Abstract: A buried thermistor includes a lower substrate, an upper substrate, and a number of thermistor stacks. Each thermistor stack includes two resistor subjects. Each resistor subject includes a base layer, a medium layer, a metal layer, a resistor layer, a nanometal layer, and a conductive layer. Applicable material of the resistor layer becomes more diverse by disposing the number of thermistor stacks, and the buried thermistor shows variable thermal sensitivity.

Abstract: A detection circuit for a power supply circuit is provided. The detection circuit includes a reference circuit, a voltage detection circuit, and a determination circuit. The reference circuit is coupled to a thermal circuit of the power supply circuit through a connection pin. The voltage detection circuit stops the reference circuit from providing a temperature reference signal, and samples a single-phase AC input power through the connection pin. When a peak value information of the single-phase AC input power is sampled, the voltage detection circuit stores the peak value information and enables the reference circuit to provide the temperature reference signal. The determination circuit provides at least one of a waveform detection signal and an over-voltage detection signal in response to the peak value information, and provides an over-temperature detection signal according to at least one of an output signal of the thermal circuit and the peak value information.

Abstract: Large semiconductor ICs provide the processing power for billions of electronic devices used in every facet of modern life. Multiphase converters are the most common means of providing the current required for these CPUs, GPUs, and ASICs. Contemporary designs require 8, 12, 16, and even higher phase counts. Existing designs require each phase provide an independent current feedback line to the multiphase controller for current sharing purposes; this drastically increases the pin count of the controller and creates congestion in PCB routing. Our new idea moves the current sharing function to the power stage element, thereby reducing the cost of the controller and the complexity of the PCB.

Abstract: A MEMS sensor. The MEMS sensor includes a deflectably situated functional layer, a conversion device for converting a deflection of the functional layer into an electrical signal, the conversion device including at least one electrical element, the at least one electrical element being at least partially electrically connected to a first area, and the first area being at least partially electrically connected to a second area, and the first and second areas and/or the first area and the at least one electrical element being electrically operable in a reverse direction and a forward direction, and a control unit, the control unit being designed to at least partially operate the at least one electrical element and the first area and/or the first area and the second area in the forward direction to provide thermal energy.

Abstract: An online monitoring device for fouling and slagging based on capacitance principle differential measurement includes multiple measuring devices arranged at the same height of the boiler heating surface. Each measuring device includes a fixed sleeve and a sensor, one end of the fixed sleeve is fixed on the boiler heating surface, the sensor is connected with the fixed sleeve through screw threads, the end of the sensor near the boiler is equipped with a measuring probe. When measuring the thickness of ash residue on the monitoring surface, three sets of the measuring devices are at the same height of the monitoring surface. Each sensor is adjusted at a different position in the corresponding fixed sleeve to realize the differential measuring on ash residue thickness. Thus, the thickness of ash residue on the monitoring surface can be calculated based on the measured capacitance by applying the capacitance formula of planar capacitor.

Abstract: A battery module includes a cell stack formed by stacking a plurality of battery cells; a bus bar frame assembly including a bus bar frame configured to cover one longitudinal end and the other longitudinal end of the cell stack and a plurality of bus bars fixed on the bus bar frame and electrically connected to the battery cells; and a FPCB assembly including a first FPCB extending along a longitudinal direction of the cell stack to cover at least a portion of an upper surface of the cell stack, a second FPCB extending from both longitudinal ends of the first FPCB and electrically connected to the bus bars, and a pair of temperature sensors mounted to both longitudinal ends of the first FPCB.

Abstract: A temperature sensor system for an integrated circuit includes at least one sensor configured to generate a sensor signal indicative of a temperature in a respective location of the integrated circuit and a sensing module configured to receive the sensor signal, determine a temperature of the at least one sensor based on the sensor signal, an electrical characteristic of the at least one sensor, and a relationship between the electrical characteristic and the temperature of the at least one sensor, the relationship corresponding to variations in the electrical characteristic at a known calibration temperature, and generate a temperature signal based on the determined temperature.

Abstract: A method of determining the temperature of a motor winding of an electric motor, in particular of an electric door drive motor includes determining the electric resistance of the motor winding as a measure for the temperature. The method also includes the steps of providing the electric motor with at least one current sensing resistor and applying an electric voltage to the motor winding.

