Abstract: An example embodiment of the present invention provides a process for inserting a source media stream into a target media stream, which media streams might be in container file format. The process opens and reads into memory structural information from a target media stream and structural information from a source media stream. The process then finds the nearest prior key frame to an insertion time and splits a chunk of media samples if the key frame's sample is not at the beginning of a chunk. The process adjusts the structural information for both streams in order to effect the mid-roll insertion of the source media stream into the target media stream. The process then writes onto an output media stream the adjusted structural information for the source and target media streams and then pipes onto the output media stream the media data for the source and target media streams.

Abstract: This invention presents methods for transmitting and receiving data via a satellite and satellite communication systems thereof. A transmitted signal may include a stream of transmission blocks, whereas each transmission block may differ from a previous transmission block by any of a spreading characteristic, an error correction code-rate characteristic and a modulation characteristic. In addition, any of the spreading, error correction code-rate and modulation characteristics may be changed in accordance with momentary reception conditions at a receiving station.

Abstract: A first communication device includes: a control unit functioning as: a first selection unit which, for a first case where first type data is to be transmitted from the first communication device to a second communication device, selects one or more band guarantee values from a plurality of band guarantee values determined on a basis of transmission capability with which the first communication device transmits the first type data; a request unit which provides a first request command indicating the one or more band guarantee values to the second communication device; a communication unit that acquires a first response command indicating one band guarantee value selected from the one or more band guarantee values by the second communication device; and a first transmission execution unit which transmits the first type data to the second communication device in accordance with the one band guarantee value indicated by the first response command.

Abstract: A method of transmitting an image portion, in a coding phase, comprises: analyzing a coding context; adapting a parameter of a group of prediction functions that can be used for coding; forming a first predicted descriptor using a selected prediction function; and determining and transmitting a residue (?) between the first predicted descriptor and the current descriptor. The method further includes a decoding phase comprising: analyzing a decoding context; adapting a parameter of a group of prediction functions that can be used for decoding; forming a second predicted descriptor (P*) using a selected prediction function; and combining the second predicted descriptor and the received residue to deliver a decoded version of the current descriptor (V*).

Abstract: In video coding, prediction of P- and B-frames is based on reference frames, which are indicated by reference picture lists. Scalable video coding (SVC) requires this for both, base-layer and enhancement-layer. The invention describes a decoding process for reference picture list construction for spatial enhancement layer. With just one flag of syntax modification, it provides simpler and direct reference lists construction process. By using this, complicated RPLR and other syntaxes can be skipped, and the RPLR process for spatial enhancement layer can also be avoided. The process also can be used as for error concealment when the spatial enhancement layer slice is lost.

Abstract: Methods and systems for a video surveillance system are provided. The system includes a plurality of network buses, a plurality of surveillance sensors, control devices, and sensor data storage devices and a keypad controller communicatively coupled to the at least one network bus. The keypad controller includes a plurality of interchangeable control modules communicatively coupled to said keypad controller that matingly engage a complementary portion of said keypad controller. The keypad controller further includes a processor configured to decode codec independent video streams, said processor further comprising a module configured to receive and transmit streaming video data to a network, a synchronous memory interface, and a plurality of universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UARTs). The keypad controller also includes a universal serial bus (USB) interface.

Abstract: The synchronization of data segments is particularly necessary for the use of small screens. A method and a device are disclosed for synchronizing content-dependent first data segments of a first data file and content-dependent second data segments of a second data file, the first and second data segments being respectively output in sequence according to their chronological order in such a way that based on a predeterminable assignment rule for the first and second data segments, each second data segment is output together with a corresponding first data segment.

Abstract: Techniques are described to reduce rounding errors during computation of discrete cosine transform using fixed-point calculations. According to these techniques, a discrete cosine transform a matrix of scaled coefficients is calculated by multiplying coefficients in a matrix of coefficients by scale factors. Next, a midpoint bias value and a supplemental bias value are added to a DC coefficient of the matrix of scaled coefficients. Next, an inverse discrete cosine transform is applied to the resulting matrix of scaled coefficients. Values in the resulting matrix are then right-shifted in order to derive a matrix of pixel component values. As described herein, the addition of the supplemental bias value to the DC coefficient reduces rounding errors attributable to this right-shifting. As a result, a final version of a digital media file decompressed using these techniques may more closely resemble an original version of a digital media file.

