Abstract: A communications system includes a physical layer device (PLD) and a logical link device (LLD), each having respective send and receive interfaces being substantially identical to define symmetrical interfaces for the system. Accordingly, design and manufacturing is simplified compared to conventional systems. In addition, advantages are also provided in terms of loopback capability and packaging options. The PLD comprises a PLD send interface including PLD parallel information outputs, and a PLD receive interface including PLD parallel information inputs. Similarly, the LLD comprises an LLD receive interface including LLD parallel information inputs, and an LLD send interface including LLD parallel information outputs. Parallel communications channels connect the PLD information outputs to respective LLD information inputs, and connect the LLD information outputs to respective PLD information inputs.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed for generation of spanning trees that support provision of performance-guaranteed services over a circuit-switched network such as, for example, an optical-based network. For example, a technique for generating a spanning tree for use in forwarding Ethernet-based data in a circuit-switched network comprises the following steps/operations. Input information is obtained. The input information comprises a representation of the network, a set of Ethernet-enabled nodes in the network, and a set of demands. A spanning tree is computed based on at least a portion of the input information such that the spanning tree substantially satisfies one or more performance requirements (e.g., one or more bandwidth requirements) associated with the set of demands. Advantageously, in one embodiment, such techniques may provide for generation of spanning trees for use in supporting bandwidth-guaranteed Ethernet services such as E-LAN over a SONET (and SDH) network.

Abstract: A method for the transmission of data in a synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) network comprising the steps of transmitting to a node of the network a form of data signal from outside the network, converting the signal into a virtually concatenated information structure and transporting the signal through the network in the virtually concatenated information structure; means for carrying out the method and tributary cards arranged and configured to process signals received in contiguously concatenated form to convert them into virtually concatenated form for transfer across the network; thus providing for data transmitted in high-bandwidth, contiguosly concatenated signals (ie VC-4-4c) to be transported across a SDH network, not itself capable of carrying contiguously concatenated signals.

Abstract: An add/drop multiplexer where a first signal converter converts first-low-order-group signals received from DSn network, into high-order-group signals, which are transferred to SDH (SONET) network and to which second-low-order-group signals, slower in transmission speed than the first-low-order-group signals are added. A second signal converter converts high-order-group signals, received from SDH (SONET) network, into first-low-order-group signals. A selector selectively outputs first-low-order-group signals received from the DSn network, or first-low-order-group signals obtained by the second signal converter, as the input signals to the first signal converter.

Abstract: A synchronous optical network (SONET) framer includes a frame dimension unit and a programming interface. The frame dimension unit can be programmed with a frame dimension through the programming interface. The SONET framer converts a data stream to and/or from a frame format based on the frame dimension programmed into the frame dimension unit. For instance, in various embodiments, a SONET framer can be programmed to support a variety of SONET frame sizes and to provide a number of testing and design advantages.

Abstract: Multiplexers are basic components widely used in VLSI designs. Switching activities of a multiplexer are one of the most important factors of power consumption. A multiplexer may have some sub-multiplexers. An extra dynamic controller is applied in the present invention to reconfigure control signals for decreasing switching activities of the composed sub-multiplexers. Thus, the power consumption of the multiplexer is reduced to achieve higher power efficiency.

Abstract: An approach to integrate a wireless data network canopy into the high-capacity fixed FttX (Fiber-to-the-Premises/Curb/Neighborhood) network at intersection points throughout the overlay rather than interconnecting them as two disparate networks in order to provide a plurality of data containing video, audio, voice communications, broadcast radio programming, and data both fixed and mobile. This approach is applicable to active networks. Considerations must still be made for security.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of signal transmission between a host BTS and Remote Radio Unit(s), and the BTS communication system thereof. The transmission channel between the host BTS and the Remote Radio Unit(s) uses wideband transmission links or a network, the method includes the following steps of: performing the transmission over the transmission channel using a Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)/Optical Transmission Network (OTN), forming a digital wireless signal data stream and an in-band control signaling stream transmitted over the transmission channel into a Generic Framing Procedure (GFP) frame which is further mapped to a STM-N/OTM-n frame, thereby multiplexing the digital wireless signal data stream and the in-band control signaling stream to realize SDH/OTN-based transmission.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for transmitting a plurality of antenna signals in a wireless Base Transceiver Station (BTS) using Remote Radio Head (RRH) technology and the corresponding system. The method includes the steps of: transmitting signals over the transmit channel using Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)/Optical Transmission Network (OTN), multiplexing the plurality of antenna signals adopting the manners of time division multiplex or GFP frame-level multiplex; forming the multiplexed antenna signal stream and in-band control signaling stream into Generic Framing Procedure (GFP) frame; or forming the plurality of antenna signals and the plurality of respective control signals on the in-band control signaling channel into a plurality of respective GFP frames in parallel; and further mapping the GFP frames to STM-N/OTM-n frames, therefore multiplexing the plurality of antenna signals and the in-band control signaling stream to realize the SDH/OTN-based transmission.

