Abstract: A circuit protection device includes a plasma gun, at least one capacitor communicatively coupled to the plasma gun, and a monitoring circuit communicatively coupled to the at least one capacitor. The capacitor is configured to store electrical energy and to provide the electrical energy to the plasma gun. The monitoring circuit is configured to measure a charge property of the at least one capacitor, determine a charge status of the at least one capacitor based on the measured charge property, and output at least one signal indicative of the charge status.

Abstract: An energy-storage device electrode core is disclosed that features relatively low-inductive impedance (and thus low equivalent series resistance (ESR)). Also disclosed is an energy-storage device electrode core that features a radii-modulated electrode core that forms extra vias to facilitate efficient heat removal away from the electrode, thus improving the performance and capabilities of an energy-storage device so equipped. The internal electrode core heat-removal vias are defined by the modulation patterns that in turn define the size and layout of the folds in the electrode, which are circumferentially collapsed about the center axis of the electrode core.

Abstract: A method for protecting a super capacitor includes monitoring a charge level of the capacitor, monitoring a temperature of the capacitor, discharging the capacitor when the temperature is above a predetermined level, or discharging the capacitor down to a predetermined level when the capacitor has stayed charged over said level longer than a predetermined period, and directing the discharged power from the capacitor to a cooling device for cooling the capacitor. Also, a super capacitor system includes at least one super capacitor, a control unit and sensor for monitoring the temperature and the charge level of the capacitor. The system further includes a cooling device connected to the super capacitor for cooling the capacitor.

Abstract: A hybrid control system for controlling an electric machine coupled to a gas turbine engine is provided. The control system comprises: a primary analog control loop including an analog controller for controlling the electric machine based on a set point and a measured output of the electric machine; and a digital controller of the turbine engine operationally connected to the primary analog control loop to adjust at least one control parameter associated with the analog controller.

Abstract: An independent bleeding integrated circuit device is provided to replace the bleeding resistor for an EMI filter capacitor, to establish a discharge path between the two terminals of the EMI filter capacitor when the EMI filter capacitor is disconnected from an AC power source, for discharging the EMI filter capacitor. When the EMI filter capacitor is connected with an AC power source, the discharge path is cut off to avoid power loss.

Abstract: A capacitor providing a thermal alert includes a wound film capacitor for carrying a large current when coupled to an AC generator. The wound film capacitor includes a hollow core extending from one end to another end of the capacitor. Also included are an in-line thermal switch, which is disposed in the hollow core for sensing a predetermined temperature; and a light indicator, which is coupled to the thermal switch. A single housing is integrally formed from an upper cover and a lower cover for housing the capacitor, the thermal switch and the light indicator. The upper cover of the housing is formed from translucent material. The thermal switch is configured to disconnect the wound film capacitor from the AC generator upon reaching the predetermined temperature, and activate the light indicator to emit a light. The upper cover is effective in transmitting the light from inside the housing to outside of the housing.

Abstract: A method for protecting against a failure within a multi-phase capacitor bank including a plurality of capacitor units each including a plurality of capacitor elements connected to each other, wherein capacitor units are connected to each other and the failure may involve two neighboring capacitor units. The method includes steps of measuring the current of each individual phase of the capacitor bank, calculating the magnitude of an unbalanced current based on the measured currents, measuring the voltage of each individual phase of the capacitor bank, calculating the magnitude of an unbalanced voltage based on the measured voltages, determining an operating point based on the calculated magnitudes of the unbalanced current and the unbalanced voltage, examining where the defined operating point is located in a specified operating region, and initializing a trip signal based on the location of the defined operating point in the specified operating region.

Abstract: A harmonic protection method for a capacitor bank uses a harmonic protection apparatus, which includes a CPU unit, a current and voltage sampling unit, and a protection device. The CPU unit obtains effective value I1 of fundamental wave current of the capacitor bank, and effective value In of the n-th harmonic wave current of the capacitor bank, where n is harmonic order and ranges from 2 to ?, and calculates the true effective value I of current of the capacitor bank by I = I 1 2 + ? n = 2 ? ? k n ? I n 2 provided that kn=rn/r1, kn is the n-th harmonic coefficient , rn is power consumption equivalent resistance of the capacitor bank for the n-th harmonic, r1 is power consumption equivalent resistance of the capacitor bank at a fundamental frequency. When I?1.3 IN, the CPU unit controls the protecting device to disconnect the capacitor bank, provided that IN is a threshold current of the capacitor bank.