Abstract: Provided is an image processing apparatus including a receiving unit that receives a point sequence image, a point-plane conversion unit that performs a point-plane conversion processing for the image received by the receiving unit, plural lossy encoding units that perform a lossy encoding processing for the point-plane conversion image by using the point-plane conversion unit, and a control unit that performs control such that transmission of the image to the lossy encoding unit from the point-plane conversion unit is controlled to synchronize lossy encoding processings of the plural lossy encoding units, and each lossy encoding unit changes processing variables used in the encoding processing based on a code amount of the processing result of the lossy encoding unit.

Abstract: A refresh area is taken advantage of when a series of images are coded using Intra-frame coding and Inter-frame coding, a partial area of an image being forcefully Intra-frame coded (Intra MBs) in the refresh area. As the prediction mode for prediction of the Intra MBs inside the refresh area, a prediction mode is selected where the prediction is executable based on only the image that exists inside the refresh area.

Abstract: Various embodiments related to a host computing device for rendering and sending image data to a peripheral device for display at the peripheral device. For example, one embodiment comprises a host computing device, the host computing device comprising a data storage subsystem and a logic subsystem. The host computing device further comprises instructions stored in the data storage subsystem and executable by the logic subsystem to output to the peripheral device a frame of image data representing a difference between a currently rendered image and an (N?1)-th previously rendered image, N being an integer and having a value of 3 or more.

Abstract: Uplink overhead is significantly reduced in a MU-COMP wireless communication network by exploiting the dissimilarity of received signal strength in signals transmitted by geographically distributed transmit antennas, as seen by receiving UEs. Each UE calculates a quantized normalization measure of channel elements for a channel weakly received from a first transmitter to that for a channel strongly received from a second transmitter. The quantized normalization measure may be modeled as a ratio of complex Gaussian variables, and quantized in phase and amplitude by making simplifying assumptions. The ratios are quantized, and transmitted to the network using far fewer bits than would be required to transmit the full channel state information. The network uses the quantized normalization measures to set the transmitter weights.

Abstract: Video compression is performed under multiple distortion constraints. Video coding includes determining a first set of Lagrangian cost values for multiple coding modes using a first distortion metric, determining a second set of Lagrangian cost values for the multiple coding modes using a second distortion metric, and selecting one of the coding modes based on the first set of Lagrangian cost values and the second set of Lagrangian cost values to encode a pixel block using the selected coding mode. The distortion metrics can include information associated with video display characteristics such as screen display size, video processing performance, a distortion characteristic, a temporal characteristic, or a spatial characteristic. The distortion metrics can also include characteristics of multiple video displays, such as parameters for usage, importance, design, and the technology type of the video displays.

Abstract: A playback device for playing back a graphics stream in accordance with a stream selection table recorded on the recording medium. A procedure means determines a playback type of a graphics corresponding to the current stream number, based on the playback capability indicated by the capability register. The playback of graphics streams falls into two types, one of which is a first playback type in which a monoscopic graphics stream is used and the other is a second playback type in which a pair of left-eye graphics stream and right-eye graphics stream is used to perform a stereoscopic playback. The capability register indicates whether or not a capability to perform the stereoscopic playback by using the pair of left-eye graphics stream and right-eye graphics stream is present in the graphics decoder.

Abstract: A network communication device is receive packet-based orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) transmissions from one or more other devices in a network over a communication channel. The network communication device may determine a delay spread of the communication channel based on receipt of a probe signal from a transmitting device, configure a channel filter to effectively shorten the channel based on the delay spread, and instruct the transmitting device to shorten a length of a cyclic prefix for subsequent packet-based OFDM transmissions to be received from the transmitting device over the channel.

Abstract: A streaming media codec may include a collection of media stream processing modules arranged into a processing graph. One or more of the modules may perform a Fourier-related transform, and a significant fraction of media stream processing may occur post-transform. The media stream may be considered as a sequence of processing blocks, and post-transform processing blocks contain transform coefficients. Such transform coefficients are amenable to classification into processing classes. Some processing classes may require significantly less processing effort than others by post-transform processing modules. Such transform coefficient classes may be efficiently specified, for example, with coefficient bounding rectangles, and the specification provided to one or more post-transform streaming media processing modules to enable the modules to allocate their processing resources more effectively.

