Abstract: A heat flux sensor is provided with a main body which detects heat flux, and filling members. The main body has a first surface. The first surface has an uneven shape, with a plurality of concave portions and a plurality of convex portions. The filling members are filled in the plurality of concave portions. Surfaces of the filling members constitutes a part of an outer surface of the heat flux sensor. The degree of flatness of the outer surface is higher than the degree of flatness of the first surface of the main body.

Abstract: A fluid sensing apparatus includes a fluid sensor configured to detect a temperature distribution on a detection surface caused by heating, and output a signal value corresponding to a flow of a fluid; a falling time counting unit configured to count a falling time of the signal value after stopping the heating; and a failure determining unit configured to perform failure determination based on the falling time.

Abstract: A heat flux measurement system includes a first wire, a first heat flux sensor singly provided in the middle of the first wire, a second wire including a first end connected to the first wire at a position closer to a first end of the first wire than the first heat flux sensor in which the second wire is formed of the same material as that of the first wire, a second heat flux sensor singly provided in the middle of the second wire, a first detection unit detecting a voltage between opposite ends of the first wire, and a second detection unit detecting a voltage between the first end of the first wire and a second end of the second wire.

Abstract: A tester apparatus is described. Various components contribute to the functionality of the tester apparatus, including an insertion and removal apparatus, thermal posts, independent gimbaling, the inclusion of a photo detector, a combination of thermal control methods, a detect circuitry in a socket lid, through posts with stand-offs, and a voltage retargeting.

Abstract: A heat flow measurement apparatus is provided with a heat flux sensor and a thermocouple sheet. The heat flux sensor includes an insulation substrate, a plurality of interlayer connection members, a front surface wiring pattern, a back surface wiring pattern, a front surface protective member and a back surface protective member. The thermocouple sheet includes a thermocouple, a first insulation sheet and a second insulation sheet, and is fixed to a portion where the front surface protective member and the back surface protective member extend in a surface direction from the insulation substrate.

Abstract: A method for determining a quantity representative of the thermal resistance of a dividing wall between a first environment and a second environment, including, over at least two successive time periods Dk corresponding to distinct heating powers Pk of the first environment, measuring the heat flow rate through the wall qk and the temperature in the first environment T1k and determining the temperature in the second environment T2k, at closely spaced time intervals; the quantity representative of the thermal resistance of the wall being determined by bringing into convergence: a thermal model expressing the temporal variation of a temperature in one environment divided off from another environment by a wall, as a function of the heat flow rats: through the wall, the temperature in the other environment, and physical parameters of the wall; and the measured evolution T1k(t) of the temperature in the first environment over time.

Abstract: An engine virtual test environment system may include at least one memory and at least one processor configured to perform a virtual engine test and generate a virtual engine to which a physics-based model and a data-driven model are applied to replace an engine. The at least one memory may be configured to store a physics-based model representing the actual structure of an engine by any one of simulation, phenomenological relationship expression, physical characteristic change of constituent elements, a combust model, an ECU model, and an engine model, and a data-driven model representing the actual operation of the engine by any one of a test model, a mathematical model, modeling, engine DoE techniques, mathematical and statistical techniques, a driving range.

Abstract: A support device comprises a piston rod and a fixed member arranged so that a target object is placed therebetween, and an elastic member is provided to the target object side of the fixed member. A monitoring device includes a heat flux sensor and a detection part. When the target object is supported between the piston rod and the fixed member due to force applied by the piston rod, the heat flux sensor outputs a signal corresponding to the heat flux flowing between the elastic member, which is compressed by the load applied from the piston rod, and the fixed member. Based on the signal output by the heat flux sensor, the detection part detects the support state of the target object supported by the support device, or the size of the target object.

