Abstract: Provided are a transmitter, receiver and method of transmitting and receiving Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols. The transmitter includes: a sub carrier grouping part configured to perform grouping of a plurality of sub carriers into a plurality of groups, and to change phases and/or amplitudes of the plurality of sub carriers by group; and a transmitting part configured to generate at least one OFDM symbol from the plurality of sub carriers of which the phases and/or the amplitudes have been randomly changed by group, and to transmit the OFDM symbol and information about the grouping.

Abstract: A tracking method and apparatus of a communication system to prevent a timing difference and bit error rate performance degradation caused by unstable characteristics of a plurality of circuit devices are provided. The tracking method and apparatus include sampling signals received at receiving antennas, tracking sample values resulting from the sampling of the signals, and combining the tracked sample values.

Abstract: This application discloses a neural network that also functions as a connection oriented packet data network using an MPLS-type label switching technology. The neural network uses its intelligence to build and manage label switched paths (LSPs) to transport user packets and solve complex mathematical problems. However, the methods taught here can be applied to other data networks including ad-hoc, mobile, and traditional packet networks, cell or frame-switched networks, time-slot networks and the like.

Abstract: The method comprising passing, a base station or a user terminal, information comprising data signals and encoding, a first and a second turbo encoders, said received data signals, generating two different turbo code blocks comprising a set of systematic and parity bits. Where, in order to enhance detection the two different turbo code blocks are simultaneously transmitted through a wireless OFDM system and wherein the data signals to be encoded by said second turbo encoder are interleaved prior encoding by an external bit interleaver. The system of the invention is arranged to implement the method of the invention.

Abstract: In MIMO scenarios, a mobile terminal (1400) can be exposed to signals intended for wireless terminals (640) other than the mobile terminal (1400). If the mobile terminal (1400) is capable of performing interference cancellation, then a network node (1000), such as a base station (610, 620) or RNC (630), can provide the mobile terminal (1400) with interference information so that the mobile terminal (1400) can efficiently cancel interferences due to these interfering signals. The network node (1000) may provide the mobile terminal (1400) with interference information if it determines that mobile terminal (1400) will benefit from the information. The mobile terminal (1400) may cancel the interfering signals from the received signal based on the interference information.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for receiving satellite radio-navigation signals comprising a plurality of receiving antennas forming an antenna array. The invention consists in using a plurality of antennas disposed around the circumference of a carrier, in demodulating the signals received by each antenna separately and then in combining the various demodulated signals, thereby amounting to effecting a beam forming in an equivalent antenna pattern. The invention then requires only a single synchronization slaving for the set of demodulation pathways.

Abstract: A computing system includes: an interface configured to communicate a coordination profile for coordinating a second transmitter device with a first transmitter device; and a unit, coupled to the interface, configured to generate a first encoded message using a message polarization mechanism based on the coordination profile for coordinating the first encoded message with a second encoded message concurrently transmitting through the second transmitter device. A further embodiment of the computing system includes: an interface configured to communicate a receiver signal for representing a first encoded message and a second encoded message coordinated for concurrent transmission; a unit, coupled to the interface, configured to: determine a communication rate associated with the receiver signal, and decode the receiver signal based on a message polarization mechanism and the communication rate for identifying the first encoded message based on a coordination profile corresponding to the communication rate.

Abstract: A first noise variance estimator calculates a first noise variance estimation value based on an channel estimation value of a received signal. A minimum mean squared error (MMSE) filter performs equalization on a residual interference component that is obtained by subtracting an interference component and desired signal component from the received signal. A second noise variance estimator calculates a second noise variance estimation value by using the equalized residual interference component that is output from the MMSE filter. A first noise variance selector and second noise variance selector select either one of the first or second noise variance estimation value, or selects a mean value of the two noise variance estimation values. A filter coefficient calculator calculates a filter coefficient based on a first selected noise variance value. An extrinsic LLR calculator calculates an extrinsic LLR by using a second selected noise variance value selected by the second noise variance selector.