Abstract: A process to transfer a Time division Multiplexing (TDM) frame (1) over a MPLS network (2), the frame including a plurality of time slots (TS1, TS2, TS3) with specific bandwidths, including—identifying the corresponding bandwidth of the time slots of the frame (1);—creating and reserving into the MPLS network (2) for each time slot (TS1,TS2,TS3) of the frame a corresponding label switched path (LSP1, LSP2, LSP3) having a bandwidth substantially identical to the bandwidth of the time slot;—and routing each time slot (TS1, TS2, TS3) over the MPLS network (2) through a corresponding label switched path (LSP1, LSP2, LSP3).

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method and a system for transparent transport of optical channel transmission unit (OTU) signals via an optical transport network (OTN), which includes a transmitting unit and a receiving unit at the OTN network boundary: the transmitting unit converts an OTUj signal mapping entering the OTN network into OTUk signals of the current OTN network for transmission. In the mean time, it reserves the OTUj control overhead, or extracts the OTUj control overhead and transfers it to the reserved overhead location; the receiving unit receives the OTUk signals arriving at the OTN network boundary, and performs demapping and converting them into OTUj signals.

Abstract: Disclosed are a radio link control (RLC) entity and a data processing method for the RLC entity. The RLC entity includes a transmission data storing module that stores PDUs corresponding to SDUs transmitted from a first upper layer and outputs the stored PDUs by SDU units, a ciphering module that ciphers the PDUs stored in the transmission data storing module and transmitting the ciphered PDUs to a first RLC entity, a deciphering module that deciphers the ciphered PDUs transmitted from a second RLC entity, and a received data storing module that stores the deciphered PDUs and outputs the PDUs toward a second upper layer in the form of SDU units.

Abstract: An overhead processor processes overhead bytes in a stream of Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) frames in multiple levels. In one embodiment, the overhead processor includes three stages. A first stage provides access for external processing of a first set of overhead bytes in the stream of SONET frames. A second stage is programmable to process a second set of overhead bytes in the stream of SONET frames. A third stage processes a third set of overhead bytes in each frame in the stream of SONET frames.

Abstract: A method for multiplexing digital data, wherein a packet of digital data is simultaneously sent from front to rear and from rear to front. Additionally, a method for multiplexing digital data, wherein a packet of digital data is simultaneously sent from the beginning of the packet towards the end and from the end towards the beginning. Additionally, a method for multiplexing digital data, wherein simultaneously a packet of digital data is sent and the same packet is sent backwards.

Abstract: A network interface includes N input lanes that receive data symbols and idle symbols. A substitutor module periodically replaces an idle symbol on each input lane with a corresponding alignment symbol to form an alignment group. M interleaver modules each interleave a portion of the data symbols and alignment symbols onto a corresponding transmit lane based on an interleaving pattern that provides each transmit lane with N/M alignment symbols from the alignment group. M is an integer greater than 1 and N is greater than M. In some features the substitutor module periodically replaces successive idle symbols on each lane with alignment symbols to form corresponding alignment groups. An interleaver module interleaves the data symbols and alignment groups onto M transmit lanes according to an interleaving pattern that provides each transmit lane with one of the alignment groups.

Abstract: A system and method for virtualizing a hardware device node for a network interface circuit or other device. In a clone driver's configuration file, multiple virtual or clone nodes are defined. Their major numbers match the major number of the driver, but a virtual node's minor number for a Style 2 driver is calculated from the hardware driver's major number and the instance or port number of the corresponding hardware node. By creating multiple clone nodes, multiple paths through the protocol stack are created. Each one can be configured differently (e.g., for different MTU sizes), and each may be assigned a different address (e.g., MAC address). The separate addresses may be registered with hardware filters to filter incoming packets at the hardware level. A traffic classifier created in the device driver manages each virtual node's association with a hardware filter.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for sequencing determines possible next states for respective possible previous states based upon resources, selects one of the possible next states as an actual next state based upon an actual previous state, and communicates the actual next state as the actual previous state.