Abstract: A power converter utilizes one or more nonlinear composite film capacitors constructed solely of polymer anti-ferroelectric (AFE) particle composites and configured as DC-link bus capacitors providing an energy buffer to reduce DC-link voltage ripple.

Abstract: A system includes an electrical component, a MOV, a voltage sensor, and a circuit. The MOV is connected in parallel to the electrical component. The voltage sensor detects a voltage over the MOV and the electrical component. The circuit removes power in response to the voltage sensor detecting the voltage over the MOV and the electrical component being greater than a threshold voltage for a length of time greater than a threshold length of time. Removing power prevents the MOV from releasing one or more of smoke, smell, and sound. The MOV is thus not damaged as a result of a power surge. The system may be a power supply, or another type of electrical system. The electrical component may be a capacitor, or another type of electrical component.

Abstract: Systems, methods and devices for monitoring temperature are presented herein. A method of monitoring temperature in a system, such as a capacitor bank, is disclosed. The method may include: receiving first device temperature signals indicative of the temperature of a first device over a predetermined period of time; receiving second device temperature signals indicative of the temperature of a second device over a predetermined period of time; determining a first rolling average temperature for the predetermined period of time from the first device temperature signals; determining a second rolling average temperature for the predetermined period of time from the second temperature signals; and triggering a disconnect event in response to a determination that either the first or the second rolling average temperature is greater than a predetermined maximum working temperature.

Abstract: This semiconductor device according to the present invention includes a plurality of cylindrical lower electrodes aligned densely in a memory array region; a plate-like support which is contacted on the side surface of the cylindrical lower electrodes, and links to support the plurality of the cylindrical lower electrodes; a pore portion provided in the plate-like support; a dielectric film covering the entire surface of the cylindrical lower electrodes and the plate-like support in which the pore portion is formed; and an upper electrode formed on the surface of the dielectric film, wherein the boundary length of the part on the side surface of the cylindrical lower electrode which is exposed on the pore portion is shorter than the boundary length of the part on the side surface of the cylindrical lower electrode which is not exposed on the pore portion.

Abstract: Described herein is, for example, a battery or capacitor over voltage (overcharge) and under-voltage protection circuit, that, for example, is adapted to not draw current from the battery or capacitor to be charged unless charge energy is detected and to not charge an energy storage device when an over-charge condition is sensed. The protection circuit may, for example, not be turned on unless an over voltage condition is present. Incoming energy to the system can be shunted to ground via a shunt load of various types including resistive loads and active components such as a zener diode. In some embodiments, no switching of the inbound power is required. Within limits, no regulation of inbound power is needed. When inbound power is sufficient to charge the battery or capacitor, regulation can occur via the applied shunt regulator if overcharge voltage conditions exist. Either type of charge source, voltage or current, can be used to provide charge energy.

Abstract: A high-density deep trench capacitor array with a plurality of leakage sensors and switch devices. Each capacitor array further comprises a plurality of sub-arrays, wherein the leakage in each sub-array is independently controlled by a sensor and switch unit. The leakage sensor comprises a current mirror, a transimpedance amplifier, a voltage comparator, and a timer. If excessive leakage current is detected, the switch unit will automatically disconnect the leaky capacitor module to reduce stand-by power and improve yield. An optional solid-state resistor can be formed on top of the deep trench capacitor array to increase the temperature and speed up the leakage screening process.

Abstract: Systems and methods for protecting a series capacitor bank are provided. According to one exemplary embodiment of the invention, there is disclosed a capacitor protection circuit. The capacitor protection circuit may include a capacitor bank, a pilot circuit and a main commutation gap. The pilot circuit and the main commutation gap may be provided in parallel electrical communication with the capacitor bank. Additionally, one or more plasma injectors may be provided in series electrical communication with the pilot circuit. The plasma injectors may be operable to provide partially or completely ionized plasma across the main commutation gap to make conductive the main commutation gap.

Abstract: A circuit protection device includes a plasma gun, at least one capacitor communicatively coupled to the plasma gun, and a monitoring circuit communicatively coupled to the at least one capacitor. The capacitor is configured to store electrical energy and to provide the electrical energy to the plasma gun. The monitoring circuit is configured to measure a charge property of the at least one capacitor, determine a charge status of the at least one capacitor based on the measured charge property, and output at least one signal indicative of the charge status.