Abstract: A receiver (100) is provided for signals of different signal strengths and modulated with respective pseudorandom noise (PN) codes. The receiver (100) includes a correlator circuit (120) operable to correlate the signals with a selectable locally-issued PN code having a Doppler and a code lag to produce a peak, the correlator circuit (120) being subject to cross correlation with a distinct PN code carried by least one of the signals that can produce cross correlation; and a cross correlation circuit (370, 400) operable to generate a variable comparison value related to the cross correlation as a function of values representing a Doppler difference and a code lag difference between the locally-issued PN code and the distinct PN code, and to use the variable comparison value to reject the peak as invalid from cross correlation or to pass the peak as a valid received peak.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for removing a Direct Current (DC) offset at a receiving terminal in a wireless communication system are provided. In the method, a frame is divided into at least two time resource blocks. Resource allocation information is used to discriminate between at least one time resource block of a data-unmapped interval and at least one time resource block of a data-mapped interval. The DC offset is measured during the data-unmapped interval. The DC offset is compensated during the data-unmapped interval on a time resource block basis by using the measured DC offset.

Abstract: A phased-array antenna that includes a photonic beamformer is disclosed. In some embodiments, a front stage of electrical-domain processing applies a 16-to-1 signal-combination ratio, a single stage of photonic beamforming applies a 4-to-1 signal-combination ratio, and a passive, electrical-domain, signal combiner applies a 32-to-1 signal-combination ratio.

Abstract: A method includes receiving a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) carrier carrying at least a pilot channel. Differences are computed between selected soft pilot symbols received on the pilot channel. Based on the computed differences between the selected soft pilot symbols received on the pilot channel, a level of noise is estimated for a data channel that is to be transmitted on the CDMA carrier.

Abstract: Transmission coordination within multiple user, multiple access, and/or MIMO wireless communications. Within wireless communication systems, there can be various wireless communication devices therein that are not all compliant with a common capability set, communication protocol, communication standard, recommended practice, etc. For example, some communication systems may have some wireless communication devices characterized as ‘legacy’ wireless communication devices, and other wireless communication devices therein may be newer and compliant with newer capability sets, communication protocols, communication standards, recommended practices, etc. In such instances, coordination of transmissions among the various wireless communication devices may be made, when performing simultaneous transmissions, by ensuring that transmissions of devices on different channels is made when aligned on a common boundary of an OFDM symbol.

Abstract: A method includes a step of correlating a received signal with a pilot sequence to determine a correlation result. The method further includes a step of determining a channel estimate based on a Minimum Mean Square Error scheme that is conditional to an observed parameter, wherein the observed parameter includes the correlation result.

Abstract: Disclosed are a wireless communication base station device and a division number determination method that improve the frequency diversity effect while maintaining channel estimation accuracy regardless of the number of divisions in the frequency domain of a transmission signal from a wireless communication terminal device. A determination unit determines the number of divisions in the frequency domain of a transmission signal from a wireless communication terminal device. Here, the determination unit increases the number of divisions in the frequency domain of the transmission signal from the wireless communication terminal device as the number of pilot blocks included in the transmission signal increases. In addition, a scheduling unit schedules allocation to the frequency resources of the divided transmission signal according to the number of divisions determined by the determination unit.

Abstract: A blind phase tracking method for an FBMC receiver. The frequency components of the received signal, after translation into baseband and filtered by an analysis filter bank, is processed by a phase estimation module. The latter estimates for each subcarrier the data carried and, where appropriate, the interference generated by the other data. A simplified symbol is then constructed with the sign of the data thus estimated and, where appropriate, the sign of the interference thus estimated. The phase estimation module determines the phase from the frequency components and simplified symbols. The phase correction is performed by multiplication by a phase correction factor.

Abstract: Detection of a faulty radio oscillator is provided herein. Also provided herein is detection of faulty mobile timing measurements. Timing measurements, as observed by a mobile device, and an identification of primary scrambling codes associated with the timing measurements are captured. The primary scrambling codes match each timing measurement with a particular radio. The mobile device can also report its location information. Radios for which timing measurements have been received are paired. Based on the paired radios and an associated observed time delay derived from the timing measurements, comparisons can be made between paired radios having at least one common radio. Radios exhibiting an expected timing value can be removed from the analysis in order to isolate a radio that has a faulty radio oscillator.

