Abstract: A performance testing apparatus for a heat pipe includes an immovable portion having a heating member located therein for heating an evaporating section of the heat pipe, and a movable portion capable of moving relative to the immovable portion. A receiving structure is defined between the immovable portion and the movable portion for receiving the evaporating section of the heat pipe therein. A concavo-convex cooperating structure is defined in the immovable portion and the movable portion to ensure the receiving structure being capable of receiving the heat pipe precisely. Temperature sensors are attached to the immovable portion and the movable portion for detecting temperature of the heat pipe. An enclosure encloses the immovable portion and the movable portions therein, and defines a space therein for movement of the movable portion relative to the immovable portion.

Abstract: A performance testing apparatus for a heat pipe includes an immovable portion having a heating member located therein for heating an evaporating section of the heat pipe, and a movable portion capable of moving relative to the immovable portion. A receiving structure is defined between the immovable portion and the movable portion for receiving the evaporating section of the heat pipe therein. A positioning structure extends from the immovable portion and slideably receives the movable portion therein for avoiding the movable portion from deviating from the immovable portion during movement of the movable portion relative the immovable portion. Temperature sensors are attached to the immovable portion and the movable portion for detecting temperature of the heat pipe. An enclosure encloses the immovable portion and the movable portions therein, and defines a space therein for movement the movable portion relative to the immovable portion.

Abstract: A performance testing apparatus for a heat pipe includes an immovable portion having a heating member located therein for heating a heat pipe requiring test. A movable portion is capable of moving relative to the immovable portion. A receiving structure is defined between the immovable portion and the movable portion for receiving the heat pipe therein. At least one temperature sensor is attached to at least one of the immovable portion and the movable portion. The least one temperature sensor has a detecting section exposed in the receiving structure for thermally contacting the heat pipe in the receiving structure to detect a temperature of the heat pipe.

Abstract: The specific heat capacity (cp) of a medium is determined using a calorimeter with a reactor (1), a stirrer (3), a first thermostat for providing an inner heat balance, a second thermostat, means for providing an outer heat balance and a central control unit (35). The method uses the steps of: applying a modulated energy profile to the medium, inside the reactor (1), under near isothermal conditions; monitoring the resulting energy changes of: the medium, the reactor (1), the first thermostat, the second thermostat and/or the outer heat balance means as a function of time; determining the respective inner and outer heat balances independently from each other at predefined time intervals; and calculating the overall heat transfer coefficient (UA) and the specific heat capacity of the medium (cp) simultaneously and independently from each other as a function of time from the inner and outer heat balances.

Abstract: A performance testing apparatus for a heat pipe includes an immovable portion having a cooling structure defined therein for cooling a heat pipe requiring test. A movable portion is capable of moving relative to the immovable portion. A receiving structure is defined between the immovable portion and the movable portion for receiving the heat pipe therein. A positioning structure extends from at least one of the immovable portion and the movable portion to ensure that the receiving structure is capable of precisely receiving the heat pipe therein. At least a temperature sensor is attached to at least one of the immovable portion and the movable portion to detect a temperature of the heat pipe. An enclosure encloses the immovable portion and the movable portions therein, and defines a space for movement of the movable portion relative to the immovable portion.

Abstract: A performance testing apparatus for a heat pipe includes an immovable portion having a cooling structure defined therein for cooling the heat pipe. A movable portion is capable of moving relative to the immovable portion and has a cooling structure defined therein for cooling the heat pipe. A receiving structure is defined between the immovable portion and the movable portion for receiving the heat pipe therein. A concavo-convex cooperating structure is defined in the immovable portion and the movable portion to ensure the receiving structure being capable of precisely receiving the heat pipe. Temperature sensors are attached to the immovable portion and the movable portion to detect a temperature of the heat pipe. An enclosure encloses the immovable portion and the movable portions therein, and defines a space for movement of the movable portion relative to the immovable portion.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring insulation thermal performance is provided, particularly between ambient and cryogenic temperatures. A warm-temperature boundary has a continuous sample contact surface that is divided into a metered central zone and a boundary guard zone. Each zone is independently heated, and the power necessary to maintain the central zone at constant temperature is directly equated to heat flux through the insulation at the temperature boundary conditions. Methods for measuring insulation thermal performance are also disclosed.

