Abstract: Provided are a mobile station that may determine a Precoding Matrix Index (PMI) of a serving channel, generate Channel State Information (CSI) based on only interference channels, and feed back the PMI and the CSI to a serving base station, a base station that may design a precoding vector based on the PMI and the CSI, and an operation of the mobile station. Also, provided are a mobile station that may determine a PMI based on only interference channels, generate CSI of a serving channel, and feed back the PMI and the CSI to a serving base station, a base station that may design a precoding vector based on the PMI and the CSI, and an operation method of the mobile station.

Abstract: A reconfigurable compute engine interconnect fabric includes a reconfigurable interconnect layer (24, FIG. 2) between an application layer (22) and a physical layer (26) which identifies the input and output pins for the engine and their functions.

Abstract: A space switch includes a buffer having a plurality of serial inputs, a plurality of de-serializers, each coupled to a respective input, a plurality n of buffers and a media access controller having inputs coupled to the plurality of de-serializers, data outputs coupled to the buffers, and two control outputs coupled to respective buffers for buffering input data at a clock rate one-nth that of the input data and a switch fabric connected to the buffers for matching buffer data throughput with switch data throughput. Preferably the buffer is a bifurcate buffer. This space switch described ensures matching of buffer and switch fabric throughput.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method in which a mobile node having mobility performs handover in a mobile communication system, and more particularly, to a fast handover method and system using network-based localized mobility management. According to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, in a network access process between a mobile node and a base station, the base station sends a message allowing network access to the mobile node and a link-up message to an access router. Then, the access router sends a location registration message, which includes a mobile node identifier, a target base station identifier, a localized mobility anchor identifier, and access permission flag information, to a localized mobility anchor (LMA), and receives an acknowledgement (Ack) message including network prefix information. Accordingly, when a router advertisement (RA) message is sent to the base station, the mobile node performs duplicate address detection (DAD).

Abstract: In some embodiments, a system includes a chassis having a group of horizontal slots in which a first group of line cards is disposed and a group of vertical slots in which a second group of line cards is disposed. Each port of a line card from the first group of line cards is operatively coupled to a different line card from the second group of line cards when the system is in a first configuration. A first set of ports and a second set of ports of a line card from the first group of line cards are operatively coupled to a first line card and a second line card from the second group of line cards, respectively, when the system is in a second configuration.

Abstract: A multiple device to one-antenna combining circuit for transferring wireless communication signals from a first and second wireless communication device connected to a donor antenna is described. The circuit comprises a first single-stage circulator configured to be coupled to a transmission-reception path of the first wireless communications device; a two-stage circulator coupled to the first single-stage circulator and configured to be coupled a transmission-reception path of the second wireless communications device; a two-way splitter coupled to the two-stage circulator and configured to be coupled a transmission-reception path of the donor antenna; and a second single-stage circulator coupled between the two-way splitter and the first single stage circulator. The wireless transmissions of the first wireless communications device travel from the first signal stage circulator to the two-stage circulator to the two-way splitter to the donor antenna. The first wireless device can be a repeater.

Abstract: A method and device for determining an antenna cooperation set, and a method and device for determining a base station cooperation set in the mobile communication field are provided. The method includes that a signal joint processing system obtains the channel quality between a mobile terminal and at least two base stations, determines the base stations, which are corresponding to the channel quality higher than the channel quality threshold, as the cooperation base station set of the mobile terminal. Because the channel quality between the mobile terminal and the antenna of each base station is used to determine the cooperation antenna set dynamically, therefore, the determined cooperation antenna set includes the antennae that have very strong interference to the mobile terminal, or the antennae that have been strongly interfered by the mobile station.

Abstract: Methods and systems are described for enabling an operative coupling to a network. In an aspect, first data is detected for forwarding between a first node in a first network and another node by a network relay including a first network interface hardware component operatively coupled to a first network. A determination is made that a second operative coupling to a second network of a second network interface hardware component in the network relay is disabled. The second network interface hardware component is configured to enabled the second operative coupling, in response to the determination. Data received for forwarding between the first network and the second network is forwarded via the enabled second operative coupling.