Abstract: A receiver is configured to use a first part of a received signal and a second part of the received signal to determine, respectively, a first estimate and a second estimate of the channel. The first and second parts carry information for decoding the received signal in a first protocol and in a second protocol, respectively. A final estimate of the channel is performed from the first and the second estimates. The final estimate is then used for decoding the data in the received signal according to one of the protocols. A carrier frequency offset from a set of symbols occurring prior to preamble symbols is determined and is corrected for decoding the preamble symbols. The corrected preamble symbols are then used for estimating the channel. In one embodiment, the carrier frequency offset is determined for the multiple antenna packet format used in the 802.11n standard.

Abstract: Process of a finger assignment in a rake receiver for a wireless communication device comprising the following steps: —detection (21) of a pilot (CPICH) and the comparison of its energy according to a first threshold value; —detection (22), on the basis of said first threshold value, of a first significant path; —assignment (23) of said first significant path to a first finger of the rake receiver; —determination (24) of an observation window; —application (25) of a second threshold value, distinct and lower than said first value, for the detection of secondary paths; —rake fingers assignment to secondary paths detected.

Abstract: Provided is a method for transmitting feedback information of a UE in a distributed antenna system in which a plurality of antennas are distributedly disposed within a cell is provided. The method includes transmitting first feedback information used for a base station (BS) to allocate at least one of a plurality of antennas to a UE, to the BS; receiving antenna allocation information determined based on the first feedback information from the BS; and transmitting second feedback information indicating a channel state with respect to an antenna allocated according to the antenna allocation information to the BS.

Abstract: An interference wave signal removing device that can surely remove an interference wave signal is provided. An interference wave signal remover includes a controller, a notch filter, an entire-range frequency scanner, and a local frequency scanner. The controller detects the interference wave signal based on a frequency scanning result by the entire-range frequency scanner, and sets the notch filter to attenuate the interference wave signal frequency. Based on input signals to the notch filter, the local frequency scanner frequency-scans in a local frequency band including an attenuation band of the notch filter. The controller detects a frequency drift of the interference wave signal frequency based on the frequency scanning result by the local frequency scanner, and updates the setting of the notch filter to attenuate the interference wave signal frequency after the frequency drift.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, receiver, computer program and storage medium for joint detection are disclosed. The joint detection method includes categorizing interference signals based on level of interference so as to obtain a strong interference signal, cancelling the strong interference signal from a received signal, and performing a joint detection by utilizing a matched filtering result of a remaining signal.

Abstract: A method of transmitting a wireless signal (FIGS. 3A-3C) is disclosed. A data stream is divided (306) into a first data stream and a second data stream. The first data stream is encoded (300) at a first data rate. The second data stream is encoded (320) at a second data rate different from the first data rate. A first part of the encoded first data stream is transmitted from a first transmit antenna (308). A second part of the encoded first data stream is transmitted from a second transmit antenna (312).

Abstract: A method and system for receiving and decoding horizontally encoded MIMO-OFDM transmissions with improved efficiency. In one embodiment, MIMO decoding is performed on each of the extracted separate tones of a MIMO-OFDM signal to extract and demodulate frequency domain symbols of the first layer corresponding to one or more code blocks. For each code block of the first layer that passes an error check, corresponding portions of the second layer are decoded using SIMO decoding.

Abstract: A reader for data interchange with a mobile data memory, i.e., a ultra-high frequency (UHF) RFID transponder, wherein the reader includes reception electronics for converting a high frequency signal received via an antenna into a low frequency signal and includes a decoding device for converting the low frequency signal into data. The reader also includes an analog-digital converter for digitizing and a memory device, linked thereto, for storing the low frequency signal from at least one period of time from a communication event, and also includes an analysis device for evaluating a low frequency signal stored in this manner so that it is possible to independently analyze the processed low frequency signal whenever a mobile data memory is misread (spuriously sensed), wherein the analog-digital converter which is used in the readers can advantageously also be used for digitizing the low frequency signal stored for the analysis purposes.

Abstract: Process of assignment and deallocation of a correlation unit or finger of a rake receiver intended to treat a received signal of a wireless communication system characterized in that the assignment of a finger is ordered by a CPICH detector operating on the level of the frame of said signal and in that the deallocation of the same finger is controlled by the analysis of a criterion derived from the RSCP indicator calculated on the level of a slot of said signal. The invention also achieves a rake receiver for the implementation of the process.