Abstract: In a gas mixture temperature estimation method for an internal combustion engine, before a forefront portion of a gas mixture reaches an inner wall surface of the combustion chamber, the gas mixture temperature is calculated in accordance with a predetermined equation which is based on the assumption that no head exchange occurs between the gas mixture and cylinder interior gas which exists around the gas mixture without mixing with fuel. After the gas mixture forefront portion reaches the inner wall surface of the combustion chamber, the gas mixture temperature calculated in accordance with the equation is corrected in consideration of the quantity of heat transfer between the gas mixture and the cylinder interior gas and the quantity of heat transfer between the gas mixture and the wall.

Abstract: A performance testing apparatus for a heat pipe includes an immovable portion having a cooling structure defined therein for cooling the heat pipe requiring test. A movable portion is capable of moving relative to the immovable portion and has a cooling structure defined therein for cooling the heat pipe. A receiving structure is located between the immovable portion and the movable portion for receiving the heat pipe therein. A positioning structure extends from at least one of the immovable portion and the movable portion for avoiding the movable portion from deviating from the immovable portion during movement of the movable portion relative the immovable portion to ensure the receiving structure being capable of precisely receiving the heat pipe. At least a temperature sensor is attached to at least one of the immovable portion and the movable portion for detecting temperature of the heat pipe.

Abstract: A performance testing apparatus for a heat pipe includes an immovable portion having a cooling structure defined therein for cooling the heat pipe. A movable portion is capable of moving relative to the immovable portion and has a cooling structure defined therein. A receiving structure is defined between the immovable portion and the movable portion for receiving the heat pipe. A positioning structure extends from at least one of the immovable portion and the movable portion to ensure that the receiving structure is capable of precisely receiving the heat pipe therein. Temperature sensors are attached to the immovable portion and the movable portion to detect a temperature of the heat pipe. An enclosure encloses the immovable portion and the movable portions therein, and defines a space for movement of the movable portion relative to the immovable portion.

Abstract: A performance testing apparatus for a heat pipe includes an immovable portion having a cooling structure defined therein for cooling a heat pipe requiring test. A movable portion is capable of moving relative to the immovable portion. A receiving structure is defined between the immovable portion and the movable portion for receiving the heat pipe therein. A concavo-convex cooperating structure is defined in the immovable portion and the movable portion for avoiding the movable portion from deviating from the immovable portion to ensure the receiving structure being capable of precisely receiving the heat pipe. At least a temperature sensor is attached to at least one of the immovable portion and the movable portion for thermally contacting the heat pipe in the receiving structure to detect a temperature of the heat pipe.

Abstract: A performance testing apparatus for a heat pipe includes an immovable portion having a heating member located therein for heating a heat pipe requiring test. A movable portion is capable of moving relative to the immovable portion. A receiving structure is defined between the immovable portion and the movable portion for receiving the heat pipe therein. At least one temperature sensor is telescopically mounted in at least one of the immovable portion and the movable portion. The least one temperature sensor has a detecting section exposed in the receiving structure for thermally contacting the heat pipe in the receiving structure to detect a temperature of the heat pipe.

Abstract: A performance testing apparatus for a heat pipe includes an immovable portion having a cooling structure defined therein for cooling a heat pipe needing to be tested. A movable portion is capable of moving relative to the immovable portion. A receiving structure is defined between the immovable portion and the movable portion for receiving the heat pipe therein. At least a temperature sensor is attached to at least one of the immovable portion and the movable portion. The least a temperature sensor has a detecting section exposed in the receiving structure for thermally contacting the heat pipe in the receiving structure to detect a temperature of the heat pipe.

Abstract: A performance testing apparatus for a heat pipe includes an immovable portion having a cooling structure defined therein for cooling the heat pipe. A movable portion is capable of moving relative to the immovable portion. A receiving structure is defined between the immovable portion and the movable portion for receiving the heat pipe therein. A concavo-convex cooperating structure is defined in the immovable portion and the movable portion for ensuring the receiving structure being capable of precisely receiving the heat pipe. Temperature sensors are attached to the immovable portion and the movable portion to detect a temperature of the heat pipe. An enclosure encloses the immovable portion and the movable portions therein to provide a thermally stable environment for the heat pipe during test.

Abstract: In a gas mixture temperature estimation method for an internal combustion engine, before a forefront portion of a gas mixture reaches an inner wall surface of the combustion chamber, the gas mixture temperature is calculated in accordance with a predetermined equation which is based on the assumption that no head exchange occurs between the gas mixture and cylinder interior gas which exists around the gas mixture without mixing with fuel. After the gas mixture forefront portion reaches the inner wall surface of the combustion chamber, the gas mixture temperature calculated in accordance with the equation is corrected in consideration of the quantity of heat transfer between the gas mixture and the cylinder interior gas and the quantity of heat transfer between the gas mixture and the wall.

