Abstract: A device for high-speed clock generation may include an injection locking-ring oscillator (ILRO) configured to receive one or more input clock signals and to generate multiple clock signals with different equally spaced phase angles. A phase-interpolator (PI) circuit may be configured to receive the multiple coarse spaced clock signals and to generate an output clock signal having a correct phase angle. The PI circuit may include a smoothing block that may be configured to smooth the multiple clock signals with different phase angles and to generate multiple smooth clock signals. A pulling block may be configured to pull edges of the multiple smooth clock signals closer to one another.

Abstract: Provided is a physical layer network coding method and apparatus. A relay node determines reliabilities of symbols of nodes, based on a signal received from the plurality of nodes, and generates a transmission signal that maintains reliabilities of symbols that have high reliabilities and excludes components of symbols that have low reliabilities. The relay node generates the transmission signal that reduces an expected power of error, based on the received signal.

Abstract: Disclosed is a relay method including: receiving, as input, respective reception signals by two receive antennas, the reception signals each including a reception signal resulting from multiplexing respective transmission signals transmitted by two transmission antennas in a first frequency band; performing frequency conversion on the reception signal received by one of the receive antennas so as to obtain a signal of a third frequency band; and performing frequency multiplexing on the signal having the third frequency band and the reception signal received by the other of the receive antennas.

Abstract: A satellite communication terminal may comprise an outdoor part and an indoor part. Either the indoor part or the outdoor part may comprise a modem configured for communicating with a hub of a satellite communication system via a satellite and the outdoor part of the terminal. Methods are presented for sending indications from the outdoor part of the terminal to the modem, for example, to provide a person that may be installing the terminal with some control over the flow of the installation process while remaining outside (e.g., in the vicinity of the outdoor part of the terminal). In some embodiments, such indications may be used for triggering cross-polarization measurements and/or providing more elaborate information to the person installing the terminal without the need to leave the outdoor part of the terminal.

Abstract: A method for relaying performed by a relay station is provided. The method includes receiving a signal from a source station through at least one receive antenna, defining a connection structure between the at least one receive antenna and at least one transmit antenna, processing the signal by using a midcoding matrix, and transmitting the processed signal to a destination station through the at least one transmit antenna. Quality of signal transmission can be enhanced.

Abstract: A method for identifying the presence of an electronic transmission comprising detecting, by a detecting device, the presence of a burst of electromagnetic energy that results from the presence of an original carrier signal and transmitting, by a transmitting device, a spread spectrum meta-carrier signal within a portion of a bandwidth of the original carrier signal, wherein the meta-carrier signal contains information about the original carrier signal and is transmitted such that the meta-carrier signal occupies at least a portion of a bandwidth of the original carrier signal during the presence of the burst of electromagnetic energy.

Abstract: Systems and methods are presented for conducting a relayed communication involving a source node, a plurality of intermediate nodes, and at least one destination node, involving at the source node transmitting a signal associated with the relayed communication on a first medium allocation, at each one of the plurality of intermediate nodes relaying the signal onto a next medium allocation in response to receiving the signal as transmitted on at least one medium allocation up to a current medium allocation, and at the at least one destination node receiving the signal as transmitted on at least one medium allocation up to a last medium allocation, wherein at least one node among the plurality of intermediate nodes and the at least one destination node receives signals associated with the relayed communication from multiple intermediate nodes as transmitted on at least one medium allocation.

Abstract: According to a wireless repeating system of the invention, a first analog signal is digitally converted at a first sampling frequency, a converted original digital signal is oversampled at a second sampling frequency higher than the first sampling frequency, an image digital signal occupying a specific frequency band out of plural image digital signals generated by zero-interpolation is extracted via a digital filter, and the image digital signal is input to a delta-sigma demodulator to convert to a second analog signal and output the second analog signal.

Abstract: A modem is disclosed. An embodiment thereof includes: a first interface arranged to connect to a network, a second interface arranged to connect to a host processor on the terminal, an audio interface arranged to connect to an audio processing means and a processing unit arranged to receive a plurality of parameters from the terminal via the second interface. The plurality of parameters are associated with a call established by the host processor to at least one further terminal connected to the network; wherein the processing unit is further arranged to receive input voice data from the audio processing means, process the input voice data in dependence on at least one of said parameters; and transmit the processed input voice data via the first interface to the at least one further terminal over said network during the call in dependence on a further at least one of said parameters.