Abstract: Methods and systems for assigning a wireless communication device to a carrier frequency are presented. In an exemplary embodiment, a radio access network (RAN) radiates to define one or more wireless coverage areas using at least two different carrier frequencies. A given wireless communication device (WCD) seeks to engage in a call, and accordingly transmits a probe message to the RAN. In response to receiving the probe message, and based at least on information associated with the probe message, the RAN determines an initial carrier frequency assignment for the given WCD. Preferably, this initial carrier frequency assignment is performed to balance load across at least some of the at least two different carrier frequencies. The RAN then transmits an indication of the carrier frequency assignment to the given WCD. The given WCD may then tune to the assigned carrier frequency and conduct communications using the assigned carrier frequency.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods implemented in a base station having a plurality of antennas and one or more user terminals. One embodiment of the method includes receiving feedback from at least one user in response to transmitting a first frame to said at least one user. The first frame is formed by pre-coding at least one symbol using at least one first code word selected from at least one first code book associated with the at least one user. The method also includes transmitting at least one second frame to the user(s). The second frame(s) are pre-coded using at least one second codeword selected from at least one second codebook. The second codebook(s) determined based on the feedback and the first codeword(s).

Abstract: Various aspects of a method and a system for a range reduction scheme for user selection in a multiuser MIMO downlink transmission are presented. Aspects of a system for range reduction may comprise a range reduction processor that determines a plurality of channel measurements corresponding to a plurality of signals. The range reduction processor may compute a plurality of channel capacities based on the channel measurements corresponding to a subset of the plurality of signals having channel gain that is greater than a remaining portion of the plurality of signals. Aspects of a method may comprise determining a plurality of channel measurements corresponding to a plurality of signals, and computing a plurality of channel capacities based on said channel measurements corresponding to a subset of the plurality of signals having a channel gain that is greater than a remaining portion of the plurality of signals.

Abstract: Methods and systems are described for disabling an operative coupling to a network. In an aspect, first data received for forwarding is forwarded between a first node in a first network and a second node in a second network by a network relay via a first operative coupling to the first network of a first network interface hardware component in the network relay and via a second operative coupling to the second network of a second network interface hardware component in the network relay. A determination is made that a specified decoupling condition is met. The second operative coupling is disabled subsequent to the forwarding and in response to the determination while the first operative coupling remains enabled for receiving second data for forwarding.

Abstract: Methods of operating a packet network device having multiple serial channels crossing a backplane are disclosed. In at least one embodiment, a management function performs dynamic modifications to the packet network device configuration in response to detected backplane errors. These modifications can directly alter a characteristic of a channel that is generating errors, or can indirectly affect such a channel by directly altering a characteristic of an “aggressor” channel that is indicated as producing crosstalk on that channel. Other embodiments are also described and claimed.

Abstract: A scalable router-switch that grows from a capacity of a few gigabits per second to hundreds of terabits per second is disclosed. In one embodiment, the router-switch comprises a plurality of switch units arranged in a plurality of combinations. Within each combination, each switch unit cyclically connects to each other switch unit to form a contention-free temporal mesh. Each switch unit belongs to a number of combinations and any two combinations have at most one switch unit in common. The router-switch further includes a distributed-control system which comprises an outer controller associated with each of the switch units and an inner controller associated with each combination. The structural simplicity significantly simplifies the operation and control of the router-switch.

Abstract: A serial channel switch circuit and modular packet switch using the serial channel switch circuits are disclosed. The serial channel switch circuit has a reconfigurable table for internal logical-to-physical channel switch translation. Depending on the slot in which a card containing such a serial channel switch circuit is inserted in the modular packet switch, its serial channel switch circuit may receive a different set of reconfigurable table values that are specific to that location. A global set of logical channel values can be applied to each card, which performs logical-to-physical channel mapping according to its location in the modular packet switch. Other embodiments are also described and claimed.

Abstract: Benes networks include an input stage having a plurality of input ports, an input connection stage configured to connect output signals of the input stage, an add connection stage configured to connect outputs of the input connection stage and to connect inputs of add ports corresponding in number to the number of the plurality of input ports, a drop connection stage configured to connect outputs of the add connection stage, to output some outputs to a next stage, and to output some outputs to drop ports, an output connection stage configured to connect the some outputs of the drop connection stage to an output side, and an output stage configured to output the outputs of the output connection stage to output ports.