Abstract: A performance testing apparatus for a heat pipe includes an immovable portion having a cooling structure defined therein for cooling a heat pipe requiring to be tested. A movable portion is capable of moving relative to the immovable portion and has a cooling structure therein for cooling the heat pipe. A receiving structure is located between the immovable portion and the movable portion for receiving the heat pipe therein. At least one temperature sensor is attached to at least one of the immovable portion and the movable portion. The least one temperature sensor has a detecting section exposed in the receiving structure for thermally contacting the heat pipe in the receiving structure to detect a temperature of the heat pipe.

Abstract: Techniques for precision testing of thermal interface materials are described. An apparatus may include multiple anvils each having multiple sensors disposed along its axis. A thermal interface material may be disposed between the anvils. A control module may be communicatively coupled to said sensors and arranged to receive temperature readings from the multiple sensors to form a temperature gradient, determine a surface temperature for each anvil based on the temperature gradient, determine a heat flux through the thermal interface material based on the surface temperature, and determine a resistance value for the thermal interface material based on the heat flux. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: A device that may utilize radiant energy emitted from a process to formulate heat flux information about the process. The light emitted from the process may be transmitted by a low loss light conveyance component to a heat flux sensing component situated remotely from the process. The process light energy may then be converted into heat energy by a high emissivity material coupled to the heat flux sensing component. The light conveyance component may further include an angular sensitivity corrector to increase the efficiency of light absorption.

Abstract: A temperature sensor approximates fluid temperature averaged across a location range by including an outer armour layer. Several resistance temperature detectors are spaced in an electrical circuit which is then protected in the outer armour layer. The outer armour layer is woven without any seam to enhance its longitudinal thermal conductivity. In the preferred weave, twenty-four stands of sixteen metal threads each are helically woven. The electrical circuit is sealed interior to the armour layer so any condensation or moisture within the armour layer does not affect the circuit. The armour layer is sealed on its ends to the sheathing of the underlying circuit, so the armour layer provides stress relief across the connections of the resistance temperature detectors to the circuit. The resulting sensor is robust and durable, as well as very flexible.

Abstract: A thermal conductivity detector (TCD) includes a detector cell body having a plurality of fluid cavities, at least one detector element associated with each of the plurality of fluid cavities, and a control circuit associated with each of the at least one detector elements, wherein the control circuit varies the power to the at least one detector element to maintain the at least one detector element at a constant temperature. Power compensation and temperature compensation are also provided to minimize temperature variation of the body of the TCD cell.

Abstract: A micromechanical thermal-conductivity sensor is provided which includes a thermally insulated diaphragm formed by a recess in a base plate exhibiting poor thermal conductivity. At least one heating element is applied on the diaphragm, at least one temperature-dependent electrical resistor is applied on the diaphragm for measuring the temperature of the diaphragm, as well as at least one further temperature-dependent electrical resistor is applied outside of the diaphragm on the base plate for measuring the ambient temperature. On one or both of its sides, the diaphragm is covered by a porous cover plate permitting gas exchange by diffusion, a cavity being left open between the diaphragm and the porous cover plate.

Abstract: A performance testing apparatus for a heat pipe includes an immovable portion having a first heating member located therein for heating an evaporating section of the heat pipe. A movable portion is capable of moving relative to the immovable portion and has a second heating member located therein for heating the evaporating section. A receiving structure is defined between the immovable portion and the movable portion for receiving the evaporating section of the heat pipe therein. A concavo-convex cooperating structure is defined in the immovable portion and the movable portion to ensure the receiving structure being capable of receiving the heat pipe precisely. Temperature sensors are attached to the immovable portion and the movable portion for detecting temperature of the heat pipe. An enclosure encloses the immovable portion and the movable portions therein.

Abstract: A performance testing apparatus for a heat pipe includes an immovable portion having a cooling structure defined therein for cooling a heat pipe requiring test. A movable portion is capable of moving relative to the immovable portion. A receiving structure is defined between the immovable portion and the movable portion for receiving the heat pipe therein. A positioning structure extends from at least one of the immovable portion and the movable portion and avoids the movable portion from deviating from the immovable portion to ensure that the receiving structure is capable of precisely receiving the heat pipe therein. At least a temperature sensor is attached to at least one of the immovable portion and the movable portion for thermally contacting the heat pipe in the receiving structure to detect a temperature of the heat pipe.