Abstract: A battery pack includes a battery, a first temperature sensor configured to provide a first temperature value associated with a temperature of the battery, a heat source disposed proximate to the battery and configured to heat the battery, a second temperature sensor configured to provide a second temperature value associated with a temperature of the heat source, and a control board coupled to the first temperature sensor and the second temperature sensor, wherein the control board is configured to receive the first temperature value and the second temperature value. The control board is configured to compare the first temperature value and the second temperature value to determine a temperature gradient between the battery and the heat source and transmit an alert if the temperature gradient exceeds a first temperature gradient threshold.

Abstract: A sensor arrangement includes a temperature sensor element, a connection device electrically connecting the sensor arrangement to an external device, a plurality of electrical lines electrically connecting the temperature sensor element to the connection device, a carrier holding the temperature sensor element and the electrical lines, and an encasing enclosing the temperature sensor element. The carrier has a measuring portion. The electrical lines are arranged directly on the carrier or on a separate line carrier arranged on the carrier. The electrical lines have a cross-sectional area equal to or less than 0.08 mm2.

Abstract: A thermoelectric transducer includes a substrate, a thermoelectric film on the substrate, a first electrode on the substrate, and a second electrode on the substrate, the second electrode being different from the first electrode in work function. The first electrode and the second electrode are in contact with the same side of the thermoelectric film. The outer edge of the thermoelectric film is located inner than the outer edge of the substrate.

Abstract: The temperature measurement device provided by the present disclosure includes: a thermometer comprising: a casing, a first power module, a temperature sensing module, a first communication module, and a first antenna module located within the casing; a booster comprising a housing, a second power module, a second communication module, and a second antenna module located within the housing; wherein, the thermometer is connected to the booster by communication, and the booster amplifies signals of the thermometer and charges the thermometer.

Abstract: The invention involves a multimeter with a meter probe module and phasing probe module capable of wireless communication, proximity measurements, and accurately reading phase degrees. The meter probe module and the phasing probe module can communicate wirelessly, via a wired cable interface, or any combination thereof. The meter probe module and phasing probe module have unique radio frequency serial numbers that allow the probe modules to only communicate with its paired partner probe module while ignoring all other probe modules. The multimeter has a measurement point capable of taking direct contact measurements. The multimeter also has a measurement point capable of taking a voltage measurement without directly contacting the object to be measured. This is accomplished by taking voltage readings from the electric field of the air surrounding said object. The improved multimeter may allow an operator to more safely gather accurate information about an object being measured.

Abstract: What is discussed is an interconnection member including (a) a main cable made of a flexible flat cable (FFC) including copper wires, (b) terminal parts branched from the main cable and electrically connected to at least one of the copper wires of the main cable, (c) a connecting part formed on one-side end of the main cable, and electrically and mechanically connected to a PCB and (d) at least one temperature sensing part branched from the main cable, wherein the at least one temperature sensing part comprises a first extending part extending from the main cable while sharing at least one copper wire of the copper wires of the main cable and a ceramic thermistor disposed on an end of the first extending part while being electrically connected to the first extending part.

Abstract: A temperature measurement method includes: a temperature calibrator with a first test structure of which a resistance forms a first functional relationship with a temperature is placed on a stage in a chamber; a temperature of the chamber is made to reach a set temperature; a voltage is applied to two opposite ends of the first test structure to obtain a corresponding current and a corresponding resistance; and an actual temperature of the temperature calibrator is acquired according to the resistance and the first functional relationship.

Abstract: Hot foil stamping machine stamping a foil onto a substrate, which improves stamping quality under changing conditions, includes a control unit for controlling the temperature of the stamping interface surface to a predefined desired temperature. The control unit receives at least an actual temperature of the heating plate from the at least one temperature sensor and provides a manipulated variable to the at least one heating device. Further, the stamping machine includes a state observer for estimating an actual temperature of the stamping interface surface of the at least one stamping plate based on a physics-based analytical model of the heat transfer between the heating plate and the stamping plate. The control unit also includes a feedback controller for calculating the manipulated variable for a heating device based on the predefined desired temperature and the estimated actual temperature of the stamping interface surface provided by the state observer.

Abstract: A detection unit for discovering cascaded multi-connectivity scenarios in a communication network includes: an interface configured to communicate with the communication network, wherein one or multiple multi-connectivity devices of the network are designed to send type-of-transmission signals to the interface; and an evaluation unit programmed with a cascaded multi-connectivity detection algorithm, wherein the evaluation unit is provided with the type-of-transmission signals and analyzes the occurrence and/or a possible occurrence of cascaded multi-connectivity usage within the communication network based on the type-of-transmission signals.