Abstract: This semiconductor device according to the present invention includes a plurality of cylindrical lower electrodes aligned densely in a memory array region; a plate-like support which is contacted on the side surface of the cylindrical lower electrodes, and links to support the plurality of the cylindrical lower electrodes; a pore portion provided in the plate-like support; a dielectric film covering the entire surface of the cylindrical lower electrodes and the plate-like support in which the pore portion is formed; and an upper electrode formed on the surface of the dielectric film, wherein the boundary length of the part on the side surface of the cylindrical lower electrode which is exposed on the pore portion is shorter than the boundary length of the part on the side surface of the cylindrical lower electrode which is not exposed on the pore portion.

Abstract: An exemplary power source system includes a power source, controller, and a voltage fine adjusting unit. The power source includes a number of cells and a number of switches configured for connecting the cells in series or in parallel. The controller is configured for coarsely controlling an output of the power source by selectively turning on and off the switches. The voltage fine adjusting unit is configured for further and finely adjusting the output of the power source on condition that the coarsely controlled output of the power source is outside a predetermined acceptable range of output.

Abstract: Some embodiments of the present invention provide a system that facilitates the operation of a supercapacitor. During operation, the system measures an electrical parameter of the supercapacitor using a set of conductor rings surrounding a capacitor seal of the supercapacitor. Next, the system determines the presence of a leak in the supercapacitor based on the electrical parameter. Finally, the system manages the operation of the supercapacitor based on the presence of the leak.

Abstract: A smart capacitor includes a main capacitor having at least one intelligence mechanism selected from a prognostics mechanism and a high speed protection mechanism integrated within the main capacitor. The at least one intelligence mechanism and the main capacitor are together configured to generate at least one type of output signal selected from long term induced failure mechanism signals and sudden capacitor failure condition signals in response to desired input signals.

Abstract: A control circuit has an input terminal for receiving an input voltage, an energy accumulator for storing electric energy from the input terminal and supplying power to an electrical load, and an over-voltage protection unit for lowering the voltage at the input terminal when the voltage at an output terminal of the energy accumulator exceeds a predetermined threshold value. A motor device combines the control circuit with an electric motor as the load.

Abstract: Disclosed are energy conditioner structures, method of making and using them wherein the structure comprises a sequence of conductive layers including a first A layer, a G layer, and a first B layer; wherein said first A layer, said G layer, and said first B layer are each conductive, and are conductively isolated from one another in said energy conditioner structure; wherein said first A layer includes a first A layer main body and a first A layer tab, said first B layer includes a first B layer main body and a first B layer tab, and said G layer includes a G layer main body and a G layer first tab; wherein said G layer is in a plane between a plane containing said first A layer and a plane containing said first B layer; where the main body of at least one of said first A layer and said first B layer opposes a portion of said G layer main body; wherein two of said first A layer tab, said first B layer tab, and said G layer first tab are on a first side of said energy conditioner, and the remaining one of sai

Abstract: Insulating ribs are formed into one or more portions of a housing that encloses circuitry of an electrical device. Components mounted on a board are separated according to whether they are related to a primary side of a power transformer or a secondary side. Primary related components are typically mounted on the primary side of an isolation slot formed into a circuit board and components related to the secondary are mounted on the other side. The insulating ribs are strategically placed to protrude through the slots when circuit board is mounted to the housing portion. Thus, when the housing portion is joined to another housing portion, which also may include insulating ribs strategically placed, the ribs increase the breakdown voltage of the boundary.

Abstract: Some embodiments of the present invention provide a system that facilitates the operation of a supercapacitor. During operation, the system measures an electrical parameter of the supercapacitor using a set of conductor rings surrounding a capacitor seal of the supercapacitor. Next, the system determines the presence of a leak in the supercapacitor based on the electrical parameter. Finally, the system manages the operation of the supercapacitor based on the presence of the leak.

Abstract: An energy storage pack cooling system including upper and lower respective terminal heat sinks thermally connected to respective upper and lower terminals of energy storage cells above and below upper and lower ends of an enclosure of an energy storage cell pack; and a blower and cooling assembly that circulates a heat transfer fluid past the upper and lower respective terminal heat sinks outside of the enclosure to cool the energy storage cells without circulating the heat transfer fluid past energy storage cell bodies of the energy storage cells enclosed within the enclosure.