Abstract: A performance testing apparatus for a heat pipe includes an immovable portion having a heating member located therein for heating an evaporating section of the heat pipe requiring test. A movable portion is capable of moving relative to the immovable portion. A receiving structure is defined between the immovable portion and the movable portion for receiving the evaporating section of the heat pipe therein. At least one temperature sensor is attached to at least one of the immovable portion and the movable portion to detect the temperature of the evaporating section of the heat pipe. An enclosure encloses the immovable portion and the movable portion therein and has sidewalls thereof slidably contacting at least one of the immovable portion and the movable portion.

Abstract: A method to characterize the power transfer of a nuclear component is provided including the steps of obtaining a sample of a deposit layer on a side of a nuclear component, obtaining a scanning electron microscope image of an outside surface of the sample, obtaining a scanning electron microscope image of an inside surface of the sample, analyzing the scanning electron microscope images of the outside and inside surfaces of the sample for a presence of capillaries and steam chimneys, and calculating the power transfer of the component based on a number of steam chimneys in the deposit layer.

Abstract: A measurement operation, such as a calorimetry measurement, is performed using a measurement array and a replaceable passivation membrane (e.g., a parylene membrane). The passivation membrane is used to cover the measurement array to provide temporary electrical and chemical passivation, while still allowing measurement of the parameter of interest (e.g., temperature, in a calorimetry measurement). By only replacing the membrane instead of the entire measurement array between measurement operations, the cost of the measurements can be significantly reduced over conventional methods. The passivation membrane can be mounted on a frame to simplify handling of the membrane.

Abstract: A dynamic heat flow meter is provided which introduces a measured air flow into the system adjacent the test sample (e.g., insulation product), for which thermal properties are to be measured. The heat flow meter then measures thermal properties (e.g., thermal conductivity and/or heat capacity) of the test sample taking into account air flow through and/or adjacent the test sample.

Abstract: There is provided a differential scanning calorimeter in which a base line stability and a responsiveness are improved. There is made a constitution in which the stability is ensured by making a neck-like part in a heat passage from a heat reservoir 1 to a sensor plate 4 and, at the same time, a two-dimension heat flow passage to a sample holder 5a is ensured.

Abstract: A performance testing apparatus for a heat pipe includes an immovable portion having a cooling structure defined therein for cooling a heat pipe needing to be tested. A movable portion is capable of moving relative to the immovable portion. A receiving structure is located between the immovable portion and the movable portion for receiving the heat pipe therein. At least a temperature sensor is attached to at least one of the immovable portion and the movable portion for thermally contacting the heat pipe in the receiving structure for detecting temperature of the heat pipe. An enclosure encloses the immovable portion and the movable portions and has sidewalls thereof slidably contacting at least one of the immovable portion and the movable portion.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a sensor is provided. The method includes disposing a sacrificial layer on a substrate, disposing a low-thermal-conductivity layer on the sacrificial layer, and disposing a first set of conductive arms and a second set of conductive arms on the low-thermal-conductivity layer to form a plurality of thermal junctions. The plurality of thermal junctions is adapted to form a plurality of hot junctions and a plurality of cold junctions when subjected to a difference in temperature. The method also includes removing the sacrificial layer and a portion of the low-thermal-conductivity layer to form a cavity therein. The cavity is configured to provide insulation for the plurality of hot junctions. A thermopile sensor is also provided, and a calorimetric gas sensor implementing the thermopile sensor is provided.

Abstract: Novel micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS)-based sensors for use in ultra-high temperature environments are disclosed. The MEMS-based sensors are derived from a class of polymer-derived ceramics selected from the group consisting of SiCN, SiBCN and SiAlCN. The materials of construction are such that, the sensors are capable of accurate, real-time, on-line and in-situ monitoring, suppression of combustion oscillations and detailed measurements in operating structures that have temperatures of from about 1500° K to about 2000° K, extreme pressures/turbulence and harsh chemical off gases. When the novel sensors are mounted on a hot gas path wall, such as, at a combustor exit, there can be a continuous monitoring of pressure pulses/oscillations, wall shear stress, temperature and surface heat flux.