Abstract: Apparatus and method are presented for measuring the transmitter and antenna system time delay (TAD) of the cadence sync at the input of a conventional 8 VSB data processing system until the emission of the segment sync of the corresponding data frame sync data segment. This includes sequentially conditioning a multi-bit input digital signal containing an initial cadence sync, inserting data patterns into the digital signal, inserting a known data pattern into the data frame at a known position of the data frame and receiving the cadence sync and the known pattern and measuring the time delay therebetween.

Abstract: The present invention relates to computer-based systems and methods for visual signal extrapolation or interpolation based on statistic similarity estimation. Specifically, a first and a second reference pictures are provided, and motion estimation is conducted on the first and second reference pictures to generate motion vectors indicative of movement of at least one of the first and second reference pictures in relation to the other. Subsequently, an estimate picture is generated by extrapolation or interpolation from the first and/or the second reference picture using the motion vectors, followed by optional refinement of the estimate picture. Statistic similarity estimation is used either in motion estimation or in refining the estimate picture, or a combination of both, so as to provide improved visual signals.

Abstract: A digital broadcasting receiving system and method, where the digital broadcasting receiving system includes: a demodulator receiving and demodulating a dual transmission stream including a turbo stream and a normal stream; an equalizer equalizing the demodulated dual transmission stream; a first processor restoring normal stream data from the equalized dual transmission stream; and a second processor restoring turbo stream data from the equalized dual transmission stream and eraser decoding the turbo stream data. Thus, the reception sensitivity of a transmission stream including a turbo stream can be improved.

Abstract: A video processing apparatus, method and computer program are disclosed. The video processing apparatus comprises: first stage video processing circuitry for receiving a bitstream of compressed encoded video data representing a plurality of frames of video data and configured to perform one or more processing operations on the input compressed video data; analyzing circuitry configured to analyze the processed bitstream and to determine for at least one of the plurality of frames at least one portion of the at least one frame that is not required in the decoding of other frames and to generate at least one indicator indicating the at least one portion.

Abstract: A system and method for managing bandwidth used by videos in a wireless telecommunications network is provided. In one embodiment, the videos originate at mobile devices generating videos of a single event such as a concert, sporting event, graduation, or other event attended by multiple users. The mobile devices may communicate the videos to social networking websites where the videos may be viewed by multiple users. Embodiments of the present invention conserve bandwidth by selecting one or more of the videos of the single event to send to each of the destinations specified by all of the videos capturing the event. An instruction is then sent to each of the mobile devices generating nonselected video streams to discontinue transmission of the video streams.

Abstract: Disclosed are a bitstream decoding device and a method thereof. The decoding device can include a parser, configured to receive schema information for analyzing a bitstream and convert the bitstream to a meaningful datum to output the datum; and a decoding solution, configured to output a video datum by performing a bitstream decoding by use of the datum. With the present invention, it is possible to decode the bitstream encoded in various ways according to each standard by using the same information recognizing method.

Abstract: Encoding and decoding methods that perform quantization using adaptive reconstruction levels are presented. The reconstruction levels for a given partitioning of the data space may be selected based upon the distribution of data points within each sub-part defined by the partitioning. In some cases, the adaptive reconstruction levels may be based upon an average of the data points within each sub-part. In some cases, the adaptive reconstruction levels may be selected using a rate-distortion analysis including the quantization distortion associated with the levels versus the data points and the rate associated with transmitting the encoded adaptive reconstruction levels. The methods relate to data compression in a range of applications including audio, images and video.

Abstract: Techniques and tools are described for using a signaled or derived buffer fullness value to determine a decoding time stamp. The decoding time stamp can be used in a layer such as a system layer to determine when an access unit such as a coded representation of a field or frame should be decoded. For example, a decoding time stamp that corresponds to a clock cycle of a decoder is determined based at least in part on a hypothetical reference decoder initial buffer fullness value. An initial data access unit of a bitstream is transferred to the decoder for decoding at about the time of the corresponding clock cycle for the decoding time stamp.