Abstract: A method of determining a temperature distribution in a mold plate of a mold for a metal-making process, wherein the method includes: obtaining a temperature value from each of a plurality of temperature sensors arranged in the mold plate, each temperature sensor being spaced apart from a respective reference point in the mold plate, determining for each temperature value a reference point temperature value at the corresponding reference point using either a respective linear function or a respective non-linear function, wherein a correction factor and correction term of the linear function or a set of parameters in a general non-linear formulation of the non-linear function is obtained from a plurality of initial temperature relationships, wherein each initial temperature relationship is between a simulated temperature at the corresponding temperature sensor in the mold plate and a simulated temperature at the corresponding reference point in the mold plate, each simulated temperature being obtained based on

Abstract: Heat flow sensor comprising a thermopile with a series of thermocouples and having a first side and an opposite second side, a first electrically and thermally insulating layer arranged on the first side; a second electrically and thermally insulating layer arranged on the second side; a plurality of first thermally conductive pads spaced apart from the thermopile by the first layer and extending substantially parallel to the first side; a plurality of second thermally conductive pads spaced apart from the thermopile by the second layer and extending substantially parallel to second side; a plurality of thermally conductive first pillars, wherein each first pillar extends from one of said thermocouples at least partially into the first layer and is attached to a corresponding one of the first pads and has a length greater than a thickness of the corresponding first pad.

Abstract: A wearable electronic device can include a communication unit configured to communicate with external devices, a heat flow sensor configured to measure a rate of heat energy flowing through a user's skin, and a processor configured to calculate a target ambient temperature for the user based on the measured heat flow through the user's skin.

Abstract: A diagnosis apparatus diagnoses an assembly state of an assembled component having a sliding portion. The diagnosis apparatus includes a sensor unit that detects a heat flux flowing from the sliding portion toward an outside, and a control apparatus that determines whether an assembly state of the assembled component is correct or not based on a detection result detected by the sensor unit. A magnitude of a heat flux from the sliding portion is different between when the assembly state of the assembled component having the sliding portion is correct and when it is incorrect. Hence, according to the diagnosis apparatus, it is possible to diagnose whether an assembly state of the assembled component is correct or not.

Abstract: A temperature control system for a vehicle seat includes a finish trim layer, a thermally conductive panel in thermal contact with the finish trim layer, a thermal device generating a temperature gradient, and a heat transfer structure connecting the panel and the thermal device. The panel and the heat transfer structure are adapted to together thermally conduct the quantity of heat between the finish trim layer and the thermal device.

Abstract: Single-layer CNT composites and multilayered or multitiered structures formed therefrom, by stacking of vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays, and methods of making and using thereof are described herein. Such multilayered or multitiered structures can be used as thermal interface materials (TIMs) for a variety of applications, such as burn-in testing.

Abstract: A heat flow sensor includes a heat transfer layer that has first and second surfaces confronting each other and has flexibility and a temperature difference measurement unit that measures a temperature difference between the first and second surfaces of the heat transfer layer. The heat transfer layer includes a first member having flexibility and a second member with higher thermal conductivity than the first member. The thickness of the heat transfer layer is equal to or greater than 0.5 mm, thermal conductivity of the heat transfer layer is equal to or greater than 10 W/(m×K), and Shore hardness of the heat transfer layer is equal to or less than A50.

Abstract: A method of characterizing a bundle (1) of electrical cables (2, 3, 4, . . . ), comprising taking into consideration for at least one surface temperature of the cables (Tsurface), firstly of at least one sum of heat fluxes (?1, ?2, . . . , ?n) calculated for each cable (2, 3, 4, . . . ) for the heating effect due to the electrical resistance of each cable passing a respective electric current (i1, i2, . . . , in), and secondly of a heat flux (?s) calculated for the heat given off by the bundle (1) into its environment in order to make the dimensioning of the cables (2, 3, 4, . . . ) compatible with their use.

Abstract: A liquid level detector includes: a detecting element having one surface and the other surface opposite to the one surface, the one surface being opposed to a liquid, while being parallel to a height direction of liquid level; a Peltier element provided on the other surface side of the detecting element; and a control unit performing a detection processing for a liquid level of the liquid. The Peltier element forms a heat flow passing through the detecting element from the other surface to the one surface, toward the liquid or a gas. The control unit calculates a liquid level on the basis of an output value of an electrical signal outputted according to the heat flow passing through the detecting element, and a relationship between an output value of the detecting element and a liquid level.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring an overall heat transfer coefficient may include an internal case provided using a heat insulation material and having an open upper portion, an external case configured to enclose outer sides excluding an upper portion of the internal case, and provided using a heat insulation material, a temperature adjusting portion configured to adjust an internal temperature of the external case and an internal temperature of the internal case, and a blocking portion disposed in an upper portion of the internal case to seal the internal case, in which the blocking portion may be configured to implement various covering conditions through a combination of a covering material and a thermal screen.