Abstract: An ECU executes a program including a step of turning on an SMRP and an A-SMRP if an ignition switch is turned on; a step of detecting voltage values VB(1) and VB(2) of running batteries when VH is detected and if VH is higher than 180 V; a step of detecting that SMRP connected to the running battery is welded, if VB(1) is higher than 150 V; and a step of detecting that A-SMRB connected to the running battery is welded, if VB(2) is higher than 150 V.

Abstract: A smart capacitor includes a main capacitor having at least one intelligence mechanism selected from a prognostics mechanism and a high speed protection mechanism integrated within the main capacitor. The at least one intelligence mechanism and the main capacitor are together configured to generate at least one type of output signal selected from long term induced failure mechanism signals and sudden capacitor failure condition signals in response to desired input signals.

Abstract: Systems and methods for protecting a series capacitor bank are provided. According to one exemplary embodiment of the invention, there is disclosed a capacitor protection circuit. The capacitor protection circuit may include a capacitor bank, a pilot circuit and a main commutation gap. The pilot circuit and the main commutation gap may be provided in parallel electrical communication with the capacitor bank. Additionally, one or more plasma injectors may be provided in series electrical communication with the pilot circuit. The plasma injectors may be operable to provide partially or completely ionized plasma across the main commutation gap to make conductive the main commutation gap.

Abstract: A control system for an electrical power system includes an electrical corrective device, a voltage measuring device coupled to each phase of the electric power system, a current measuring device connected between each phase of the electric power system and the electrical corrective device, and a protective device connected to outputs of the voltage measuring device and the current measuring device. The protective device includes a controller configured to detect an imbalance using the measured voltages and currents output from the voltage measuring device and the current measuring device without using or independently of other recent voltage or current measurements for other points in the electrical corrective device and independently of a neutral-ground measurement at the electrical corrective device.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for substantially reducing the electrical energy consumption of a.c. induction motor-driven appliances by connecting a database predetermined capacitance in parallel with the motor-driven appliances and connecting a database predetermined inductance in series with the a.c. induction motor-driven appliances to effect the optimal power factor correction and optimal inrush current limiting of such motor-driven appliances thereby conserving electrical energy and reducing electrical energy costs. The databases of the present invention which specify the optimal power factor correction capacitance value and an optimal inductance value for specific a.c. induction motor-driven appliances eliminates the need for preliminary power factor and inrush current related electrical measurements and making the mass production and sale of the present invention practical.

Abstract: An energy storage pack cooling system including upper and lower respective terminal heat sinks thermally connected to respective upper and lower terminals of energy storage cells above and below upper and lower ends of an enclosure of an energy storage cell pack; and a blower and cooling assembly that circulates a heat transfer fluid past the upper and lower respective terminal heat sinks outside of the enclosure to cool the energy storage cells without circulating the heat transfer fluid past energy storage cell bodies of the energy storage cells enclosed within the enclosure.

Abstract: A multilayer capacitive divider comprising a first and second main electrode formed on the same level to apply an input voltage, and a common electrode formed on another level to supply an attenuated voltage, said device comprising at least a first auxiliary electrode formed on yet another level, said electrodes being arranged so as to form capacitive units, said auxiliary electrode extending towards a side of said device towards which the second main electrode is arranged so as to connect said auxiliary electrode to the second main electrode by means of a linear conductor. A voltage sensor, a trip device module and an electrical protection apparatus provided with one such device.

Abstract: A power switching apparatus includes a breaker unit, an operating unit, a measuring unit, and a controlling unit. The breaker unit is connected on a three-phase current line, and includes switches each corresponding to one of phases of the three-phase current line. The operating unit simultaneously turns on or off the switches. The measuring unit measures a current flowing in each phase, and determines a time point where current flowing in one of the phases becomes zero as a reference time point. The controlling unit controls, when interrupting load current, the operating unit to turn off the switches in a range from 20 degrees to 40 degrees of an electric angle from the reference time point.