Abstract: A method for communicating channel state information (CSI) to a base station is presented. The method includes identifying a number of allocated resources for CSI within at least one of a Physical Uplink Control CHannel (PUCCH) payload and a Physical Uplink Shared CHannel (PUSCH) payload. The method includes encoding channel state information (CSI) for activated carriers on a user equipment into the allocated resources for CSI. When a number of activated carriers on the user equipment is less than the number of allocated resources for CSI, the method includes using repetition encoding to duplicate the CSI for at least one of the activated carriers on the user equipment into the allocated resources for CSI.

Abstract: The present invention provides a high-performance adaptive digital receiver with adaptive background control that optimizes the performance in rapidly changing signal environments and provides 3.6 GH; instantaneous bandwidth, SFDR>90 dB, SNR=66 dB, with dynamic digital channelization. The receiver takes advantage of several levels of adaptivity that conventional approaches do not offer. In addition to a dynamic digital channelizer that is adaptively tuned based on detected signals, the present invention employs a powerful software reconfigurable digitizer that is adaptively optimized for the current signal environment to control important receiver parameters such as bandwidth, dynamic range, resolution, and sensitivity.

Abstract: A central decoding controller and a central decoder controlling method are disclosed. A video stream is processed and transmitted via at least two parallel channels. The method comprises steps of: receiving a video key frame obtained by decoding an original video frame via a first channel, and a plurality of intra-description frames neighboring the video key frame; receiving a predictive video frame obtained by processing a prediction analysis and an error correction to the original video frame via a second channel parallel to the first channel; receiving a plurality of inter-description frames via the second channel, the inter-description frames neighboring the video key frame; calculating correlation of the video key frame, the intra-description frames, and the inter-description frames; and selecting the video key frame or the predictive video frame as an output frame according to the correlation result. The method can improve video quality under wireless transmission or unstable internet transmission.

Abstract: A method for two time-scales video stream transmission control is proposed, which mainly includes the following three steps. Firstly, a model-based long time-scale bandwidth trend extraction step is proposed to calculate a current bandwidth through a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) throughput model, and predict a trend of network bandwidth by using an Exponential Smooth Model (ESM) according to the calculated current bandwidth. Secondly, a short time-scale bandwidth fluctuation detection step is proposed to divide a network status into three categories and according to different network statuses, additively increase or multiplicatively decrease the estimated bandwidth. Thirdly, a target bit rate adjustment step based on two asymmetrical thresholds is proposed to set an up-threshold and a down-threshold of bandwidth to avoid frequently adjusting a target bit rate of an encoder. The method can satisfy the requirements of TCP-friendliness, real-time, and smoothness for the video transmission.

Abstract: Techniques are described to approximate computation of an inverse discrete cosine transform using fixed-point calculations. According to these techniques, matrixes of scaled coefficients are generated by multiplying coefficients in matrixes of encoded coefficients by scale factors. Next, matrixes of biased coefficients are generated by adding a midpoint bias value to a DC coefficient of the matrix of scaled coefficients. Fixed-point arithmetic is then used to apply a transform to the matrixes of biased coefficients. Values in the resulting matrixes are then right-shifted in order to derive matrixes of pixel component values. Matrixes of pixel component values are then combined to create matrixes of pixels. The matrixes of pixels generated by these techniques closely resemble matrixes of pixels decompressed using the ideal inverse discrete cosine transform (“IDCT”).

Abstract: There is described a method of making a linear periodically time varying system shift-invariant, comprising the following steps implemented for each input signal the sampling rate of which has to be converted: —generating a set of polyphase components based on the input signal, —feeding the generated set of polyphase components to the system, and —generating an output signal by performing interleaving, shifting and addition on signals output by the system corresponding to the generated set of polyphase components processed by the system.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for performing compression and/or decompression is described. In one embodiment, the present invention comprises a system having a buffer, a wavelet transform unit, and a coder. The wavelet transform unit has an input coupled to the buffer to perform a wavelet transform on pixels stored therein and to generate coefficients at an output. The coder is coupled to the wavelet transform unit to code the transformed pixels received from the buffer.

Abstract: In general, the present disclosure describes various techniques for programmable, pattern-based unpacking and packing of data channel information, including still image, video, and audio component data. One example device comprises a programmable processor having a plurality of processing pipelines. The processor is configured to receive pattern information that specifies a pattern for a plurality of input data components, the pattern information comprising a plurality of pattern elements that are each associated with one or more of the input data components, and each input data component being selected from a component group consisting of a still image data component, an audio data component, and a video data component. For example, the input data components may comprise pixel data components, such as color channels. The processor is further configured to provide each input data component to a selected processing pipeline of the processor in accordance with the pattern information.