Abstract: A temperature sensor includes: a sensor element including a heat-sensitive body configured to contact with a detection object, a pair of lead wires connected with the heat-sensitive body, and connecting wires connected with the lead wires respectively; and a holding element including a fixed body configured such that a position of the fixed body is fixed to an object appliance, and a movable body configured to support the heat-sensitive body of the sensor element and to reciprocate between a first position and a second position relative to the fixed body. Each of the lead wires includes a first core wire formed of a solid wire. Each of the connecting wires includes a second core wire formed of a twisted wire and a second insulating covering that covers the second core wire. A conducting wire constituting the twisted wire has a smaller wire diameter than the solid wire.

Abstract: An electronic device includes one or more deformable interfaces which are able to pressurize a part of a user operating, in an actual environment, an operation target moving in a different environment and of which shapes are changeable; and one or more temperature changing units which are able to change a temperature perceived by the part of the user. A feedback system includes the electronic device; an actuator control unit configured to control an operation of an actuator that changes the shape of the deformable interface based on a change in a tactile sensation estimated to be obtained by the operation target; and a temperature control unit configured to control the temperature of the temperature changing unit capable of changing a temperature perceived by the part of the user based on a change in temperature estimated to be perceived by the operation target.

Abstract: A treatment system that includes a pair of jaws and a heater resistor provided on one jaw of the pair of jaws that generates heat by energization. The system also includes a heating device that controls a current to set a resistance value of the heater resistor to a target resistance value. The heating device includes a double bridge circuit allowing current to flow between the heating device and the heater resister when detecting, by the detection resister, a difference between the resistance value of the heater resistor and the predetermined target resistance value. The heating device including a power supply voltage generator that generates a power supply voltage to be applied to the heater resistor and the double bridge circuit, a controller that modulates the generated power supply voltage, and a heater resistance detector that detects an AC component from the current flowing through the detection resistor.

Abstract: A device for determining and/or monitoring a process variable of a medium includes a measuring insert, having a sensor element for sensing the process variable arranged in an end region of the measuring insert, and a dipping body for receiving the measuring insert which at least temporarily and/or partially protrudes into the medium and surrounds the measuring insert at least in a subregion nearest the medium. The device further includes a coupling unit introduced into the dipping body and designed to fill up an inner volume between an inner wall of the dipping body and an outer wall of the measuring insert at least in the subregion in which the sensor element is located as to ensure mechanical coupling between the dipping body and the measuring insert.

Abstract: A temperature sensor, a temperature measuring device comprising the temperature sensor, and a temperature measuring method using the temperature sensor are disclosed. The temperature sensor is disposed at a measurement target having an extremely low temperature and transmits temperature measurement data to a temperature measurement output unit through a lead wire. The temperature sensor includes a housing, an electric resistor disposed in the housing, and a thermal anchor portion disposed inside or outside the housing and connected to the lead wire. Further, the lead wire extending from the thermal anchor portion is connected to the temperature measurement output unit.

Abstract: A spacer apparatus includes a base portion having a top portion and a bottom portion that extends outward to an outer edge. A bore is disposed within the base portion and extends from the top portion to the bottom portion of the base portion. An elongate hollow sleeve surrounds the bore and extends upwards from the base portion. A gasket is disposed around the elongate hollow sleeve.

Abstract: A fluid pump with a housing, a fluid duct which is provided in the housing, a temperature sensor which is assigned to the fluid duct in order to detect the temperature of a medium situated therein, and a metal thermally conductive element.

Abstract: A cooktop appliance or griddle assembly may include a cooking platter, a spring-loaded platform, and a sensor body. The cooking platter may define a top surface and a bottom surface. The spring-loaded platform may be mounted below the cooking platter. The sensor body may be attached to the spring-loaded platform in biased conductive engagement with bottom surface.

Abstract: A sensor bearing housing assembly for use with or integrally formed with a bearing housing. The bearing housing having a base portion defining a footprint, a shaft receiving collar, and a bearing race disposed between the shaft receiving collar and the bearing housing. The sensor bearing housing assembly having a pair of lengthwise sidewalls configured to extend upward from the base portion and an endwise sidewall configured to extend upward from the base portion. The pair of lengthwise sidewalls and the endwise sidewall being joined to form a sensor volume for receiving a sensor therein generally defined within a vertical volume bounded by the footprint of the base portion. The sensor bearing housing assembly having a cutout formed in at least one of the pair of lengthwise sidewalls and the pair of endwise sidewall to permit access to a fastener extending through a mounting hole formed in the base portion.