Abstract: A fault protection device includes a magnetic capacitor unit and an isolation switch. The magnetic capacitor unit is capable of storing electrical energy, and has a first end and a second end. The isolation switch is capable of being switched on to electrically connect the first end of the magnetic capacitor unit to the second end of the magnetic capacitor unit for forming a short-circuit path between the first and second ends of the magnetic capacitor unit when the magnetic capacitor unit breaks down.

Abstract: A surge protector (1) has a spark gap (2) that is provided with two opposite electrodes (3), a circuit (5) for triggering the spark gap (2), and a light source connected to a protective device (13) on ground potential in order to generate a triggering light which can be delivered with the aid of at least one optical waveguide (15) of a receiver unit of the triggering circuit (5), the spark gap (2) and the triggering circuit (5) being on a high voltage potential. In order to make the surge protector (1) reliable and inexpensive, the receiver unit is provided with at least one power semiconductor component (16) that can be moved, with the aid of the triggering light, from a locked position in which current conduction via the power semiconductor component (16) is interrupted into an open position in which current conduction via the power semiconductor component (16) is made possible.

Abstract: An electronic ballast with remote capacitor placement includes a first housing (34); a second housing (36); an AC/DC converter (22); a DC bus (24) operably connected to the AC/DC converter (22); a lamp driver (26) operably connected to the DC bus (24); and a storage capacitor (32) connected to the DC bus (24) with capacitor wires (30). The AC/DC converter (22), the DC bus (24), and the lamp driver (26) are disposed in the first housing (34); the storage capacitor (32) is disposed in the second housing (36); and the first housing (34) is thermally isolated and physically separated from the second housing (36).

Abstract: A control system for an electrical power system includes an electrical corrective device, a voltage measuring device coupled to each phase of the electric power system, a current measuring device connected between each phase of the electric power system and the electrical corrective device, and a protective device connected to outputs of the voltage measuring device and the current measuring device. The protective device includes a controller configured to detect an imbalance using the measured voltages and currents output from the voltage measuring device and the current measuring device without using or independently of other recent voltage or current measurements for other points in the electrical corrective device and independently of a neutral-ground measurement at the electrical corrective device.

Abstract: A charging system includes a current source, a voltage pump, and a comparator that compares a charging level of a capacitor to each of a first threshold and a second threshold. A controller turns on the voltage pump and turns off the current source after the charging level exceeds the first threshold, and turns off the voltage pump and turns on the current source when the charging level falls below the second threshold. The first threshold is greater than the second threshold.

Abstract: Systems and methods for discharging a high-voltage bus coupled to a discharge circuit are provided. A method comprises obtaining a first voltage level of the high-voltage bus. The method further comprises determining a first discharge time based on the first voltage level and activating the discharge circuit. The method further comprises obtaining a second voltage level of the high-voltage bus after the first discharge time, comparing the first voltage level and the second voltage level, and deactivating the discharge circuit if a difference between the first voltage level and the second voltage level is less than a threshold value.

Abstract: A capacitor bank monitor apparatus for monitoring a state of a common ground connected to a capacitor bank comprises a sensor that that can be coupled to the common ground for collecting measurements relating to the state of the common ground. The monitor also comprises a controller that is logically coupled to the sensor for receiving the measurements and determining whether a fuse on the capacitor bank has opened. The ground monitor also comprises a communications facility that is logically coupled to the controller for communicating a notification that the fuse has opened. The communications facility may comprise a cellular communications device. The ground monitor also may comprise a filter that is electrically connected to the sensor and the controller. The ground monitor also may comprise memory that is logically coupled to the controller for storing at least one state of the common ground.

Abstract: An ultracapacitor energy storage cell pack includes an ultracapacitor assembly including a plurality of parallel ultracapacitors and balancing resistors in series; an enclosure for the ultracapacitor assembly; a controller; one or more temperature sensors; a pack voltage sensor; a GFI sensor; one or more cooling fans carried by the enclosure; an on/off relay coupled to the ultracapacitor assembly and the controller, the on/off relay activated by the controller during normal operation of the ultracapacitor assembly and deactivated by the controller when the GFI sensor detects a ground fault interrupt condition, the one or more temperature sensors detect an over-temperature condition, or the pack voltage sensor detects an over-voltage condition; and a pre-charge resistor and a pre-charge relay coupled to the ultracapacitor assembly and the controller, and activated by the controller to cause the pre-charge resistor to limit pack charge current until the ultracapacitor assembly reaches a minimum voltage.