Abstract: Described is a rack-switch including a rack and a plurality of blade server chassis within the rack. Each blade server chassis has a plurality of server blades in communication with at least one switch. Each switch includes a plurality of external ports. At least two of the external ports of each switch are inter-switch link (ISL) ports. The rack-switch also includes a plurality of inter-switch links. Each inter-switch link electrically connects one ISL port of one of the switches to one ISL port of another of the switches. The plurality of inter-switch links interconnects the switches such that the switches are daisy chained in a loop. The inter-switch links convey Ethernet packets representing server-to-server communications between server blades of different blade server chassis.

Abstract: Network data switching includes receiving a cell; associating the cell with a destination port; selecting, based at least in part on a mapping of a plurality of output ports and a plurality of egress links, a selected egress link that has been soft configured to be associated with the destination port, wherein each of the plurality of egress links is configured to send data from a switch fabric to a corresponding access node; and switching the cell to the selected egress link.

Abstract: In a wireless network that includes a plurality of nodes, a method of communicating a message from an originating node, intended for receipt by a destination node, via one or more intermediate nodes, includes the steps of: (a) communicating with just a single node within the communications range of the originating node—including sending the message and the known network pathway—if a network pathway to the destination node is known by the originating node, the single node being the first intermediate node identified in the known network pathway; and (b) communicating with one or more first intermediate nodes within the communications range of the originating node—including sending the message—if a network pathway to the destination node is unknown by the originating node.

Abstract: A high capacity distributed switching system comprises electronic edge nodes connected to a balanced bufferless switch which may be electronic or optical. The balanced bufferless switch comprises a balanced connector and a switch fabric. The balanced connector comprises an array of temporally cyclic rotator units having graduated rotation shifts and each having a prime number of output ports. The switch fabric may be a mesh interconnection of switch modules. Due to the use of the balanced connector, establishing a path through the switch fabric requires at most a second-order time-slot matching process for a high proportion of connection requests with a much reduced need for a third-order time-slot matching process required in a conventional mesh structure.

Abstract: A one-dimensional circulating switch may be defined by connections between several switch modules and one or more temporal cyclic rotators. Where a switch module that is part of a first one-dimensional circulating switch is also connected one or more temporal cyclic rotators that define a second one-dimensional circulating switch, a two-dimensional circulating switch is formed. A two-dimensional circulating switch is flexible and may scale to capacities ranging from a few gigabits per second to multiple Petabits per second.

Abstract: An optical node may include a plurality of optical input components operable to receive a plurality of signals communicated in an optical network and a plurality of optical output components operable to transmit a plurality of signals to be communicated in the optical network.

Abstract: A high capacity network comprises a plurality of edge nodes with asymmetrical connections to a plurality of switch planes, each switch plane comprising fully meshed fast-switching optical switch units. Upstream wavelength channels from each source edge node connect to different switch planes in a manner which ensures that upstream wavelength channels from any two edge nodes connect to a common switch unit in at most a predefined number, preferably one, of switch planes. Thus, switch units in different switch planes connect to upstream channels from orthogonal subsets of source edge nodes. In contrast, downstream wavelength channels from a switch unit in each switch plane connect to one set of sink edge nodes. In an alternate arrangement, the upstream and downstream asymmetry may be reversed.

Abstract: The present application relates to a communication method in which a succession of time domain symbols (TDS) are transmitted by a transmitter to one or more receivers. Each time domain symbol has a plurality of signals which are transmitted in parallel by the transmitter. The signals may comprise data signals or pilot signals. At the transmitter, a set of pilot signals assigned to a given time domain symbol is provided with information about a phase vector applied to the time domain symbol. The phase vector is preferably selected with consideration of the reduction in the ratio of peak-to-average-power which can be achieved when the vector is applied to the time domain symbol. Transmitters and receivers for use in the communication method are also provided. The invention is particularly application to OFDM communication systems.

Abstract: Virtual routers that abstract photonic sub-domains are provided for GMPLS networks. A virtual router uses a link viability matrix to keep track of the set of viable connections between inputs and outputs of a photonic sub-domain. A virtual router may receive RSVP-TE signaling messages and either allocate a working input to output link pair or, if explicitly signaled, verify that the requested link is currently viable. A virtual router also advertises, in its link state updates, the current set of possible outputs for any input link. Shortest path computations can be implemented utilizing virtual routers by modifying a topology graph in accordance with the link viability matrix of the virtual router.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods implemented in a base station having a plurality of antennas and one or more user terminals. One embodiment of the method includes receiving feedback from at least one user in response to transmitting a first frame to said at least one user. The first frame is formed by pre-coding at least one symbol using at least one first code word selected from at least one first code book associated with the at least one user. The method also includes transmitting at least one second frame to the user(s). The second frame(s) are pre-coded using at least one second codeword selected from at least one second codebook. The second codebook(s) determined based on the feedback and the first codeword(s).