Abstract: A laser power meter according to the invention is configured to have a power damper including a laser receiving body that receives a laser beam on an inner surface thereof and converts laser power into heat, a case that forms a channel between the case and an outer surface of the laser receiving body, a heat insulation member between the laser receiving body and the case, and temperature measurement means for measuring a heat quantity absorbed by the laser receiving body; and conversion means for converting a signal of the temperature measurement means into an output value for a laser beam.

Abstract: A method includes preparing a thermoelectric material including p-type or n-type material and first and second caps including transition metal(s). A powder precursor of the first cap can be loaded into a sintering die, punches assembled thereto, and a pre-load applied to form a first pre-pressed structure including a first flat surface. A punch can be removed, a powder precursor of the p-type or n-type material loaded onto that surface, the punch assembled to the die, and a second pre-load applied to form a second pre-pressed structure including a second substantially flat surface. The punch can be removed, a powder precursor of the second cap loaded onto that surface, the first punch assembled to the die, and a third pre-load applied to form a third pre-pressed structure. The third pre-pressed structure can be sintered to form the thermoelectric material; the first or second cap can be coupled to an electrical connector.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for forecasting the energy consumption of a building, taking into account the heat exchanges from received solar radiation and/or heat convection and/or conduction between the building and the outside environment based on a physical model. The method includes a learning step to deduce the value of the parameters of the physical model based on previous measurements performed on the building.

Abstract: A temperature emulator may include a stacked assembly including a pair of end plates positioned at an uppermost and lowermost location of the stacked assembly, a plurality of heat sink plates positioned between the pair of end plates, a plurality of shim plates positioned between adjacent pairs of heat sink plates, and an exothermic charge assembly positioned between at least one pair of heat sink plates, the exothermic charge assembly including an exotherm charge configured to react exothermally in response to a thermal cure cycle.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a heat exchanger that exchanges heat between a first fluid, a second fluid, and a phase change material (PCM). Both tubes and header tanks contain phase change material. The phase change material header tanks are advantageously located outside of the first fluid's header tanks.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for thermal adaptation, comprising at least one surface element arranged to assume a determined thermal distribution, said surface element comprising a first heat conducting layer, a second heat conducting layer, said first and second heat conducting layers being mutually thermally isolated by means of an intermediate insulation layer, wherein at least one thermoelectric element is arranged to generate a predetermined temperature gradient to a portion of said first layer. The invention also relates to an object such as a craft.

Abstract: There is provided a heat sink for measuring temperature of electronic component. The heat sink includes a heat radiating plate, a fin, a heat receiving plate, and a temperature detector. The heat radiating plate has a first surface that receives heat from the electronic component. The fin is for radiating heat energy conducting through the heat radiating plate and is connected to the heat radiating plate. The heat receiving plate arranged apart from the heat radiating plate has a second surface movable to be parallel to the first surface. The temperature detector that detects a temperature is disposed on the heat receiving plate.

Abstract: A method for ascertaining the rotor temperature of a permanent-magnet synchronous machine (10), in which a first estimate (TR1) for the rotor temperature is ascertained as a function of a remanent flux density of permanent magnets contained in a rotor of the synchronous machine (10). A second estimate (TR2) for the rotor temperature is ascertained via a Kalman filter containing a thermal model of the synchronous machine (10), the first estimate (TR1) for the rotor temperature being supplied at least intermittently to the Kalman filter.

Abstract: A method and system for analyzing variant thermal conditions at the porous-fluid interface under LTNE condition is disclosed. Exact solutions can be derived for both the fluid and solid temperature distributions for the most fundamental forms of thermal conditions at the interface between a porous medium and a fluid under LTNE conditions and the relationships between these solutions are obtained. The range of validity of all the models can be analyzed. Also, a critical non-dimensional half height of the porous media is determined, below which the LTE condition within porous region is considered to be valid. Furthermore, the range of validity of the LTE condition can be obtained based on the introduction of a critical parameter.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a current sensing circuit corrects for the transient and steady state temperature measurement errors due to physical separation between a resistive sense element and a temperature sensor. The sense element has a temperature coefficient of resistance. The voltage across the sense element and a temperature signal from the temperature sensor are received by processing circuitry. The processing circuitry determines a power dissipated by the sense element, which may be instantaneous or average power, and determines an increased temperature of the sense element. The resistance of the sense element is changed by the increased temperature, and this derived resistance Rs is used to calculate the current through the sense element using the equation I=V/R or other related equation. The process is iterative to continuously improve accuracy and update the current.