Abstract: An ADM apparatus includes a first synchronism section for detecting synchronism when a reception frame received from a reception port is a first frame, a fault information detection section for detecting whether or not fault information is set in a first predetermined region of an overhead of the first frame and outputting a signal representative of whether or not the fault information is set, a second synchronism section for detecting synchronism when the reception frame is a second frame, a third synchronism section for detecting synchronism when the reception frame is a third frame accommodated in the second frame, and an inhibit section for invalidating the output signal of the fault information detection section if, when the synchronism is detected by the first and second synchronism sections, synchronism is detected with regard to the preceding frame by the second synchronism section.

Abstract: The present invention discloses novel network architectures for evolving traditional service provider networks. The network architecture of the invention has a transport layer including an optical network. At least one node of the network architecture includes a large packet switch that is coupled to the transport layer and to an access layer. The large packet switch aggregates a plurality of services from the access layer. The large packet switch also performs packet level grooming of the information from the services prior to transport of the information via the transport layer. The optical network performs restoration for the network architecture. In one embodiment, the optical network is an optical ring network including at least one optical switch and restoration is performed at the layer-0 (optical layer).

Abstract: An exemplary method for circuit emulation over a multi-packet label switching (MPLS) network comprises the steps of receiving a time division multiplexed data stream at an ingress end, dividing the data stream into a set of fixed sized packets, adding a service header to each of the packets, adding an additional header on top of the service header in accordance with MPLS protocols, removing the additional header after each packet has been processed by the MPLS network, and using the service header to recover the data stream at an egress end.

Abstract: The invention relates to a multiplexing device comprising a data compressor. The compressed data block leaving said compressor occupies a particular bandwidth. According to the invention, a bandwidth prediction unit calculates said bandwidth and deduces from it the available bandwidth for conveyance in a time space dedicated to Internet traffic. The invention also relates to a multiplexing device and a multiplexing/demultiplexing system. Particular application in a satellite telecommunication system.

Abstract: An approach to integrate a wireless data network blanket into the high-capacity fixed FttX (Fiber-to-the-Premises/Curb/Neighborhood) network at intersection points throughout the overlay rather than interconnecting them as two disparate networks in order to provide a plurality of data containing video, audio, voice communications, broadcast radio programming, and data both fixed and mobile. This approach is applicable to PON (Passive Optical Networks) and active networks alike, though the implementations vary slightly. Considerations must still be made for security.

Abstract: Time multiplexed processing of multiple SONET signals uses the same shared circuitry for framing, descrambling, maintenance signal processing, control byte processing and extraction, pointer tracking, retiming, and alarm indication. The signals are deserialized and multiplexed onto a byte-wide bus from which they are processed in a shared pipeline. Additional pipelines allow scaling up to higher capacity SONET signals. Each pipeline is provided with means for communicating with the other pipelines so that information derived from the processing of one stream can be shared with the processing of other streams when necessary. According to the presently preferred embodiment, bytes pass through the pipeline in five clock cycles.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for transceiving multiple service data from multiple communication services to a SONET/SDH communication system or network are provided. A SONET/SDH universal framer (SURF) bidirectionally provides communication between a SONET/SDH communication port and multiple service communication ports using their native data format. A SONET/SDH byte engine processes complex hierarchical SONET/SDH frames storing intermediate states when it changes to process a byte of data of a different STS-1 equivalent frame in a SONET/SDH STS-N frame. A service byte engine processes the multitude of service data formats and generally intermediate states are restored, processed, and saved when the service byte engine changes to process a different data stream or a different frame of data of a given service.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for performing multiplexing of video or other content (e.g., programs) within a network using feed-back from a subsequent digital program insertion stage, and/or feed-forward information from a prior multiplexing stage. In one embodiment, the network comprises a hybrid fiber coax (HFC) cable network having headend and hub-based statistical multiplexing stages, and communication between the two stages is used to improve the visual quality performance and bandwidth utilization of the output multi-program stream during conditions where downstream content is inserted into the transport stream. Business methods associated with the various multiplexing features described above are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method and system for interconnecting multiple distributed components in a communication network is provided. The design includes a multiple order cross connection fabric employed to interconnect multiple orders of data with at least one distributed component in the communication network. The design may further include at least one order of path termination and adaptation connection, where the at least one order of path termination and adaptation connection providing an interface between the multiple order cross connection fabric and a data management system. The design may be implemented in a SONET/SDH environment.