Abstract: A power electronics unit for an aircraft and a method of determining the integrity of a power electronics unit are provided. The power electronics unit comprises an electric machine controller; a heatsink arranged to conduct heat from the electric machine controller; a housing comprising a sealed internal volume enclosing the electric machine controller and heatsink; a dielectric liquid partially filling the internal volume to cover the electric machine controller; a gas pocket within the internal volume; a pressure sensor arranged to measure a pressure of gas within the gas pocket; a temperature sensor arranged to measure a temperature within the internal volume; and a controller. The controller is configured to receive signals from the pressure sensor and temperature sensor, determine a pressure and temperature from the received signals and provide an output signal dependent on the determined temperature and pressure.

Abstract: An embedded sensor can include an audio detector, a digital signal processor, a library, and a rules engine. The digital signal processor can be configured to receive signals from the audio detector and to identify the environment in which the embedded sensor is located. The library can store statistical models associated with specific environments, and the digital signal processor can be configured identify specific events based on detected sounds within the particular environment by utilizing the statistical model associated with the particular environment. The DSP can associate a probability of accuracy for the identified audible event. A rules engine can be configured to receive the probability and transmit a report of the detected audible event.

Abstract: A sensor device includes a pipe, a sensor connector, a sensor, a sealing member, a first clip insertion window, a second clip insertion window, a clip, and at least one cutout portion. The pipe defines a fluid passage. The sensor connector defines a sensor insertion hole. The sensor detects a physical quantity of a fluid flowing through the fluid passage and includes a large diameter portion, a small diameter portion, and a step portion. The second clip insertion window is located opposite to the first clip insertion window relative to an axis of the sensor insertion hole. The clip is inserted into the first clip insertion window and the second clip insertion window to fix the sensor in the sensor insertion hole by holding both sides of the small diameter portion.

Abstract: An oil temperature sensor includes a housing assembly in which a lead frame on which a thermistor for detecting a temperature of oil is mounted is integrated with a housing such that a tip-side terminal portion is exposed outward. The housing includes a groove formed linearly into which a cable-attached terminal is inserted. The groove is opened on both sides of the groove in the extending direction and is also opened in one direction crossing the extending direction. A joint terminal portion and a sheath of a cable are partially inserted into the groove.

Abstract: A thermal sensor and a method of making a thermal sensor is disclosed. The thermal sensor includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and a composition between the first and second electrodes. The composition includes solid particles of a state-changing material that transitions at a threshold temperature between solid and liquid states having different electrical conductivities.

Abstract: A method for preparing atetrafluoro-1,2-epoxypropane comprising reacting a 2-bromo-tetrafluoropropan-3-ol with an alkaline or alkaline earth metal hydroxide solution, a compound which is 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1,2-epoxypropane, and partially fluorinated polyethers of formula [OCRR1CR2R3]n wherein n is from 5 to 100, R is F or H, R1 is CF3, R2 is F or H and R3 is H.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a battery module, a manufacturing method of the battery module and a vehicle, the battery module comprises batteries and a thermistor. Each battery comprises a cap plate, a positive electrode terminal, a negative electrode terminal and a vent, the vent is positioned between the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal. The cap plate comprises a first boundary away from the positive electrode terminal, and the vent comprises a third boundary close to the positive electrode terminal. The thermistor is positioned between the first boundary and the third boundary. Because the positive electrode terminal and the location around the positive electrode terminal are high in temperature, therefore when the thermistor collects the temperature of the battery, it greatly reduces the deviation between the collected temperature obtained by the thermistor and the actual temperature of the battery, thereby improving the accuracy of temperature sampling.

Abstract: A temperature sensor includes a metal tube having an opening tip portion, a temperature sensing element for measuring a temperature, a pair of lead wires contacting with a surface of the temperature sensing element, an insulating support material for insulating the pair of lead wires from the metal tube, and a coating material for covering the temperature sensing element, lead tip portions of the pair of lead wires, and a tip surface of the insulating support material at the opening tip portion of the metal tube. The coating material has a property of not allowing measurement target gas to pass through and contains oxide and at least one of platinum, platinum alloy, and platinum-containing oxide that are dispersed in the oxide.