Abstract: Excessive quality in the receiving apparatus is controlled to obtain the combined gain by distinctively controlling the re-transmission for the first transmission. A transmitting apparatus for transmitting the data to a receiving apparatus to execute regeneration of data using, for example, the received data and the re-transmitted data, comprises a control unit operable to receive an indication that an error has been detected in received data transmitted in a first transmission, to re-transmit the data in a second transmission, and to control resources for re-transmission of the data to use fewer resources for the second transmission than for the first transmission.

Abstract: A computer system's multiple processors are managed as devices. The operating system accesses the multiple processors using processor device modules loaded into the operating system to facilitate a communication between an application requesting access to a processor and the processor. A device-like access is determined for accessing each one of the processors similar to device-like access for other devices in the system such as disk drives, printers, etc. An application seeking access to a processor issues device-oriented instructions for processing data, and in addition, the application provides the processor with the data to be processed. The processor processes the data according to the instructions provided by the application.

Abstract: A system and method for electronically identifying connections established through a cross-connect system provides for identification of all hard-wired and temporary patch connections, and any modifications made to same. Connection identification and status information is acquired in near real-time and stored in a database which is accessible by a user through a graphical user interface (GUI). The TRACE or lamp wires which connect respective pairs of cross-connect circuits are utilized in an unconventional manner so as to form a scanning bus. The information signal paths established through the cross-connect circuits remain undisturbed. A scanning signal is communicated between each pair of cross-connected circuits over the TRACE conductor. In the event a patch cord is used to temporarily redirect a signal connection, the scanning signal is transmitted over the shield or sleeve conductor of the patch cord. The scanning signal provides identification and other information concerning the transmitting circuit.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for transceiving additional data using unallocated slots of a header of a frame used in a broadcast system are provided. A data transceiving apparatus includes a data transmitter for encoding, modulating, and transmitting a broadcast frame including a first region containing broadcast data and a second region containing additional data and a data receiver for receiving the broadcast frame, extracting at least any of the broadcast data and the additional data from the broadcast frame, and processing the broadcast data and the additional data independently.

Abstract: The invention provides methods and systems for channel estimation. A method comprises receiving a plurality of signal frames, comprising at least a first zone and a second zone, from a plurality of base stations in the wireless communication system. Two or more first delay profiles corresponding to two or more base stations are determined using the first zone. The method further comprising detecting at least one aliased tap in a time domain channel response of the second zone using the two or more first delay profiles. Another method comprises receiving a signal frame, comprising at least a preamble symbol and a data part, from a base station. A first delay profile corresponding to the preamble symbol is determined and a second delay profile corresponding to the data part is obtained. The first delay profile is analyzed in conjunction with the second delay profile to detect one or more aliased taps in a time domain channel response of the data part. The detected one or more aliased taps are nulled/rectified.

Abstract: A circulating switch comprises switch modules of moderate capacities interconnected by a passive rotator. Data is sent from a one switch module to another switch module either directly, traversing the rotator once, or indirectly through at least one intermediate switch module where the rotator is traversed twice. A higher capacity extended circulating switch is constructed from higher-capacity switch modules, implemented as common memory switches and having multiple ports, interconnected through a multiplicity of rotators preferably arranged in complementary groups of rotators of opposite rotation directions. A polyphase circulating switch having a low switching delay is derived from a multi-rotator circulating switch by providing programmable rotators having adjustable relative rotator-cycle phases. A low delay high-capacity switch may also be constructed from prior-art medium-capacity rotator space switches with mutually phase-shifted rotation cycles.

Abstract: A circuit for transmitting signals in a network node, particularly for a channel card for an optical WDM signal transmission device, with a first holding device assigned to the local side of the network node, which can be freely equipped by means of a local-side transceiver unit and which has an internal transmitting port connection and an internal receiving port connection which, in case first holding device is equipped with local-side transceiver unit, are connected to the respective transmitting or receiving ports of local-side transceiver unit, with two additional holding devices assigned to the remote side of the network node having similar ports. A controllable signal switching unit is provided with novel construction to configure connections between the respective internal ports.