Abstract: A method includes: demodulating a signal transmitted by a first source end that is received to obtain a first log-likelihood ratio; demodulating a signal transmitted by a second source end that is received to obtain a second log-likelihood ratio; demodulating a signal transmitted by a relay node that is received to obtain a third log-likelihood ratio; based on an exclusive OR feature of network coding, processing the first log-likelihood ratio, the second log-likelihood ratio, and the third log-likelihood ratio to obtain a posterior log-likelihood ratio of the first source end; and decoding the signal transmitted by the first source end that is received by using the posterior log-likelihood ratio of the first source end.

Abstract: An apparatus for repeating signals includes a receive antenna for capturing a receive signal, processing circuitry for processing the receive signal to form a repeated signal, and a transmit antenna for transmitting the repeated signal. The processing circuitry includes gain circuitry for gain in the repeated signal and decorrelation circuitry configured for modifying the repeated signal with respect to the receive signal to thereby decorrelate the repeated signal from the receive signal. The processing circuitry further comprises circuitry configured for calculating a gain margin for the apparatus utilizing the decorrelated receive and repeated signals.

Abstract: Provided is a wireless relaying device, wherein system capacity can be increased by reducing power consumption required for relay processing at mobile stations equipped with relaying function. This is a relaying node (200) that relays communication between an originating node and a destination node, and that is provided with: a demodulation unit (203) that demodulates a signal transmitted from the originating node; a decoding unit (205) that obtains a signal destined for the relaying node (200), by decoding an amplitude bit from among a plurality of bits that comprise each of the symbols of the signal demodulated by the demodulation unit (203); and a modulation unit (208) that generates a relay signal destined for the destination node, by modulating a phase bit from among the plurality of bits that comprise each of the symbols of the signal demodulated by the demodulation unit (203).

Abstract: A method and device are provided for transmitting a digital signal intended for a network having at least four nodes including two transmitters, a relay and a receiver separated from one another by non-orthogonal links, except between the relay and the destination, between which the link is orthogonal, implementing a spatially distributed network code. The method includes: encoding, in each transmitter, supplying a code word for every block of K bits of information; transmitting, in the transmitters, the code word during ?N transmission intervals, ??[0,1]; jointly, iteratively detecting/decoding, in the relay, in order to separate interfering streams from the transmitters and to determine, for each stream, a vector representing the K bits of information associated with the code word; jointly encoding, in the relay, the two vectors in order to determine redundancy information, and scheduling the relays to transmit the redundancy information during the (1??)N following transmission intervals.

Abstract: Systems and methodologies are described that enable serving cell selection in a wireless network with a multiple antenna repeater operable to support MIMO communications. In one example, a repeater using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing on the downlink can be equipped to receive, by one or more receive antennas, one or more signals using one or more radio frequency (RF) isolation schemes. The repeater can further be equipped to amplify and delay the one or more signals using one or more combination schemes. Moreover, the repeater can be equipped to transmit, by one or more transmit antennas, the amplified and delayed one or more signals, wherein at least one of the one or more receive antennas or the one or more transmit antennas includes two or more antennas.

Abstract: A packet communication system etc., is proposed, which can automatically adjusting the antenna directionality without modifying a wireless interface of a wireless packet forwarding device even if it involves fluctuation in the packet transmission timing due to CSMA/CA etc. An interference evasion unit involves fluctuation in packet transmission timing due to CSMA/CA. A radio emission device can control the emissive direction and/or emission intensity. A packet generation unit adjusts packet features other than its contents (e.g., packet length, transmission intensity) based on a switching sequence for specifying the emissive direction and/or emissive intensity, and generate a switching control packet. An emission control unit measures the switching control packet feature other than its contents, and identifies at least one bit as antenna control information.

Abstract: Provided is a method for configuring a transmission mode for a backhaul link transmission in a radio communication system including a relay station. The method comprises: a step in which a base station transmits, to the relay station, a relay-physical downlink control channel (R-PDCCH) containing backhaul control information; and a step in which the base station transmits, to the relay station, a relay-physical downlink shared channel (R-PDSCH) containing backhaul data, wherein the R-PDCCH is transmitted in one transmission mode selected from a plurality of predetermined transmission modes, and a reference signal transmitted through the R-PDCCH for the demodulation of the R-PDCCH is determined in accordance with said selected transmission mode.