Abstract: A method of operating an audio system in an automobile includes identifying a user of the audio system. An audio recording playing on the audio system is identified. An audio setting entered into the audio system by the identified user while the audio recording is being played by the audio system is sensed. The sensed audio setting is stored in memory in association with the identified user and the identified audio recording. The audio recording is retrieved from memory with the sensed audio setting being embedded in the retrieved audio recording as a watermark signal. The retrieved audio recording is played on the audio system with the embedded sensed audio setting being automatically implemented by the audio system during the playing.

Abstract: In one implementation, a wireless communication terminal includes a primary antenna array and a first controller configured to steer a main beam of the primary antenna array in a desired direction. The wireless communication terminal also includes an auxiliary antenna array and a second controller configured to control complex weights to be applied by at least some antenna elements of the auxiliary antenna array to corresponding variants of a second signal received by the at least some auxiliary antenna elements. Furthermore, the wireless communication terminal includes at least one signal combiner configured to combine variants of the second signal received from auxiliary antenna elements into an interfering signal that models interference from a co-located wireless communication terminal and subtract the interfering signal from variants of the first signal received from antenna elements of the principal antenna array to produce an interference mitigated signal.

Abstract: An efficient baseband predistortion linearization method for reducing the spectral regrowth and compensating memory effects in wideband communication systems using effective multiplexing modulation technique such as wideband code division multiple access and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is disclosed. The present invention is based on the method of piecewise pre-equalized lookup table based predistortion, which is a cascade of a lookup table predistortion and piecewise pre-equalizers.

Abstract: A method of performing Pseudo-random-Noise (PN) quadrature covering for transmitting data via an access channel. The method according to one embodiment includes receiving a 42-bit access long code mask MIACMAC and a 42-bit access long code mask MQACMAC from an upper layer; generating an MI mask and an MQ mask for PN quadrature covering by using certain bits of an assigned channel number for the access channel; performing exclusive OR operations on certain bits of the received access long code mask MIACMAC; performing exclusive OR operations on certain bits of the received access long code mask MQACMAC; and transmitting signals via the access channel based on the generated 12-bit MI mask and the generated 12-bit MQ mask.

Abstract: The present invention describes a method and apparatus for implementing a mobile receiver (10) that combats multiple access interference (MAI) in a code division multiple access (CDMA) spread spectrum system. Such capability is required by mobile receivers to support high data rate applications such as the ones provided by HSDPA and 1xTREME. A receiver (10) combining equalization and interference cancellation (IC), according to the invention, avoids the shortcomings of either equalization or IC and provides superior performance relative to prior art methodologies. The approach proposed by this invention for the operation of the mobile receiver is to first perform equalization (12) of the received signal (r) and then use the resulting decisions to perform IC. Combining equalization and IC yields a complexity that is smaller to that obtained by implementing conventional IC with a Rake receiver for the same performance.

Abstract: A method for searching a signal to capture a target signal. Integrated correlation values are acquired with all code phases by setting a plurality of frequencies at intervals of 1,000 Hz into a single group. A peak correlation value that is a highest integrated correlation value with each frequency forming the group is acquired. The peak correlation values of the respective frequencies are compared to each other, a highest value thereof is set to be a highest peak value, and a second highest value thereof is set to be a highest noise value. If a ratio between the highest peak value and the highest noise value is lower than a threshold, it is determined that cross-correlation occurred, and if the ratio is higher than the threshold, the highest peak value is determined to be from the target signal, and the signal is captured.

Abstract: Systems and methods of selecting a data rate for a wireless communication device are disclosed. Data indicative of a power constraint of a first computing device using the wireless communication device may be transmitted to a second computing device. A maximum data rate may be identified based on, at least in part, a power constraint of the first computing device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a receiver comprising a fast power control unit, said fast power control unit being arranged to continuously control a quality measure of a radio channel. The receiver is characterized in that the quality measure is a modified Signal to Interference plus noise ratio (SIR) in which the influence from self interference has been removed. The invention further relates to a method for continuously controlling a quality measure of a radio channel, wherein a modified Signal to Interference plus noise ratio (SIR) is continuously determined in which the influence from self interference has been removed.