Abstract: A multiple bit stream interface interfaces a first transmit data multiplexing integrated circuit and a second transmit data multiplexing integrated circuit. The multiple bit stream interface includes an interface plurality of transmit bit streams each of which carries a respective bit stream at an interface bit rate. The interface further includes a transmit data clock operating at a frequency corresponding to one-half of the interface bit rate. The first transmit data multiplexing integrated circuit receives a first plurality of transmit bit streams from a communication ASIC at a first bit rate. The second transmit data multiplexing integrated circuit produces a single bit stream output at a line bit rate. The interface plurality of transmit bit streams is divided into a first group and a second group, wherein the first group is carried on first group of lines and the second group is carried on a second group of lines.

Abstract: Equipment enables an improved efficiency in network bandwidth usage, and an improved upper-layer throughput even when abrupt change occurs in input traffic.

Abstract: A system accessing and transmitting different data frames in a digital transmission network, for accessing and transmitting different data frames, said system comprises: at least a user-network interface (UNI), which is used to couple with the subscriber's network; and/or at least a network-network interface (NNI), which is used to couple with said digital transmission network to transfer data; and a data converting device, coupled with said UNIs and said NNIs, which is used to convert data formats between said UNIs or data formats between said NNIs or data formats between said UNIs and said NNIs; said data converting device comprises a virtual bridge device and an interface device, said virtual bridge device switches data between said UNIs and said NNIs, and said virtual bridge device detects control messages, and transmits the control messages to control system of the device to process via the control interface unit; and data frames of message except control messages are switched, so as to overcome the limi

Abstract: The invention relates to a system and method for the generation of television channels and which allows the generation of the same by the processing and selection of designated packets of data from multiple data transport streams, which each transport stream including numerous packets of data. In each transport stream the packet of data is identified by the allocations of a packet identification code (PID) and each is held in the transport packet which is transmitted as part of each transport stream. In accordance with the invention, and in order to prevent errors and inaccurate packet selection, a Transport Stream Identification Code (TSID) is allocated to each of the transport streams of data received. Typically the TSID is located in the transport packet for each transport stream of data. In the selection of a packet of data, the appropriate TSID is referred to identify the appropriate transport stream and the PID then referred to identify the packet of data from that transport stream.

Abstract: A trigger signal generating apparatus includes a frame synchronous circuit which receives a frame signal having a predetermined bit rate and outputs a synchronous signal in synchronism with an input timing of leading data of the frame signal, a position information output circuit which receives the synchronous signal output by the frame synchronous circuit and outputs the position information indicating an input bit position of the frame signal, a position designator which designates an arbitrary bit position of the frame signal, and a trigger signal generating circuit which outputs a trigger signal at a timing when the position information output by the position information output circuit is coincident with the arbitrary bit position designated by the position designator. A trigger is generated accurately at an arbitrary bit position of the frame position.

Abstract: A communications system includes a physical layer device (PLD) and a logical link device (LLD), each having respective send and receive interfaces being substantially identical to define symmetrical interfaces for the system. Accordingly, design and manufacturing is simplified compared to conventional systems. In addition, advantages are also provided in terms of loopback capability and packaging options. The PLD comprises a PLD send interface including PLD parallel information outputs, and a PLD receive interface including PLD parallel information inputs. Similarly, the LLD comprises an LLD receive interface including LLD parallel information inputs, and an LLD send interface including LLD parallel information outputs. Parallel communications channels connect the PLD information outputs to respective LLD information inputs, and connect the LLD information outputs to respective PLD information inputs.

Abstract: An apparatus defines interleave-processing segments to be interleaved in a backward direction relative to a flow direction of bit streams. The segments are defined every time the segments, ILVU-BR, -CR, -DR are successfully set for each of the respective bit streams, VOB-B-VOB-D. In setting the segments for each of the respective bit streams, the segment of one bit stream is set to follow the set segment of other bit stream. When an amount of data of the rest of the bit streams is insufficient to form the final segment, the rest data is distributed among the segments that have been already defined. The defined segments are arranged in the flow direction of the bit streams.