Abstract: A receiving apparatus for receiving a signal from a transmitting includes a receiving unit configured to receive the signal from the transmitting apparatus; a selecting unit configured to select whether to consider channel information in estimating an offset value between the transmitting apparatus and the receiving apparatus; an offset value estimating apparatus configured to estimate the offset value between the transmitting apparatus and the receiving apparatus either considering the channel information or without considering the channel information based on a selection made by the selecting unit; a synchronization performing unit configured to perform synchronization based on the estimated offset value; and a demodulation unit configured to perform demodulation of the received signal based on a result of performing the synchronization.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for determining a deployment of a wireless network are described herein. One method includes receiving, via a computing device, radio frequency data associated with a structure, wherein the structure includes a number of sensor nodes, receiving physical parameters associated with the structure, determining a number of relay nodes to deploy in the structure based, at least in part, on the radio frequency data and the physical parameters, and determining a location to deploy each of the number of relay nodes in the structure based, at least in part, on the radio frequency data and the physical parameters.

Abstract: Messages on controller area network (CAN) buses are communicated over subsea links. Repeaters couple CAN buses to each end of a subsea link. The subsea link may be, for example, a twisted pair or a single wire with a sea ground. The repeater detects a direction of transmission, that is, whether a signal began on the CAN bus coupled to the repeater or on the subsea link coupled to the repeater. Signals from the CAN bus are conditionally transmitted to the subsea link depending on the detected direction of transmission. Signals from the subsea link are conditionally transmitted to the CAN bus depending on the detected direction of transmission. The repeater can operate at the physical layer without analyzing contents of the CAN bus communications.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reducing feedback transmission overhead in wireless communications. Averaging, compression, or both are used to reduce a number of bits needed for transmission of channel quality information.

Abstract: A two-way relay transmission apparatus applied to multi-input multi-output communication systems that combines signals received from the terminals and performs a modulo operation to the combined signal to concentrate the signal points towards the center of the constellation. And then, the modulo version of the combined signal is broadcasted. As a result, the peak and average relay transmission powers can be reduced.

Abstract: The invention relates to a data transfer method in a multi-hop relay system. The data transfer method comprises: a step for allowing a base station to receive from a first terminal the channel information (Hd,1) between the base station and the first mobile station, a step for making the base station generate an interference cancellation precoding matrix using Hd,1, a step for forcing the base station to transfer first data to a relay station, and a step for making the relay station transfer the first data to the first mobile station and forcing the base station to transfer second data to a second mobile station, wherein the second data is converted using the interference cancellation precoding matrix. According to the disclosed data transfer method in the multi-hope relay system, the base station transfers data to another mobile station efficiently when the relay station transfers data to a mobile station.

Abstract: Enhancement of wireless Channel Order and rank (ECHO) systems and ECHO repeater devices for enhancement of a wireless propagation channel for point to point or point to multipoint radio configurations are disclosed. The enhancement may be used for MIMO communications channels. Aspects support a richer multipath environment to increase the rank of the channel propagation matrix and/or to increase the magnitude of the coefficients of the propagation matrix between two or more radios. Such enhancement is applicable to backhaul radios in terms of increased range or in the number of supportable information streams. The installation, provisioning, optimization, control, monitoring, and adaptation of such devices within a network of backhaul radios is also disclosed. Wireless links and control between IBR and ECHO devices, and between ECHO devices and other ECHO devices, are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method, apparatus and computer program product for a peaky binning Relaying Scheme for Wideband/Low Signal-To-Noise Ratio (SNR) Wireless Communications is presented. In a computer system having a source node (S), a relay node (R) and a destination node (D), the method includes transmitting by S a message (m), wherein a first subset of m (m1) is transmitted to R and wherein a second subset of m (m2) is transmitted to D. The method further includes decoding by R a bin index from the m1 and forwarding the bin index to D. Additionally the method includes receiving the bin index at D and decoding the bin index and receiving at D the m2 and decoding the m2. The method also includes determining by D the value of m from decoded values of the bin index and the m2.

Abstract: A repeater is configured to selectively generate and transmit control message packets between wireless stations on both a transmit side and a receive side of the repeater. The repeater manages and manipulates an end to end protocol of the control message packets in a manner that does not change media access control (MAC) addresses of the end to end protocol so as to achieve a network objective, such as preventing other transmitters from transmitting while the repeater repeats a signal from its receive side to its transmit side. The control message management is applicable to analog signal repeaters as well as digital repeaters, such as symbol to symbol or packet to packet repeaters, in which physical layer control message management is performed.