Abstract: By correcting temperature measurements above a surface (such as the ground) for the first-order filtering associated with the thermal inertia of a temperature sensor (such as a thermocouple) that performed the temperature measurements, the heat flux conveyed from the surface by air can be accurately determined without requiring a calibration procedure. Instead, a predefined calibration value may be used. This predefined calibration value may be a function of a size of the temperature sensor and/or a distance between the temperature sensor and the ground. Moreover, the predefined calibration value may have a fixed value for a given size of the temperature sensor. In addition, the measurement of the heat flux conveyed from the surface can be used to accurately determine the residual heat flux that vaporizes water from the surface without a calibration procedure.

Abstract: A thermal insulation performance measurement apparatus which measures thermal insulation performance of a thermal insulator by heat flux to the thermal insulator, measured by a heat flux sensor, and a measurement method using the same includes a heat flux sensor provided with one surface adapted to contact an object to be measured, a first heat source arranged on the upper surface of the heat flux sensor to supply heat to the heat flux sensor, a thermal insulator arranged on the upper surface of the first heat source, a third heat source arranged on the upper surface of the thermal insulator, and a second heat source arranged around the heat flux sensor.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for monitoring during dynamic processes that determines when effective measurements of thermal effusivity and/or thermal conductivity can be made during a portion of a cycle during a calibration phase, then measures thermal effusivity and/or thermal conductivity during a subsequent dynamic process in dependence upon the time delay value and the measurement duration value until a desired value is obtained. A sensor having a measurement period of between one to two seconds allows monitoring of materials during dynamic processes such as tumbling, blending, mixing, and rocking. For example, measurements can be made until a value indicative of a desired mixture condition is obtained.

Abstract: A calibrator for calibrating a compatible heat transfer meter comprises a temperature controlled reference thermowell and a reference temperature sensor. The reference thermowell is similar in dimensions to thermowells usable for measuring inlet and outlet temperatures of a heat exchanger so that the reference temperature sensor is selectively insertable into any of the thermowells. The calibrator also comprises temperature measurement circuitry operable to generate a temperature reading from an output of the reference temperature sensor; and control circuitry operable to control the temperature of the reference thermowell.

Abstract: The invention relates to a zero heat flux temperature sensing device (100) for sensing a core body temperature of an object (113). The zero heat flux temperature sensing device (100) comprises a layer (107), a first temperature gradient sensor (105), a first heat flux modulator (103) and a heat flux modulator controller (102). The layer (107) has an opposing first side (112) and second side (108). In use the first side (112) is nearest to the object (113). The layer (107) is for obtaining a first temperature difference over the layer (107) in response to a first heat flux in a first direction from the first side (112) to the second side (108). The first temperature gradient sensor (105) senses at the first side (112) of the layer (107) a second temperature difference in a second direction. The second direction extends from a first border of the first side (112) towards a second border of the first side (112).

Abstract: Contemplated devices and methods allow for simple and accurate measurement of static and dynamic heat flux and heat capacity of a structure in situ. Especially preferred devices and methods use a thermally equilibrated housing that encloses a thermoelectric sensor and an associated microprocessor and external temperature sensor.

Abstract: Certain embodiments disclosed herein are directed to a sensor comprising a support member, a sample sensor coupled to the support member and comprising a sample support electrically coupled to a first set of interconnects, and a reference sensor coupled to the support member and comprising a ring coupled to a second set of interconnects, in which the ring is positioned adjacent to and surrounding at least a portion of the sample support of the sample sensor.

Abstract: A heat flow measurement device is disclosed with an outflow conduit having an outflow fluid space and an outflow heat transfer surface and also with an inflow conduit having an inflow fluid space and an inflow heat transfer surface. The inflow heat transfer surface is thermally coupled to the inflow conduit and the outflow heat transfer surface is thermally coupled to the outflow conduit. A thermoelectric material is located between the inflow heat transfer surface and the outflow heat transfer surface and generates a signal that is proportional to the heat flux between the inflow conduit and the outflow conduit.