Abstract: A signal (Snormal) is provided to a heat element of a temperature sensor, which is recorded as a step response (Lruh, Lbew). From the difference of the step response compared with the reaction adaptively determined with the temperature sensor at zero air circulation, air flow or no air flow is determined.

Abstract: A method and system for calculating a heat flow to a sample in a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The DSC has a sensor within an enclosure comprising an absolute temperature measurement detector for measuring the temperature of a base position on the sensor, a first differential temperature detector for measuring the temperature difference between a sample position and the base position, and a second differential temperature detector for measuring the temperature difference between a reference position and a sample position. Thermal resistances and heat capacities of the DSC are calibrated. The DSC is operated, and the heat flow to the sample is calculated using a method that accounts for the leakage heat flows.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring the temperature of outside air provided with a thermometer mounted in a housing connected to a forced ventilation blower for drawing a current outside air across the thermometer and with a Venturi nozzle having an air penetration opening disposed orthogonally relative to the air current for generating vacuum pressure and prevent reverse flow of air through the housing.

Abstract: A measuring device for a heat exchanger includes a heat exchanger pressure pipe having a pipe wall with a circumference, and an indentation extending over and deforming a portion of the circumference. At least one thermocouple is disposed eccentrically in the portion of the circumference deformed by the indentation. Filling material fills the indentation. A method for producing a measuring device in a pressure pipe of a heat exchanger, a method for monitoring an operating state of a heat exchanger having a pressure pipe, a heat exchanger, and a method for measuring a heat flux, are also provided. The size of the indentation can be decreased for a given size of the thermocouple due to the eccentric configuration of the thermocouple, so that the heat flux is obstructed to a comparatively small degree by the pipe wall while local overheating of the pipe wall is prevented.

Abstract: The invention provides a system for determining the heat flow rate between a first and a second medium, the system including at least two sensor units having signal outputs disposed in a spaced-apart relationship, each of the units including a transducer having apertures allowing fluid to pass therethrough; the transducer of a first sensor unit is affixable to a first surface on the first medium, the heat flow of which is to be determined and a second surface of the first transducer is exposed to the second medium; a first surface of the transducer of a second sensor unit is affixable to a calibration plate, the calibration plate is affixable to the first medium, the heat flow of which is to be determined and the second surface of the transducer is exposed to the second medium; the signal outputs of the transducers are connectable to a processing unit for determining changes in the heat flow between the first and the second sensor units.

Abstract: A dynamic heat flow meter is provided which introduces a measured air flow into the system adjacent the test sample (e.g., insulation product), for which thermal properties are to be measured. The heat flow meter then measures thermal properties (e.g., thermal conductivity and/or heat capacity) of the test sample taking into account air flow through and/or adjacent the test sample.

Abstract: The method uses heat flux sensors to determine the exchange area A between a reagent and housing containing the reagent, with the aim of determining the characteristics of the housing and the thermal reaction studied. The flux sensors are arranged at the housing in contact and non-contact zones of the housing with the reagent, such as to continuously determine in real time the precise exchange surface between the housing and the reagent as a proportion of the measurements taken by each flux sensor and in such a manner as to determine the heat exchange coefficient U between the housing and the reagent from the exchange area A and a measurement of the temperature Tr of the reagent and the wall of the housing respectively, particularly when thermostatted, as in the case of the application to a calorimeter.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring heat dissipation of a target heating element includes a reference heating element for emitting heat; a control unit; and a pair of temperature measuring devices for measuring representative temperatures of the target and the reference heating element and transmitting to the control unit signals indicating the representative temperatures. The reference heating element has an outer configuration and sizes substantially identical to those of the target heating element. The control unit controls the reference heating element such that the representative temperature of the reference heating element becomes substantially identical to that of the target heating element.

Abstract: A temperature sensor system includes a body and window arrangement. The body defines an air intake and is flush mounted to a mobile platform having a boundary layer. The window arrangement is integrated into the body and transfers a first signal and receives a second signal. The second signal represents energy from the first signal that is reflected by air particles beyond the boundary layer. The second signal is processed to determine a temperature beyond the boundary layer. The air intake receives air particles, transfers a first set of the air particles to a first air vent into the mobile platform, receives the first set of the air particles from a second air vent from the mobile platform, vents the first set of the air particles, and vents a second set of the air particles that bypass the first air vent.

Abstract: A sensor and method of manufacturing an extended temperature range EMF sensor that is cost effective and highly reliable, with a stable EMF output and with an operating range of up to 1700° C. in hostile environments. The sensor is formed of highly stable dispersion hardened materials capable of withstanding mechanical loads and chemical attacks at elevated temperatures while maintaining internal chemical integrity. Electronics are implemented to condition the devices output and convert it to an industry standard.