Abstract: A first node including a physical layer device, a first transceiver and a second transceiver. The first transceiver includes a first analog front end connected to a first transmission line. The first analog front end is configured to transfer first data between the physical layer device and a second node via the first transmission line. The second transceiver includes a second analog front end connected to a second transmission line. The second analog front end is configured to transfer second data between the physical layer device and a third node via the second transmission line. A first type of the second transmission line is different than a second type of the first transmission line. The first node is configured to perform as a repeater using data repeating functions at a link layer control level.

Abstract: In a protective relay device for a three-terminal transmission line comprising terminal A, terminal B and terminal C, when for example terminal information is transmitted to a protective relay Ry-A of one remote terminal (terminal A) from the protective relay Ry-C of the terminal C, terminal information Db that was sent from the protective relay Ry-B of another remote terminal (terminal B) is transmitted, in addition to the information Dc of the terminal in question. In the same way, when terminal information is transmitted to a protective relay Ry-B of the terminal B from the protective relay Ry-C of the terminal C, terminal information Da that was sent from the protective relay Ry-A of the terminal A is transmitted, in addition to the information Dc of the terminal in question.

Abstract: An amplifier for controlling or reducing broadband noise is disclosed. An amplifier determines whether a useful signal is being amplified and controls the gain of the amplifier at least when useful signals are not being amplified to prevent or minimize the amplification of noise.

Abstract: A method for providing repeater communication in a wireless repeater deployed in a multi-repeater environment includes inserting a message signal into the transmit signal of the repeater. The message signal may be a unique or quasi-unique low power spreading sequence uniquely identifying the repeater from other repeaters in the environment. The message signal may also contain information relating to the operational characteristics of the repeater. The message signal may be detected by another repeater or by an end-user wireless communication device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and arrangement for receiving an OFDM signal and forwarding the received OFDM signal comprising OFDM symbols of a wireless OFDM communication network. The wireless OFDM communication network includes self-interference cancelling functionality and each received OFDM symbol to be forwarded is prefixed with a cyclic prefix (CP) which is a copy of the last part of the OFDM symbol. In the method a delay for delaying an interference generating feedback signal is determined such that an OFDM symbol of the interference generating feedback signal overlaps within a margin of a length of the CP with an OFDM symbol of the received OFDM signal, and interference generating feedback signal is delayed with the determined delay. Furthermore may the duration of the impulse be shortened as well.

Abstract: Certain aspects and features are directed to determining characteristics such as phase margin and gain margin of signals such as standardized orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (“OFDM”) signals. In one aspect, a processing system can identify multiple carriers in an OFDM signal communicated by a repeater. The carriers include carriers from frequency guard band other than those used for communicating payload data or pilot data. The processing system can generate dynamic characteristic data to be sent via the carriers. The processing system can generate modulate the carriers with the dynamic characteristic data. The modulated power level of the carriers is less than a maximum level of noise filtered by a device receiving the OFDM signal.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a relay device which relays data, the relay device including a storage unit to store device information of at least one receiving device connectable to the relay device; and a communication unit to transmit the device information to a transmitting device when authentication is performed between the transmitting device and the relay device, the device information being pre-stored in the storage unit before the authentication is performed.

Abstract: In an FSK receiver according to the present invention, a correction operation for a DC offset component is performed based on a maximum value and a minimum value of a demodulation signal. If a difference between the maximum and minimum values is less than a predetermined threshold value TH1, the correction operation is halted. Thus, the FSK receiver can rapidly perform an appropriate offset removal from a multi-level FSK signal.

Abstract: Methods and systems are disclosed involving physical-layer network coding (PNC) atoms as building blocks of PNC networks to solve the scheduling problem in PNC networks using a decomposition framework based on PNC atoms. Ten PNC atoms and their straightforward network coding (SNC) counterparts are disclosed. Performance evaluation results are discussed, which indicate that decomposition based on the ten PNC atoms outperforms the traditional multi-hop (non-NC) scheduling by about 100%. Furthermore, decomposition based on the ten PNC atoms can yield performance gain of 40% or more compared with decomposition based on the TWRC atom alone.

Abstract: An electronic communication device comprises a first transceiver capable of a bi-directional communication session on a first communication medium; a second transceiver capable of a bi-directional communication session on a second communication medium; and a control logic coupled to the first transceiver and the second transceiver, wherein the control logic is configured to receive, from the first transceiver, a first signal, and cause, in response to the first signal, data transmitted by the first transceiver on the first communication medium as part of a communication session to be transmitted instead by the second transceiver on the second communication medium while the first transceiver continues to receive data as part of the communication session.