Abstract: Apparatus and method are provided for facilitating simulation of heated airflow exhaust of an electronics subsystem, electronics rack or row of electronics racks. The apparatus includes a thermal simulator, which includes an air-moving device and a fluid-to-air heat exchanger. The air-moving device establishes airflow from an air inlet to air outlet side of the thermal simulator tailored to correlate to heated airflow exhaust of the electronics subsystem, rack or row of racks being simulated. The fluid-to-air heat exchanger heats airflow through the thermal simulator, with temperature of airflow exhausting from the simulator being tailored to correlate to temperature of the heated airflow exhaust of the electronics subsystem, rack or row of racks being simulated. The apparatus further includes a fluid distribution apparatus, which includes a fluid distribution unit disposed separate from the fluid simulator and providing hot fluid to the fluid-to-air heat exchanger of the thermal simulator.

Abstract: A method for detecting defect in a weld seam during laser welding. The method includes performing a two-dimensionally locally resolved detection of radiation that is emitted by a solidified molten mass that is adjacent to a liquid melting bath. The method also includes determining at least one characteristic value for heat dissipation in the solidified molten mass by evaluating the detected radiation along at least one profile-section of the solidified molten mass, and detecting a defect in the weld seam by comparing the at least one characteristic value with at least one reference value.

Abstract: A method for measurement of a film cooling effect is disclosed. Film cooling is a technique developed to protect gas turbine engine components from the extremely high temperatures created during its operation. A controlled air pressure is ducted into the hollow interior of the component and the mass rate of air flowing through the plurality of film cooling features or openings is measured. A coolant is then injected into the hollow interior of the component and allowed to flow out of a film cooling feature onto the heated outer surface of the component. The resulting infrared signature is a measure of the relative cooling effect generated by the individual film cool feature. The film cooling effect for an individual feature is quantified as the proportion of mass rate of airflow contributed by its relative individual cooling effect. The area, location and shape of the cooling effect are further classified to determine the degree of conformance to its design intent.

Abstract: A sensor (10; 34) for measuring and/or detecting fouling that forms directly or indirectly on a so-called front surface of the sensor, includes the following in the form of a plurality of superimposed layers: —at least one heating element (14) that is able to diffuse, on command, a homogenous, monitored heat flow whose heat output is less than 200 mW, —a heat insulator (11) located on the side opposite the front surface of the sensor to prevent dissipation of the heat flow from the opposite side, —at least one temperature measuring element (16) that is placed in the homogenous heat flow diffused by the at least one heating element and that offers a precision of temperature measurement of better than 0.1° C., and —a substrate (12; 42) on which the layers of the at least one heating element and at least one temperature measuring element are connected.

Abstract: A calibrated airflow monitoring method is provided. The monitoring method which includes: providing an airflow sensor positioned within an electronic system to be at least partially air-cooled, the airflow sensor including at least one temperature sensor and a heater associated with one temperature sensor of the at least one temperature sensor; calibrating, with the airflow sensor positioned within the electronic system, a duty cycle for use in powering the heater associated with the one temperature sensor; and providing a controller configured to use the calibrated duty cycle in powering the heater of the temperature sensor during airflow monitoring of the electronic system, and to obtain a hot temperature (Thot) reading from the one temperature sensor having the associated heater, and to determine, based at least in part on the hot temperature (Thot) reading, whether to issue an airflow warning.

Abstract: The system for measuring thermal conductance includes first and second thermally insulated housing portions. A cooler is in communication with an interior of the first housing portion for selectively cooling the interior to a desired cool temperature. Similarly, a heater is in communication with an interior of the second housing portion for selectively heating the interior to a desired heated temperature. A test sample is retained within the second housing such that the test sample releasably and removably covers an aperture in communication with the interior of the first housing. Upon reaching thermal steady state, the temperatures Tc , TH of cooled and heated surfaces of the test sample are both measured. A heat flux transducer, releasably mounted on the cooled surface of the test sample, measures heat flux q through the test sample. The thermal conductance U of the test sample may then be calculated as U = q T H - T C .

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus (10) for measuring a temperature of the core of a body for elevated ambient temperatures, comprising a heat stream sensor (14) having a surface adapted to be positioned in contact with a surface S of the body for detecting a body's inwards heat stream, said sensor being thermally insulated on all its other surfaces from the surroundings, a cooling element (15) for cooling the heat stream sensor, a heat buffer (13) being thermally insulated from surroundings and being arranged in a heat conducting communication with the cooling element, a control unit (19) for switching on the cooling element for compensating the body's inwards heat stream and a temperature sensor (20) for measuring the temperature of the body surface.