Abstract: A sensor unit for detecting a spatial temperature profile, having at least one substrate with a first surface and a second surface situated at least regionally opposite the first surface. The substrate is configured at least regionally to be flexible. At least one adhesion means is arranged at least regionally on the first surface and/or on the second surface for attaching the sensor unit to at least one measurement body. At least one sensor field is arranged on the second surface of the substrate. One aspect also relates to a method for producing a sensor unit.

Abstract: Improved temperature measurement and correction is provided for magnetoresistive sensor arrays. A linear coefficient of resistance vs. temperature is determined from one or more reference sensors in the array by measuring resistance of the reference sensors at known temperatures, which enables resistance measurements to be used to determine unknown temperatures in all sensors of the array. Double modulation leads to MR sensor outputs having center tones which can be used to correct temperature dependence in side tone MR signals. This correction can be according to a linear fit or a polynomial fit. Applications include biological assays requiring accurate temperature data, such as accurate determination of DNA melting curves.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed to a method and apparatus for correcting responsivity variation in photothermal imaging. The method includes sending, during a first time period, light-driving signal to a light source so that the light source is configured to output a series of light pulses onto a sample, wherein the sample is under photothermal-induced expansion according to the series of light pulses. The method includes obtaining, during the first time period, first deflection signal from a cantilever. The method includes sending, during a second time period, actuator-driving signal to an electromechanical actuator so that the electromechanical actuator is configured to move according to the actuator-driving signal, wherein the electromechanical actuator is coupled with the sample. The method includes obtaining, during the second time period, second deflection signal from the cantilever and obtaining a photothermal image of the sample based on the first deflection signal and the second deflection signal.

Abstract: Temperature sensing devices and methods for determining downhole fluid temperature at a drill string in a borehole while drilling are disclosed. The device includes a temperature sensor capable of detecting and measuring rapid temperature changes and may be used to sense the temperature of fluid inside or outside the drill string. In addition, the device includes a thermal conductor that receives and secures the temperature sensor; the thermal conductor is in turn received and secured in a thermal insulator that provides a thermal barrier. In an embodiment, the device is disposed in a channel within an outer diameter of the drill string such that the device is protected from the side wall of the borehole and drilling fluid and cuttings can pass through the channel without becoming packed around the temperature sensor.

Abstract: Provided is an interconnection member including: (a) a main cable made of a flexible flat cable (FFC) including a plurality of copper wires; (b) a plurality of terminal parts branched from the main cable and electrically connected to at least one of the copper wires of the main cable, the plurality of terminal parts being connected to the bus bars to sense voltages of the battery cells; (c) a connecting part formed on one-side end of the main cable, and electrically and mechanically connected to the PCB; and (d) at least one temperature sensing part branched from the main cable, adjacent to the connecting part, while sharing at least one of the copper wires of the main cable.

Abstract: A deep body thermometer includes a thermal resistor having a predetermined thermal resistance value, first and second temperature sensors that sandwich the thermal resistor in a thickness direction of the thermal resistor, and a temperature information processing unit to acquire a deep body temperature based on the thermal resistance value of the thermal resistor, a temperature detected by the first temperature sensor, and a temperature detected by the second temperature sensor. The first and second temperature sensors are disposed such that the first and second temperature sensors do not overlap each other as viewed from the thickness direction of the thermal resistor and a distance between the first temperature sensor and the second temperature sensor is greater than a thickness of the thermal resistor.

Abstract: An actively-powered temperature data logger patch with wireless data communication includes a sealed, flexible battery configured to provide continuous electrical power, and a flexible circuit including a microprocessor, a temperature sensor configured to sense a temperature of a target subject, a wireless communication transmitter and an antenna. In one example, the temperature sensor is located at a first end of the patch, and the antenna is located at an opposite, second end of the patch. The patch is configured to conform to a curved surface of the target subject and includes an adhesive configured to be removably applied to skin of the patient. An external computing device is capable of receiving communication from the wireless communication transmitter of the patch via an electromagnetic field.

Abstract: Provided herein are battery cells for battery packs in electric vehicles. The battery cell includes a housing defining an inner region, an electrolyte disposed within the inner region, and a gasket that couples a lid with the housing to seal the battery cell. The gasket can include an inner portion having an ingress point and an egress point. The inner portion can have disposed therein a thermocouple wire that extends through the inner portion, past the ingress point and past the egress point. The thermocouple wire can include a first lead, a second lead, and a third lead. The first, second, and third leads can be disposed within a common jacket between the ingress point and the egress point. A thermocouple sensor can be disposed in the inner region and be coupled with the first, second, and third leads of the thermocouple wire to provide sensed temperature information.