Abstract: A radio frequency equalizer includes a first resistor coupled to an input terminal, a second resistor coupled between the first resistor and an output terminal, a first capacitor, a first inductor, a first switch coupled to the input terminal, the first capacitor and the first inductor, a second switch coupled to the output terminal, the first capacitor and the first inductor, a second capacitor, a second inductor and a third switch coupled to the first resistor, the second resistor, the second capacitor and the second inductor. According to a control signal, the first switch selectively couples the first capacitor or the first inductor to the input terminal, the second switch selectively couples the first capacitor or the first inductor to the output terminal and the third switch selectively couples the second capacitor or the second inductor to the first resistor and the second resistor.

Abstract: A distributed antenna system includes a master unit including a downlink RF input operable to receive an RF input signal from a downlink port of a base station, a first optical port, and a second optical port. The distributed antenna system also includes a first remote unit coupled to the first optical port. The first remote unit comprises a downlink antenna port and a first uplink antenna port and a second remote unit coupled to the second optical port of the master unit. The second remote unit comprises a downlink antenna port and a second uplink antenna port. The master unit is operable to transmit a first RF signal associated with the first RF uplink signal to a first uplink port of the base station and transmit a second RF signal associated with the second RF uplink signal to a second uplink port of the base station.

Abstract: A method of optimizing a link budget analysis comprising performing a first LBA based on a target modulation and coding pair (MODCOD), the MODCOD having a symbol energy to noise density ratio (Es/No), a target setting of a power amplifier, or a target antenna size, determining an excess margin and increasing or decreasing a maximum available MODCOD accordingly, iteratively performing a second LBA, calculating a ratio of allocated bandwidth to PEB and adjusting at least one of the MODCOD, amplifier power, and antenna size, summing a contribution to a final ratio of allocated bandwidth to PEB of the plurality of communications links, accessing a look up table and selecting a new MODCOD or adjusting the amplifier size or antenna size is based on the ratio of allocated bandwidth to PEB and altering one or more transmission or receiving parameters to apply the optimal MODCOD, amplifier size, or antenna size.

Abstract: A method, device, and communications system for performing weighted processing on a downlink signal are provided. The method includes: acquiring a first CIR from a BS to a relay station and a second CIR from the relay station to a MS; determining a pre-coding weight and a relay weight according to the first CIR and the second CIR; and respectively sending the pre-coding weight and the relay weight to the BS and the relay station, so that the BS is enabled to perform weighted processing on a downlink signal according to the pre-coding weight to obtain a downlink pre-coding weighted signal and send the downlink pre-coding weighted signal to the relay station, and the relay station is enabled to perform weighted processing on the downlink pre-coding weighted signal received by the relay station according to the relay weight to obtain a downlink relay weighted signal and send the downlink relay weighted signal to the MS.

Abstract: A cooperative communication system is provided. The cooperative communication system includes a transmitter that generates a codeword from data blocks based on a long message encoding scheme, and multicasts a signal including the codeword; relays, each relay configured to receive the multicasted signal, encode the multicasted signal using a encoding scheme independent from encoding schemes of other relays to generate a random-mapped signal of the data blocks, and relay the random-mapped signal of the data blocks; and a receiver that receives signals relayed by the relays, and generates the data blocks from the signals based on a joint decoding scheme.

Abstract: Enhancement of wireless Channel Order and rank (ECHO) systems and ECHO repeater devices for enhancement of a wireless propagation channel for point to point or point to multipoint radio configurations are disclosed. The enhancement may be used for MIMO communications channels. Aspects support a richer multipath environment to increase the rank of the channel propagation matrix and/or to increase the magnitude of the coefficients of the propagation matrix between two or more radios. Such enhancement is applicable to backhaul radios in terms of increased range or in the number of supportable information streams. The installation, provisioning, optimization, control, monitoring, and adaptation of such devices within a network of backhaul radios is also disclosed. Wireless links and control between IBR and ECHO devices, and between ECHO devices and other ECHO devices, are also disclosed.