Abstract: Providing increased bandwidth to business subscribers during business hours. A determination is made whether a subscriber is eligible for application of a business boost. Business boost to the subscriber is activated when the subscriber is eligible for business boost. An increased bandwidth is provided to the activated subscriber during business hours to provide the business boost to the subscriber.

Abstract: For encoding of a picture whose macroblock is divided into parts of various sizes, a picture encoding method is provided to appropriately reduce a coding amount of a motion vector, without lowering coding efficiency. In order to reduce a processing amount and an increase of a coding amount, which result from generation of a large number of motion vectors due to bi-directional prediction selected for a small-sized part, a motion estimation unit selects the optimal prediction method from prediction method candidates decided by a prediction-method-candidate determination unit. Thereby, when motion compensation is performed for a large-sized part, forward-directional, backward-directional, and bi-directional prediction can be permitted. On the other hand when motion compensation is performed for a small-sized part, the bi-directional prediction is prohibited but the forward-directional or backward-directional prediction is permitted.

Abstract: A method of transmitting a data stream over a communication channel, the method comprising: providing symbol sets having different numbers of symbols; modulating data in the data stream that warrant different degrees of protection against noise onto symbols from symbol sets having different numbers of symbols, wherein which symbol set given data in the stream is modulated onto is independent of symbol sets onto which other data in the data stream is modulated onto; and transmitting the symbols.

Abstract: A packet generator for generating packets from an input signal configured to: generate at least one first signal, dependent on the input signal, the first signal comprising a first relative time value; generate at least one second signal, dependent on the input signal and associated with the at least one first signal; and generate at least one indicator associated with each of the at least one second signal, each indicator dependent on the first relative time value.

Abstract: An encoder for predictively encoding a signal having a sequence of signal values has a predictor for performing an adaptive prediction in dependence on the signal, and in dependence on one or more weighting values, to obtain predicted signal values, wherein the predictor is configured to reset the weighting values at times which are dependent on the signal, and wherein the predictor is configured to adapt the weighting values to the signal between subsequent resets.

Abstract: A digital broadcasting system and a method for transmitting and receiving a digital broadcast signal are provided. The method includes processing a digital broadcast signal in at least two transmission modes, the processing including first processing for a first transmission mode and second processing for a second transmission mode. The first processing includes forming a data group including mobile service data and place holder data for main service data, removing the place holder data for main service data and non-systemic RS parity data in the data group, forming and outputting 118 mobile service data packets including data in the data group, and multiplexing the output mobile service data packets and 38 main service data packets. The second processing includes forming a data group including mobile service data, forming and outputting M numbers of mobile service data packets including data in the data group, and transmitting the first and second processed digital broadcast signal.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention relate to a method, apparatus and computer readable storage medium wherein the method comprises; padding a data block of a data structure to enable encoding of the data block; encoding the data block; reducing the size of the encoded data block; and spreading the data block.

Abstract: For compressing a video signal, a local multiscale transform is applied to a frame of the video signal to obtain coefficient blocks. The coefficients of each block are distributed into a plurality of coefficient groups, and for at least one of the groups, a common exponent is determined for encoding the coefficients of the group, and respective mantissas are determined for quantizing the coefficients of the group in combination with the common exponent. Coding data including each exponent determined for a coefficient group and the mantissas quantizing the coefficients of the group in combination with this exponent are stored in an external frame buffer.

Abstract: Local motion estimation is described herein. Each picture of a video is partitioned into blocks for the local motion estimation. An extended-block FFT is calculated for each block, where the extended-block denotes that a certain area around the block is also included for applying FFT. Extending the block for FFT helps to account for the motion of objects that are moving into or out of the block. Phase correlation is applied to attain a set of Motion Vector (MV) candidates for the blocks, and a cost function is evaluated for each MV. If no MV candidate produces a cost function below a pre-defined threshold, a hierarchical variable block matching search is applied and the process is repeated with blocks for finer resolution. Also, predictive MV candidates are used during the block matching search along with temporal constraints tracking to select an MV that yields the minimum cost function.