Abstract: Various aspects of a method and a system for a range reduction scheme for user selection in a multiuser MIMO downlink transmission are presented. Aspects of a system for range reduction may comprise a range reduction processor that determines a plurality of channel measurements corresponding to a plurality of signals. The range reduction processor may compute a plurality of channel capacities based on the channel measurements corresponding to a subset of the plurality of signals having channel gain that is greater than a remaining portion of the plurality of signals. Aspects of a method may comprise determining a plurality of channel measurements corresponding to a plurality of signals, and computing a plurality of channel capacities based on said channel measurements corresponding to a subset of the plurality of signals having a channel gain that is greater than a remaining portion of the plurality of signals.

Abstract: A switching node comprises edge nodes interconnected by independent switch units. The switch units are arranged in at least one switch plane and the switch units of each switch plane are arranged in a matrix having several rows and several columns. Each edge node has a channel to a switch unit in each column in each switch plane and a channel from each switch unit in a selected column in each switch plane. Simple paths, each traversing only one switch unit in a switch plane, may be established for any directed edge-node pair. Additionally, several non-intersecting compound paths, each comprising at most two simple paths, may be established for any edge-node pair. A significant proportion of traffic may be routed through simple paths. The switching node employs distributed control scheme and scales gracefully from a capacity of a fraction of a terabit per second to thousands of terabits per second.

Abstract: Variable length switch fabric for switching variable length data packets between input and output transmission paths in a communication network. In one embodiment of the invention, apparatus is provided for switching variable length data packets between input and output transmission paths in a communication network. The apparatus includes a plurality of input ports coupled to receive the plurality of variable length data packets from the input transmission paths and a plurality of output ports coupled to transmit the plurality of variable length data packets on the output transmission paths. The apparatus also includes a variable length switch fabric coupled to the plurality of input ports and the plurality of output ports, the variable length switch fabric operates to switch the plurality of variable length data packets from selected input ports to selected output ports in an unsegmented form.

Abstract: A packet switch that scales gracefully from a capacity of a fraction of a terabit per second to thousands of terabits per second has edge nodes interconnected by independent switch units. The switch units are arranged in a matrix having multiple rows and multiple columns. A switch unit is implemented as an instantaneous space switch or as a latent space switch. Each edge node has a channel to a switch unit in each column and a channel from each switch unit in a selected column. A simple path traversing only one of the switch units may be established from each edge node to each other edge node. Where needed, a compound path concatenating at most two simple paths may be established for any edge-node pair. In a preferred configuration, the switch units connect at input to orthogonal sets of edge nodes. A distributed control system expedites connection-request processing.

Abstract: A method, computer program product, system and apparatus are presented for reducing wasted bandwidth due to supercasting multicast cells through a router switch fabric. In one embodiment of the present invention, signatures of a switch fabric destination address are generated and compared. A signature is an information-rich representation of the fabric destination address that is generated using the fabric destination address. Therefore, supercasting can be minimized by combining fabric destination addresses with like signatures. Aspects of the present invention include generating the signatures using random permutation maps of the set of switch fabric ports or determining intersections of a fabric destination address with a selection of subsets of the switch fabric ports.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for switching, merging, and demerging data between data communication locations have been disclosed.

Abstract: A scalable router-switch comprises a plurality of switch units each having consolidation means for data disassembling and reassembling. The switch units are arranged into switch modules and the switch units of each switch module are interconnected through a dual rotator to form a contention-free temporal mesh.

Abstract: Communication protocols, systems, and methods that facilitate communication between disaggregated elements, and also to devices adapted to function as such disaggregated elements, particularly across peer-to-peer (masterless) and include one or more unique features such as packet atomicity, blind ACKs, NAT bridging, locking, multicast spanning and mirroring, and authentication.