Abstract: A multi-purpose, cylindrical thermal insulation test apparatus is used for testing insulation materials and systems of materials using a liquid boil-off calorimeter system for absolute measurement of the effective thermal conductivity (k-value) and heat flux of a specimen material at a fixed environmental condition (cold-side temperature, warm-side temperature, vacuum pressure level, and residual gas composition). The apparatus includes an inner vessel for receiving a liquid with a normal boiling point below ambient temperature, such as liquid nitrogen, enclosed within a vacuum chamber. A cold mass assembly, including the upper and lower guard chambers and a middle test vessel, is suspended from a lid of the vacuum canister. Each of the three chambers is filled and vented through a single feedthrough. All fluid and instrumentation feedthroughs are mounted and suspended from a top domed lid to allow easy removal of the cold mass.

Abstract: A gas turbine component (49) may be instrumented to provide a plurality of signals indicative of thermal measurements in a high temperature combustion environment of the gas turbine. A thermocouple arrangement may include a first thermocouple leg (50) disposed within a thickness of the component. At least two or more thermocouple legs (52, 53, 54) is each electrically connected to the first leg to form individual thermocouple junctions (56, 57, 58, 59) along the first leg for conversion of respective thermal gradients to respective electrical signals, such as electromotive force (emf) based voltages. The thermocouple arrangement may be used in combination with a thermographic system (70) to calculate heat flux over a region of the turbine component.

Abstract: A thermal insulation performance measurement apparatus which measures thermal insulation performance of a thermal insulator by heat flux to the thermal insulator, measured by a heat flux sensor, and a measurement method using the same includes a heat flux sensor provided with one surface adapted to contact an object to be measured, a first heat source arranged on the upper surface of the heat flux sensor to supply heat to the heat flux sensor, a thermal insulator arranged on the upper surface of the first heat source, a third heat source arranged on the upper surface of the thermal insulator, and a second heat source arranged around the heat flux sensor.

Abstract: A sensor arrangement for determining an inside temperature in a motor vehicle having a climate control device and at least a panel is at least a part of a control part of the climate control device, where the sensor arrangement includes a housing with at least a front wall and a rear wall, the housing is filled with a heat-insulating material, a first temperature sensor attached to a rear of the front wall and a second temperature sensor attached to an inner side of the rear wall, said inner side facing a rear of the front wall, and where the front wall is a part of the panel of the motor vehicle.

Abstract: Device (30) for measuring or evaluating a characteristic of a heat flux (?) exchanged between a first medium and a second medium, the device comprising a first thermoelectric means (31) and a second thermoelectric means (32), the first and second thermoelectric means being electrically connected in series and thermally connected in series, the first thermoelectric means being of a first nature (n-type) and the second thermoelectric means being of a second nature (p-type), the first and second natures being such that the first thermoelectric means and the second thermoelectric means polarize with opposite polarities under the effect of a heat flux having a given direction and a given sign.

Abstract: An apparatus determines cooling characteristics of an operational cooling device used for transferring heat from an electronic device. The operational cooling device is thermally coupled to a heat pipe. The heat pipe has an exposed surface for selective application of heat thereon. Heat from a localized heat source is selectively applied to at least one region of the exposed surface. The heat source is preferably capable of being varied both positionally relative to the exposed surface and in heat intensity. A heat shield is preferably positioned around the exposed surface of the heat pipe to isolate the operational cooling device from the heat from the localized heat source. A temperature detector repeatedly measures a temperature distribution across the exposed surface while the cooling device is in a heat transfer mode. The temperature distribution is then used to thermally characterize the operational cooling device.

Abstract: A method for measuring a contacting thermal resistance of one-dimensional structures is provided. A first one-dimensional structure and A second one-dimensional structure are crossed and in contact with each other to form a suspended junction. A point P of the first one-dimensional structure is heated until the first one-dimensional structure and the second one-dimensional structure reach a thermal equilibrium. A point A and a point B are selected on the first one-dimensional structure and a point C and a point D are selected on the second one-dimensional structure, wherein the point B, the point A, the suspended junction, the point C and the point D are arranged equidistantly with a distance ?x. A temperature difference ?Tj is calculated by the formula ?Tj=?TAC??TBA??TCD. The heat flux Qj is calculated by the formula Qj=2k?TCD/?x. The contacting thermal resistance Rj is calculated by the formula Rj=?Tj/Qj.