Abstract: An overhead processor processes overhead bytes in a stream of Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) frames in multiple levels. In one embodiment, the overhead processor includes three stages. A first stage provides access for external processing of a first set of overhead bytes in the stream of SONET frames. A second stage is programmable to process a second set of overhead bytes in the stream of SONET frames. A third stage processes a third set of overhead bytes in each frame in the stream of SONET frames.

Abstract: The present invention provides a data transmission method in which a SONET is applied to Ethernet LANs. This method realizes a redundant structure of the Ethernet while utilizing the bandwidth of the SONET. On a server side, a working path and a back-up path of the Ethernet are multiplexed onto the same path of the SONET, and data transmission is conducted through the multiplexed path. On a client side, a data packet transmitted through the multiplexed path is divided by a filtering operation through detection of a port ID added on the transmitting side.

Abstract: A digital Vestigial Sideband (VSB) transmission system and enhanced data multiplexing method are disclosed. When 1/2 enhanced data coded at a rate of 1/2 and 1/4 enhanced data at a rate of 1/4 are transmitted, timing jitter in Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) of Vestigial Sideband (VSB) receiver can be reduced and the size of input buffer in Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) decoder of the Vestigial Sideband (VSB) receiver can be reduced by multiplexing the 1/2 enhanced data packet and the 1/4 data packet at predetermined intervals. Multiplexing the 1/2 enhanced data packet and the 1/4 data packet by grouping increases the reception performance of the 1/4 enhanced data. Multiplexing the 1/2 enhanced data packet and the 1/4 data packet alternatively reduces the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) timing jitter in the Vestigial Sideband (VSB) receiver and increases the reception performance of the 1/4 enhanced data.

Abstract: A method of advertising an address of a domain name service (DNS) server present, for example, on an IPv6 network by searching a location of the DNS server on a router network subnet using a dynamic routing protocol, storing link state information of the router indicating the DNS server existence in the router subnet, in a link state advertisement of the router, and delivering the link state advertisement to all routers within an autonomous system, to which the router belongs. When the router having the location of the DNS server is requested by another router to provide the DNS server address, the router replies to the requesting router, and the requesting router receiving the reply, advertises a router advertisement message containing the DNS server address to a subnet to which the requesting router belongs. Accordingly, a network can be set without manually setting DNS server addresses at hosts.

Abstract: A digital broadcasting system and a method of processing data are disclosed. The method of processing data of a transmitting system includes generating signaling information including service-related transmission parameters of mobile service data, packetizing the generated signaling information to a predetermined data packet format, primarily multiplexing the packetized signaling information and a mobile service data packet including the mobile service data, and secondarily multiplexing the primarily multiplexed data packets and a main service data packet including main service data, thereby transmitting the secondarily multiplexed data packets to at least one transmitter located in a remote site.

Abstract: A system for intercommunicating data traffic provides the capability to connect external interfaces that use one third or less of the OC3 bandwidth capacity in a reduced bandwidth mode that reduces system cost, while automatically switching to the full bandwidth mode to allow connection to external interfaces that utilize the full OC3 bandwidth capacity.

Abstract: A multiple bit stream interface interfaces a first transmit data multiplexing integrated circuit and a second transmit data multiplexing integrated circuit. The multiple bit stream interface includes an interface plurality of transmit bit streams each of which carries a respective bit stream at an interface bit rate and in a natural order. The interface further includes a transmit data clock operating at a frequency corresponding to one-half of the interface bit rate. The first transmit data multiplexing integrated circuit receives a first plurality of transmit bit streams from a communication ASIC at a first bit rate. The second transmit data multiplexing integrated circuit produces a single bit stream output at a line bit rate. The interface plurality of transmit bit streams is divided into a first group and a second group, wherein the first group is carried on first group of lines and the second group is carried on a second group of lines.

Abstract: Method and system for reducing bit error rate (BER) in a high-speed four-to-one time domain multiplexer are disclosed. In one embodiment of the present invention, a keep-alive current is employed in the latches of a four-to-one multiplexer in order to minimize the BER. By adjusting the keep-alive current of the latches in the datapath of the multiplexer, the latch performance can be optimized, thereby achieving minimum BER. Moreover, better latch performance can immunize the multiplexer against small timing misalignment.