Abstract: Data compression and decompression methods for compressing and decompressing data based on an actual or expected throughput (bandwidth) of a system. In one embodiment, a controller tracks and monitors the throughput (data storage and retrieval) of a data compression system and generates control signals to enable/disable different compression algorithms when, e.g., a bottleneck occurs so as to increase the throughput and eliminate the bottleneck.

Abstract: Provided are a synchronization control section that executes a current thread and a reference thread in parallel, a waiting time calculation section that calculates the time needed for the reference thread to reach a second synchronization point as a waiting time of the current thread when the reference thread does not reach the second synchronization point at a time when the current thread reaches a first synchronization point, a quality difference calculation section that estimates a quality difference between data that the current thread generates by referring to processing data at the second synchronization point of the reference thread and data that the current thread generates without referring to the processing data, and a synchronization determination section that determines whether to make the current thread wait until the reference thread reaches the second synchronization point depending on the waiting time and the magnitude of the quality difference.

Abstract: A “Media Transmission Optimizer” provides a media transmission optimization framework for lossy or bursty networks such as the Internet. This optimization framework provides a novel form of dynamic Forward Error Correction (FEC) that focuses on the perceived quality of a recovered media signal rather than on the absolute accuracy of the recovered media signal. In general, the Media Transmission Optimizer provides an encoder that optimizes the transmission of redundant frames of electronic media information encoded at different bit rates, and provides optimized playback quality by providing a decoder that automatically selects an optimal path through one or more available representations of each frame as a function of overall rate/distortion criteria.

Abstract: There are provided spatial scalable video encoder and decoders and corresponding methods for scalable video encoding and decoding. A method for spatial scalable video encoding includes selecting between scalable coding and non-scalable coding of motion vectors on a slice basis.

Abstract: An audio decoding device can adjust the high-range emphasis degree in accordance with a background noise level. The audio decoding device includes: a sound source signal decoder which performs a decoding process by using sound source encoding data separated by a separator so as to obtain a sound source signal; an LPC synthesis filter which performs an LPC synthesis filtering process by using a sound source signal and an LPC generated by an LPC decoder so as to obtain a decoded sound signal; a mode judger which determines whether a decoded sound signal is a stationary noise period by using a decoded LSP inputted from the LPC decoder a power calculator which calculates the power of the decoded audio signal; an SNR calculator which calculates an SNR of the decoded audio signal by using the power of the decoded audio signal and a mode judgment result in the mode judger and a post filter which performs a post filtering process by using the SNR of the decoded audio signal.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for power control in a communications device are described. Bonding of channels in a modem may be dynamically adjusted responsive to user activity or demand for bandwidth. Bonded channel configurations may be adjusted to single channel configurations for low power operation. Modem configuration may be dynamically adjusted so as to maintain only required synchronization and system information to facilitate rapid data transfer resumption upon demand.

Abstract: A method for extracting a fingerprint data from video/audio signals, comprising the steps of sending a series of video frame images into a fingerprint extractor; extracting a fingerprint data through the fingerprint extractor; and storing the fingerprint data into a fingerprint database, characterized in that, in the fingerprint extractor, said method further comprises the sub-steps of storing the video frame images in a frame buffer which accepts a new video frame image and discards the oldest video frame image in a first in first out (FIFO) fashion; sampling the video images by a sub-sampler which operates on one video frame image at a time, so that the output of the sub-sampler contains data samples obtained from multiple video frame images while the video image content itself is discarded, and after each video frame image is sampled at the head of the frame buffer, it is discarded after the sampling; making the data samples to go through a divider which divides the data samples into groups of video frames

Abstract: In a video scalable encoding method, based on encoding information of an immediately-lower image region in an immediately-lower layer, which is present at spatially the same position as an encoding target image region, a data structure of the weight coefficient, that includes a proportional coefficient and an offset coefficient, is determined. When the immediately-lower image region performed interframe prediction in the immediately-lower layer, the method identifies an immediately-lower layer reference image region that the immediately-lower image region used as a prediction reference for motion prediction, and calculates the weight coefficient by applying a weight coefficient that the immediately-lower image region used in weighted motion prediction to a DC component of an image region in the upper layer, which is present at spatially the same position as the immediately-lower layer reference image region, and assuming a result of the application as a DC component of the immediately-lower image region.

Abstract: The present inventions are related to systems and methods for data processing, and more particularly to systems and methods for variable rate coding in a data processing system.