Abstract: Digital mixers which permit mixing of asynchronous signals are constructed of Rapid Single Flux Quantum (RSFQ) logic elements. The logic elements may include an RSFQ non-destructive readout cell (NDRO), an RSFQ D flip-flop, an RSFQ XOR circuit, and an RSFQ T flip-flop. A binary tree arrangement of T flip-flops can be used to provide in-phase and quadrature phase-divided replicas of a reference signal. The mixing elements can be either an XOR circuit, a dual port NDRO circuit functioning as a multiplexer or an RS type NDRO functioning as an AND gate. The RSFQ logic elements utilize Josephson junctions which operate in superconducting temperature domains.

Abstract: A polyphase circulating switch includes switch modules interconnected through a multiplicity of rotators preferably arranged in complementary groups of opposite rotation directions. A polyphase circulating switch having a low switching delay is derived from a multi-rotator circulating switch by providing programmable rotators having adjustable relative rotator-cycle phases. A low delay high-capacity switch may also be constructed from prior-art medium-capacity rotator space switches with mutually phase-shifted rotation cycles. A network comprising several constellations of switch modules distributed over a wide geographic area, where the switch modules of each constellation are interconnected through a rotator assembly, is also disclosed. A rotator assembly may comprise an array of rotators and a master controller for data-transfer scheduling and time-coordination.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for managing protocol information used in exchanging communications is provided. One or more protocol profiles are stored. Each of the protocol profiles is associated with a protocol. One or more transaction profiles are stored. Each of the transaction profiles identifies a combination of protocol profiles. One or more trading partner transaction profiles are stored. Each of the trading partner transaction profiles identifies a configuration of protocols for exchanging communications with a receiving party. After storing the profiles, a particular parameter value of a particular protocol profile is updated to identify an updated value without updating any of the transaction profiles. Updating the particular parameter value causes the updated value to be inherited by at least one of the transaction profiles. An application may obtain the updated value by accessing a profile that references the particular protocol profile.

Abstract: A transit memory assembly of a rotator-based switching node is logically partitioned into two sections, one operated as a common-memory switch fabric and the other as a time-shared space-switch fabric. The composition of data received at input ports of the switching node determines adaptive capacity division between the two sections. Based on an indication of traffic type, a controller of at least one input port selects one of the two sections. The space-switch section enables scalability to a high transport capacity while the common-memory section enables scalability to a high processing throughput. The switching node includes rotators and a bank of transit-memory devices that facilitate the incorporation of any mixture of periodic, aperiodic, contention-free exclusive-access, concurrent-access, and multicast switching.

Abstract: To selectively route stand-by packets in input modules to destination output modules via a switching matrix, distributed arbitration functions are executable by successive arbitration cycles. Each cycle comprises: a first phase executable by each input controller to send each output controller requests representative of the quantities of required stand-by packets; a second phase executable by each output controller to determine the quantity of admissible packets depending on the requests; a third phase executable by a central arbitration unit to determine allowed aggregate quantities depending on all the admissible quantities; and a fourth phase executable by each input controller to determine the allowed packet quantities depending on the admissible quantities and of the allowed aggregate quantities.

Abstract: A wireless base station comprises a response vector calculation unit (561), an RSSI measuring unit (562), an MSE calculation unit (563), an FD calculation unit (564) and the like, and those units obtain an index showing communication quality of at least one of two mobile stations that are intended to be space-division multiplexed. According to the index, a control unit (80) judges the suitability of the two mobile stations for space-division multiplexing and performs space-division multiple access communication when judging suitable. The effect achieved with this construction is that the wireless base station maintains quality of communication between the wireless base station and mobile stations at a certain satisfactory level when performing space-division multiple access communication.

Abstract: A routing information management device for a router of a communication network comprises a first routing information base fed with routing information contained in routing protocol messages, a second forwarding information base having a maximum number of entries, and management means that compare at selected times the number of entries in the first routing information base relating to sending to a selected threshold less than or equal to the maximum number of entries in the second forwarding information base so as to feed the second forwarding information base with routing information selected as a function of the result of the comparison.

Abstract: Embodiments of multiple input multiple output wireless communication systems, associated methods and data structures are generally described herein.

Abstract: A one-dimensional circulating switch may be defined by connections between several switch modules and one or more temporal cyclic rotators. Where a switch module that is part of a first one-dimensional circulating switch is also connected one or more temporal cyclic rotators that define a second one-dimensional circulating switch, a two-dimensional circulating switch is formed. A two-dimensional circulating switch is flexible and may scale to capacities ranging from a few gigabits per second to multiple Petabits per second.