Abstract: A method and the corresponding apparatus for multi-plexing data flows from a number of transmission units. In the method signals are sent from the transmission units and the signals are detected at inputs of a switching unit. Signals, which are detected at a point of time when no other signal is forwarded to an output from the switching unit, are forwarded to said output, whereas signals which are detected at a point of time when another signal is forwarded to said output, are blocked.

Abstract: A flexible and expandable system bus for connecting traffic mapping devices to SONET/SDH framing devices. The system bus passes control signals generated by a master device to multiple tributaries to orient them relative to a SONET/SDH frame. These control signals obviate the need for each tributary to perform its own SONET/SDH reconstruction and framing using the A1/A2 bytes. The control signals synchronize the tributaries to a common clock cycle, indicate during which clock cycles the tributary can add or drop data relative to the system bus, and an interface identification signal that transmits values on the system bus. The tributaries monitor the values on the system bus, and when the value associated with each tributary appears on the bus, and the system bus indicates that the current clock cycle is within the SPE portion of the SONET/SDH frame, the tributary adds or drops data relative to the system bus.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for processing at least two types of payloads received at varying intervals in a communications network using a single processing path is provided. The two types of payloads may include virtually and contiguously concatenated payloads according to SONET/SHD architecture. The method comprises assigning pseudo indices to payloads having no indices associated therewith and providing both sets of payloads, including indices and pseudo indices, to the single processing path.

Abstract: A method and system for selecting ring paths in service provisioning on optical networks including a plurality of interconnected rings. The method includes: receiving a request to provision a service between a first end point and a second end point in the optical network; identifying a plurality of possible ring paths between the first and second end points; validating a bandwidth of each ring path, including validating bandwidths of bandwidth bottlenecks in each ring path; selecting a path from the validated ring paths; and provisioning the service on the selected path. The system utilizes a path engine on a network management server that knows about the bandwidth allocation in the entire network and implements the method. The resources of the optical network used by the provisioned service is thus minimized.

Abstract: A method for the transmission of data in a synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) network comprising the steps of transmitting to a node of the network a form of data signal from outside the network, converting the signal into a to a virtually concatenated information structure and transporting the signal through the network in the virtually concatenated information structure; means for carrying out the method and tributary cards arranged and configured to process signals received in contiguously concatenated form to convert them into virtually concatenated form for transfer across the network; thus providing for data transmitted in high-bandwidth, contiguously concatenated signals (ie VC-4-4c) to be transported across a SDH network, not itself capable of carrying contiguously concatenated signals.

Abstract: An on-chip RAM FIFO (first-in-first-out) buffer for storing SPE overhead bytes wherein each entry of the RAM FIFO stores (1) a byte of the SPE overhead; (2) an indication of which byte of the SPE overhead is currently stored in that entry; and (3) an indication of which STS signal that byte was taken from.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and apparatus for statistical multiplexing of a large number of data streams. A plurality of encoders are associated with each first stage multiplexer. Bandwidth allocation among all encoders is controlled by a second stage multiplexer. A bandwidth request message is communicated from each the encoders to the second stage multiplexer. The second stage multiplexer allocates available bandwidth based on the bandwidth request messages. The second stage multiplexer then communicates an allocated bandwidth message to each encoder. Each encoder encodes a data stream in accordance with its allocated bandwidth to provide an encoded data stream. A plurality of the encoded data streams are multiplexed at each first stage multiplexer to provide a multiplexed data stream at a constant data rate. The second stage multiplexer mutiplexes the multiplexed data streams from the first stage multiplexers to provide a multiplexed transport stream.

Abstract: A data transmission apparatus using a virtual concatenated path in an SDH transmission system is capable of engaging one or more extra paths by an automated sequence execution to meet a traffic requirement that is higher than usual but up to a maximum speed of a user who is usually assigned virtual concatenated paths in a number smaller than capable of transmitting the maximum traffic.

Abstract: A multiplexing method for Ethernet signals in the synchronous digital hierarchy, wherein the bit rate of a Gigabit Ethernet signal is reduced at the transmission end via 10B/8B decoding such that, after marking control words and data words which are to be transmitted in packets, the packets can be inserted in an STM-N signal.