supply connection in fluid communication with the process chamber and configured to supply slurry to the process chamber; and a sensor configured to monitor the turbidity of the slurry. Another aspect provides a semiconductor workpiece processing method including providing a semiconductor process chamber; supplying slurry to the semiconductor process chamber; and monitoring the turbidity of the slurry using a sensor.

Abstract: A method, system and an apparatus for estimating a property of a fluid in a wellbore are disclosed. In one aspect, the fluid may be exposed to light and light reflected by or passed through the fluid may be separated into a plurality of channels by a plurality of photonic crystals, each providing light corresponding to particular center wavelength. In another aspect, the light may be passed through a plurality of photonic crystals to provide light centered about one or more wavelengths. The fluid then may be exposed to the light output from the photonic crystals. Light detected from the fluid corresponding to each center wavelength is processed to estimate the parameter of interest.

Abstract: An optical fiber sensor that can detect a liquid level or detect a property of liquid with high reliability even under a frequently vibrational environment. The optical fiber sensor includes an optical fiber that includes a core having an area where a grating is formed and a clad, and is disposed so that at least a part of the area with the grating is immersed in liquid, a light source for making light incident to the optical fiber so that a cladding mode light having a wavelength band is occurred by the grating, and a light receiving unit for detecting the intensity of light which is incident from the light source to the optical fiber and transmitted through the grating.

Abstract: An absorption detection system is provided. The system includes a plurality of monochromatic light sources and a separator for separating the light from the plurality of monochromatic light sources into a plurality of wavelengths. A plurality of detectors, receives light of a single wavelength to measure absorption of light in a biological sample.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for detecting and measuring the concentration of a substance in a solution, the substance having an absorption at 300 nm or less. The methods and apparatus have particular utility in detecting and measuring the concentration of proteins and nucleic acids.

Abstract: An optical element 4 of the present invention includes a conductive microstructure 6 having a conductive property, and detects an optical spectrum signal varied by the binding of measured molecules on the surface of the conductive microstructure 6. The optical element 4 has a distribution in the direction to the electric displacement vector generated inside the conductive microstructure 6 by the binding capacity of the measured molecules on the surface of the conductive microstructure 6. As a result, it is possible to provide an optical element capable of measuring the density at high accuracy without depending on the binding position of the measured molecules.