Abstract: An energy storage device coupler for transferring heat away from ends of ultracapacitors of an ultracapacitor energy storage cell pack without shorting out terminals to cases of the ultracapacitors. The energy storage device coupler includes an ultracapacitor engagement member configured to be in thermal contact with the end of the ultracapacitor and including and holes configured to receive terminals of adjacent ultracapacitors; and a heat sink engagement member connected to the ultracapacitor engagement member and configured to be coupled to one or more heat sink devices for removing heat from the ultracapacitor.

Abstract: An energy storage pack specially adapted for a hybrid electric vehicle, the energy storage pack having overvoltage protection and a method of protecting the same. In particular, the energy storage pack includes a robust, low-cost, parasitic circuit configured to detect overvoltage conditions within the vehicle energy storage and report it to the vehicle.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement for protecting an electronic converter against overloads includes: a low impedance path selectively activatable to prevent ignition of the electronic converter, the low impedance path including an electronic switch, a control capacitor whose charge voltage controls the electronic switch, whereby the electronic switch is activated to prevent ignition of the electronic converter when the charge voltage of the control capacitor is above a given threshold, a first generator for loading the control capacitor, the first generator activatable in the presence of a first overload condition of the electronic converter, and a second generator for further loading the control capacitor, the second generator activatable in the presence of a second overload condition of the electronic converter, the second overload condition being heavier than the first overload condition.

Abstract: A system and method are described for maintaining power dissipation substantially constant across the sensor interface board of a capacitance pressure transducer. A shorted diaphragm level detector detects a shorting of the diaphragm onto one or more reference electrodes. A power dissipating resistor is placed near the oscillator that drives the capacitance detecting circuit in the capacitance pressure transducer. The resistor is switched across a power supply when the shorting is detected, causing current to flow through the resistor so that power can be added in an amount sufficient to maintain power dissipation by the oscillator substantially constant when the diaphragm shorts.

Abstract: A protection circuit for a capacitor comprises a voltage pump that selectively charges the capacitor. A current source selectively charges the capacitor. A controller compares a charging voltage to a threshold charging voltage and selects at least one of the voltage pump and the current source based on the comparison.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed to construct subsurface images from diffuse seismic energy. Various disclosed system embodiments include multiple seismic sensors that each convert received seismic energy into one or more seismic signals. One or more processor combine the seismic signals to determine a subsurface map. As part of determining the map, the processor(s) systematically focus the array of seismic sensors on each bin in the subsurface volume of interest. In this manner each bin becomes a focal point of the array. For each bin, the processor(s) analyze the seismic wave travel time to each seismic sensor and apply a corresponding time shift to align the seismic signals with a uniform travel time. The time-shifted seismic signals are then combined to determine an intensity value for seismic energy radiating from the focal point. A subsurface map can then be derived from the intensity value as a function of position.

Abstract: A motor drive apparatus used for an industrial machine, comprising a converter (4) for converting an AC voltage supplied from an external power source to DC voltage, a capacitor bank (7) connected to the output of the converter (4), and a control apparatus (8) stopping the functions of the capacitor bank when detecting an abnormality of the capacitor bank, whereby the safety of the motor drive apparatus when an abnormality occurs in the capacitor bank is secured by building into the capacitor bank a circuit or function for protecting the capacitor bank and motor drive apparatus and whereby electric shock is prevented even when a person mistakenly touches the capacitor bank when the capacitor bank stores a charge.

Abstract: Disclosed is an invention relating to a power supply for use in an apparatus for measuring electrical energy, comprising, in one embodiment, a first switching device, a device for storing electrical charge in electrical connection with the first switching device, a second switching device in electrical connection with the device for storing electrical charge, a first device for controlling the flow of current in electrical connection with the second switching device, and a third switching device in electrical connection with the first device for controlling the flow of current, wherein the first device for controlling the flow of current enables an input voltage to be applied to the second switching device when the input voltage is below a predetermined amount, and enables the input voltage to be applied to the second and third switching devices when the input voltage is above the predetermined amount.

Abstract: A capacitor having a large current carrying capacity includes a hollow core formed by a non-conducting tubular section, and a capacitor winding wrapped around the tubular section. A sensor is disposed within the hollow core. The sensor is configured to sense a predetermined temperature level within the hollow core and provide an alert external to the capacitor winding.