Abstract: This application discusses methods and apparatus for a data-on-supply repeater. In an example, a repeater can include a repeater circuit configured to receive a power signal at an input and to provide a representation of a received analog data signal at an output, a direction detector configured to receive the power signal from a first bus conductor of a plurality of bus conductors, to identify the first buss conductor of the plurality of bus conductors as a transmitting conductor, and to provide an output indicative of the transmitting conductor, a first input multiplexer configured to couple the transmitting conductor to the input of the repeater circuit in response to the output of the direction detector, and an output multiplexer configured to couple the output of the repeater circuit to a second bus conductor of the plurality of bus conductors, wherein the second bus conductor is different than the transmitting conductor.

Abstract: Techniques for selecting and processing signals from different stations in a wireless network are described. A destination station may receive a direct signal from a source station and at least one relay signal from at least one relay station. The destination station may determine metrics for the source and relay stations, e.g., based on pilots received from these stations. The destination station may select at least one signal to process from among the direct and relay signals based on the metrics for the source and relay stations. The destination station may select the direct signal if the metric for the source station exceeds a threshold. The destination station may select the relay signal from each relay station having a metric exceeding at least one threshold. The destination station may process the at least one selected signal to recover a transmission sent by the source station to the destination station.

Abstract: A repeater using a digital filter is disclosed. The repeater comprises a MUX filter for filtering an RF signal received through an antenna or a signal to be transmitted through the antenna; a low noise amplifier for lowering noise of the signal filtered by the MUX filter; a down converter for converting the signal outputted from the low noise amplifier into an IF band signal to digitalize the signal; a digital filter for filtering the digital signal outputted form the down converter based on parameters inputted by a user; a filtering controller for controlling the digital filter by using a filtering coefficient calculated based on the parameters; an up converter for converting the signal filtered by the digital filter into an RF band signal; and a high power amplifier for amplifying the signal outputted from the up converter to a high power signal.

Abstract: A communication system and method for extending coverage of a base transceiver station. The communication system includes processing circuitry that receives a communication signal over a wireless channel. The received communication signal is processed through an adaptable equalizer to reduce noise, distortion, interference, and frequency errors. In another aspect of the invention, a frequency of a reference signal in the communication system is adjusted to compensate for frequency errors between the communication system and the source of the communication signal. The equalized and frequency adjusted communication signal is then retransmitted into an extended coverage area. Wireless coverage is thereby provided between a base transceiver station and a mobile device in the extended coverage area.

Abstract: Providing for soft error decoding for wireless relay networks is described herein. By way of example, a wireless node in a wireless relay network can receive a direct signal from a source node, and can receive a forwarded version of the source signal from a relay node. An information flag included with the forwarded version is referenced to determine whether the relay node properly received the source signal. If the relay node received the source signal with an error and a destination node received the source signal with an error, soft decision information can be generated from the forwarded version of the source signal and employed to assist with decoding of the source signal at the destination node. The soft-decision information improves end-to-end performance of the wireless relay system, while mitigating complexity and bandwidth requirements for the relay node as compared with conventional signal decoding techniques.

Abstract: Disclosed is a wireless relay device wherein the number of stream multiplexes between a wireless transmission device and a wireless reception device can be increased without increasing the number of antennas for the wireless transmission device or the number of antennas for the wireless reception device.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for estimating a loop delay value (Ndelay) in an interference cancellation repeater are presented. For example, a method may include setting a repeater gain to an initial gain value, setting a delay parameter to an initial time value, and measuring a loop gain associated with the delay parameter and the repeater gain by detecting a feedback signal with an echo canceller disabled. The method may further include determining whether the measured loop gain is larger than a previously measured loop gain, and if so, designating the delay parameter as the loop delay value (Ndelay); and decrementing the delay parameter when the measured loop gain is not larger than the previously measured loop gain, and when the delay parameter is not at a final time value. The method may iterate until the delay parameter is less than or equal to the final time value.

Abstract: A protection relay device includes: an analog-to-digital converter that samples an analog signal inputted from an analog input unit and converts the analog signal into digital data; a variable filter that filters and outputs the digital data, the variable filter having a filter coefficient that is varied by external control; and an adaptive controller that variably controls the filter coefficient of the variable filter so that a difference between the digital data filtered by the variable filter and a target signal decreases.

Abstract: Disclosed is a determination device provided with: a determination unit for determining whether or not a received frame is a predetermined specific frame; an error detection unit for detecting errors in relation to the frame; a disposal unit for disposing of the frame when an error is detected in relation to the frame and the frame is not the specific frame; and a rewriting unit for rewriting code for detecting errors in relation to the specific frame, in accordance with the state of the current frame.