Abstract: A system that incorporates the subject disclosure may perform, for example, a method for receiving interference information from each of the plurality of communication devices detecting interference information in a plurality of segments of a radio frequency spectrum, correlating the interference information of the plurality of communication devices to generate correlated information, and identifying a plurality of interferers according to the correlated information. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: Aspects of a method and system for diversity processing utilizing a programmable interface suppression module may include one or more circuits that are operable to program an interference suppression module based on one or more interference cancellation parameters. A plurality of weighting factor values may be computed based on the one or more interference suppression parameters and a received plurality of multipath signals. A plurality of estimated signal may be generated based on the plurality of weighting factor values. A plurality of updated estimated signals may be generated based on the plurality of estimated signals. A plurality of interference suppressed signals may be generated based on the plurality of updated estimated signals.

Abstract: A design of cognitive radio (CR) signal structure which based on the spectral correlation can be used for active sensing. In this signal structure, the known pilots used for the primary users (PUs) are duplicated and reallocated in the CR transmission signal properly. With this CR signal structure, the received signal of spectrum sensors will become correlated on the subcarriers when PU reoccupation occurs while the CR transmission is active, and thus PU activities can easily be detected by computing the spectral correlation function. As compare with the traditional cyclostationary feature detection scheme, this method can enhance the active sensing performance while remaining the service quality of the CR system, achieving better detection performance in the same detection time, reducing sensing time (about 1/10 of the traditional sensing time), and still reaching the satisfactory outcome even in the circumstances of low SNR and SINR.

Abstract: A distributed wireless communication system includes multiple access points, each with one or more antennas. The access points do not necessarily have synchronized transmitting and receiving radio frequency oscillators. Approaches to channel estimation between the access points and one or more wireless clients account for the lack of synchronization, and do not necessarily require capabilities at the clients that go beyond required or optional features of standard wireless Ethernet (e.g., 802.11n, 802.11g, or 802.11a), thereby supporting “legacy” clients while supporting high data throughput approaches that provide coherent transmission from the multiple antenna of the access points.

Abstract: A reception apparatus includes a plurality of reception antennas configured to receive transmission signals transmitted from a plurality of transmission antennas, a first interference processing section configured to perform a weighting processing of imparting a weight to reduce a multipath interference component corresponding to an intersymbol interference based on a multipath while leaving an inter-antenna interference component corresponding to an interference component imparted by a transmission signal from one transmission antenna on the transmission signal from another transmission antenna among the plurality of transmission antennas with respect to each of a plurality of reception signals received by the plurality of reception antennas, and a second interference processing section configured to remove the inter-antenna interference component with respect to each of the plurality of reception signals on which the weighting processing is performed.

Abstract: In the method, a user device detects interferences a single dominant interferer of a neighbor base station, said user device provided with at least two antennas and said user device connected to a main base station, said main base station introducing a pattern of transmission gaps for certain Resource Elements in the Resource Element mapping function by switching off the transmission, being said certain Resource Elements in the Resource Element mapping function introduced for the PDSCH complex symbols.

Abstract: A wireless base station (eNB1-1) uses in a differentiated manner, depending on the expected data amount of downlink transmission to the serving wireless terminal UE, the transmission of RRC Connection Reconfiguration messages in which SRS specific transmission request information is set, and the transmission of RRC Connection Reconfiguration messages in which SRS hopping transmission request information is set.

Abstract: A plurality of samples of a signal are stored in a buffer, the signal corresponding to a navigation system. A plurality of starting locations in the buffer are determined, the plurality of starting locations corresponding to a plurality of correlations to be calculated. A plurality of correlations are calculated using i) a plurality of local replica signals, and ii) data read from the buffer using the plurality of starting locations, the local replica signals corresponding to pseudo random number (PRN) codes utilized by transmitting devices in the navigation system. The plurality of correlations are utilized to one or more of i) detect PRN codes in the signal, ii) detect one or more phase shifts associated with PRN codes, or iii) detect one or more frequency shifts associated with PRN codes.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for improving amplitude estimation of a received signal in a wireless communication system is provided. Aspects of the methods and apparatus relate to investigating estimation of signal-to-noise (SNR) of the signal. To estimate SNR of the signal, a user equipment (UE) combines previous pilot amplitude measurements and the present pilot amplitude measurement along with received transmit power control (TPC) commands.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of cancelling inter-subcarrier interferences in distributed antenna system. A method of cancelling interference performed in a transmitting station may include configuring a least one Alamouti pair by mapping subcarrier to each of input symbols, performing a 2N-point inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) on the at least one Alamouti pair, wherein the N is a natural number, and performing a frequency up converting on signals on which the 2N-point IFFT performed. Therefore, the inter-subcarrier interferences can be canceled efficiently.