Abstract: A transmission cable to reduce radiated electromagnetic radiation includes a first conductor with current flowing in a positive direction, a second conductor with a current flowing in a negative direction, where the negative direction is opposite the positive direction and the current in the first conductor equal to the current in the second conductor, a third conductor with current flowing in the positive direction and a fourth conductor with a current flowing in the negative direction. The current in the third conductor is equal to the current in the fourth conductor. The first conductor, the second conductor, the third conductor, and the fourth conductor are arranged in a symmetrical square pattern and the conductors are each on a corner of the square pattern. The first conductor is opposite the third conductor and adjacent to the second conductor and the fourth conductor.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a printed wiring board including multiple layers including inner and outer layers. At least one of the inner layers includes an integral temperature sensor matrix. The temperature sensor matrix includes multiple temperature sensors arrayed over at least part of area occupied by the at least one of the layers. A method includes measuring information corresponding to temperatures in the temperature sensor matrix, and outputting indications of the information. The information may be displayed, e.g., as a thermal image of the printed wiring board.

Abstract: A gate network of a silicon-carbide (SiC) power conversion device includes a plurality of gate electrodes of SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor-based (MOS-based) transistor device cells disposed in an active area of the SiC power conversion device, and a gate pad disposed in a gate pad and bus area of the SiC power conversion device. The gate network also includes a gate bus disposed in the gate pad and bus area of the SiC power conversion device, wherein the gate bus extends between and electrically connects the gate pad to at least a portion of the plurality of gate electrodes in the active area of the SiC power conversion device. At least a portion of the gate pad, the gate bus, the plurality of gate electrodes, or a combination thereof, of the gate network have a positive temperature coefficient of resistance greater than approximately 2000 parts-per-million per degree Celsius (ppm/° C.).

Abstract: An overcurrent protection device has a threshold value for determination of a magnitude of motor current and performs: a first detection of detecting a period, during which the motor current takes a value larger than the threshold value, as a first value; a second detection of detecting a maximum value of the motor current as a second value by frequently detecting the motor current; and a signal formation of forming a motor stop signal based on determination using the first value and the second value.

Abstract: A zero-heat-flux, deep tissue temperature measurement system measures internal body temperature by way of a probe having a heater and thermal sensors arranged in a zero-heat-flux construction. The measurement system includes control mechanization that determines heater and skin temperatures based upon data obtained from the probe and uses those temperatures to calculate a deep tissue temperature. The measurement system includes a signal interface cable having a connector where a probe can be releasably connected to the system. The cable and attached connector are a removable and replaceable part of the system, separate from the probe. The measurement system provides an output signal imitating a standard input signal configuration used by other equipment.

Abstract: A protection tube thermocouple (5) includes a thermocouple (52), and a protection tube (51) which accommodates the thermocouple (52). The protection tube (51) includes a conical portion (511) formed on a front end (54) side of the protection tube (51); and a hollow portion (53) which extends in the length direction of the protection tube (51) for connecting between a front end (54) and a rear end (55) of the protection tube (51) in the inside of the protection tube (51), and into which the thermocouple (52) is received. The hollow portion (53) in the conical portion (511) has a tapered portion (532) configured such that the sectional area of the hollow portion (53) decreases toward the front end (54).

Abstract: A transmitter with universal terminals supports flexible connection of an RTD sensor. The transmitter includes a plurality of terminals, a first switch, a second switch, and a microcontroller. The first switch is coupled to the plurality of terminals and a current source. The second switch is coupled to the plurality of terminals and a sink resistor. The microcontroller receives an indication that a sensor is connected to an undetermined number of the terminals. The microcontroller transmits control signals to the first switch and the second switch to test a voltage differential between each of a plurality of combinations of the terminals. The microcontroller determines which of the terminals are coupled to the sensor. The microcontroller sets the determined terminals as inputs received from the sensor.

Abstract: In a temperature sensor, two seal members seal the open opposite ends of a cladding member (a forward end and a rear end), so that water absorption by an insulator of a sheath member can be restrained. The seal members are formed to have an insulation resistance equal to that of a conductor-fixing material. Therefore, even when the temperature sensor is used in a high-temperature environment, the insulation performance of the seal members does not become lower than the insulation performance of the conductor-fixing material, so that the formation of a leakage current path can be suppressed. According to the temperature sensor, the electrical property of a temperature sensitive element can be sensed accurately, and a reduction in the accuracy of temperature sensing can be restrained.