Abstract: A temperature sensor includes a membrane supported by a substrate and a circuit having elements for a substrate electrical resistance indicative of the temperature of a substrate and a membrane electrical resistance indicative of the temperature of a membrane. The substrate resistance and the membrane resistance are arranged in a bridge configuration to facilitate measurement of a differential voltage responsive to temperature change. The resulting temperature signal includes a first varying portion and a second varying portion. A controller receives a temperature signal from sensor, eliminates the second varying portion and generates a temperature value based on the based on the first varying portion. In this manner, the sensor provides an improved, fast response to changes in the surrounding temperature.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for the monitoring and measurement of chemical and/or biological deposition in heat exchangers and other fluid processing vessels. The new and original sensing system includes at least two hollow fluid vessels conductively mounted across a constant heat transfer path. Thin film heat flux sensors are attached to a heat transfer surface of the vessels in order to measure changes in differential heat flux that occur when deposition begins to accumulate in the vessel. In this way, it is shown that differential heat flux measurements can be used to detect and measure the early onset of chemical and/or biological deposition.

Abstract: An electronic clinical thermometer has a probe including a temperature sensor and a heat flux sensor which are controlled to make measurements at specified time intervals. The measured values are used in solving the equation of heat conduction to estimate the temperature of an internal body position. A heater may be included to preheat a body part in order to reduce the time required for measurement. The probe may use two temperature sensors to measure temperatures at two body surface positions through insulating members which are different in thermal conductivity.

Abstract: A method of infrared thermography is described. The invention utilizes a high resolution infrared thermography system and associated computer in conjunction with a test chamber to determine heat transfer coefficients and film effectiveness values from a single test.

Abstract: A method and system for calculating a heat flow to a sample in a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The DSC has a sensor within an enclosure comprising an absolute temperature measurement detector for measuring the temperature of a base position on the sensor, a first differential temperature detector for measuring the temperature difference between a sample position and the base position, and a second differential temperature detector for measuring the temperature difference between a reference position and a sample position. Thermal resistances and heat capacities of the DSC are calibrated. The DSC is operated, and the heat flow to the sample is calculated using a method that accounts for the leakage heat flows.

Abstract: The invention relates to a heat flux comparator comprising two substantially planar and mutually parallel input faces, capable of receiving each a heat flux, and comprising a thermoelectric circuit including at least a strip of a first metallic material partly covered on one of its surfaces with first separate metal pads of a second metallic material. The heat flux comparator also comprises layers of an insulating material arranged on either side of the thermoelectric circuit, second and third pads arranged on respective faces of the two layers of insulating material which are directed away from the thermoelectric circuit. The second and third pads are made of a same material and have substantially a same thickness, and the layers of insulating material have a same thickness too.

Abstract: The present invention provides a nano-calorimeter device operable for measuring and characterizing the thermodynamic and other physical properties of materials that are confined to essentially nano-scale dimensions. The nano-calorimeter device including a thin film membrane having a first surface and a second surface. The nano-calorimeter device also including a frame structure disposed adjacent to and in thermal contact with the first surface of the thin film membrane, the frame structure defining a plurality of hollow cells adjacent to and in thermal contact with the first surface of the thin film membrane.

Abstract: A device for measuring the flux received by a specimen in fire test apparatuses has a copper disk or plate of the same dimensions and the same type of surface coating as a typical material specimen, an embedded heating coil and thermocouple, and an insulated sample holder similar to that used for a specimen. The transient response of the embedded thermocouple is measured for several different levels of imposed incident radiation without electrical heating and for several different known levels of electrical heating without any imposed radiation. The principle of Electrical Substitution Radiometry (ESR) is applied, and the transient responses to incident radiation and electrical heating under identical thermal conditions are compared to determine the amount of incident radiation that is actually absorbed by the device while it is being irradiated. The situations are kept thermally identical, thereby insuring that all effects due to heat losses (e.g. convection, radiation and conduction) are exactly the same.

Abstract: Body function measuring apparatus which provides: (1) an indication of the body function being measured, and (2) a loose probe condition by determining that the difference between the rate of change of a first body function signal, developed by a first sensor in the probe, and the rate of change of a second body function signal, developed by a second sensor in the probe, exceeds a predetermined threshold.