Abstract: A method and system for optimizing symbol mapping in partial response based communications that are based on use of pulse-shaping that incorporates a predetermined amount of inter-symbol interference (ISI). Optimizing symbol mapping symbol mapping may comprise configuring optimized constellation mapping for use in mapping and/or de-mapping data communicated using the partial response pulse-shaping. In this regard, the optimized constellation mapping may be based on a reference constellation mapping that is utilized for reference modulation scheme, and the configuring comprises applying adjustments to one or more constellation points in the reference constellation mapping. The optimized constellation mapping may be configured to optimize an applicable minimum distance for one or more selected error patterns for a given spectral compression applied during partial response based communications.

Abstract: A receiver has an input for an incoming signal, the incoming signal possibly having a wanted signal and one or more interference signals. The receiver further has a signal source for providing a predetermined signal that is substantially identical to at least a portion of at least one interference signal of the one or more interference signals. The receiver also has a signal analyzer for analyzing the incoming signal regarding at least one known signal component of at least one of the one or more interference signals to obtain at least one interference signal parameter. A cancellation signal generator generates a cancellation signal on the basis of the at least one interference signal parameter. The receiver further has an interference canceller for at least partially cancelling the at least one interference signal by applying the cancellation signal to the incoming signal. A corresponding transmitter and a method for interference cancellation are also disclosed.

Abstract: A channel estimation processor for a receiver in a wireless communication system is described. The channel estimation processor includes a stage-1 processor (STG1) arranged to pluralities of Nsym reference symbol correlation values per slot. The channel estimation processor includes a stage-2 processor (STG2) comprising a plurality of stage-2a processors for obtaining filtered outputs per slot, a respective plurality of stage-2b processors for obtaining respective slot filter results and a stage-2 adder (STG2ADD) for obtaining channel estimates for respective anchor positions. The stage-2a processors are arranged to filter respective pluralities of reference symbol correlation values using respective reference symbol filters (ga) to obtain a respective filtered output per slot.

Abstract: A technique capable of effectively using a plurality of wireless communication systems for wirelessly communicating by different communication schemes is proposed. The present invention is configured so that: a land station of a first wireless communication system, a land station of a second wireless communication system, and a control device are connected by a network; the control device transmits instructions for modifying communication software used in wireless communication into communication software corresponding to the second wireless communication system, the instructions being transmitted to a land station of the first wireless communication system; and the land station of the first wireless communication system modifies the communication software in accordance with the instructions from the control device, whereby the land station of the first wireless communication system made to operate as a land station of the second wireless communication system.

Abstract: A radio front end includes a power amplifier, a tone injection module, a duplexer, a balancing network, and a processor. The tone injection module is operable, in a first mode, to produce a tone having a carrier frequency that is substantially similar to a carrier frequency of an inbound wireless signal. The duplexer is operable, in the first mode, to provide electrical isolation between the outbound wireless signal and a combination signal of the tone and inbound wireless signal and is operable, in a second mode, to provide electrical isolation between the outbound wireless signal and the inbound wireless signal. The processor is operable to determine an amplitude of a tone component of the combination signal; correlate the amplitude of the tone component to an inbound frequency band isolation; and adjust baseband processing of a down converted representation of the combination signal based on the inbound frequency band isolation.

Abstract: Disclosed are a wireless communication method of improving frequency efficiency based on a channel function in a wireless communication system and an apparatus thereof. The wireless communication system using a digital modulation scheme, includes: a transmitting apparatus which modulates a data signal to generate a modulation symbol, generates a channel symbol function corresponding to the modulation symbol, combines the modulation symbol with the channel symbol function to generate a transmission symbol to transmit the generated transmission symbol through a transmission antenna; and a receiving apparatus which receives the transmission symbol through a reception antenna, estimates a channel symbol function included in the transmission symbol, and extracts the data signal based on the modulation symbol included in the transmission symbol.