Abstract: Provided is a graphene optical device. The optical device includes a lower clad, an optical waveguide extended on the lower clad in a first direction, a first dielectric layer disposed on the optical waveguide, and a graphene layer extended on the first dielectric layer in a second direction.

Abstract: A novel phase shifter design for carrier depletion based silicon modulators, based on an experimentally validated model, is described. It is believed that the heretofore neglected effect of incomplete ionization will have a significant impact on ultra-responsive phase shifters. A low V?L product of 0.3 V·cm associated with a low propagation loss of 20 dB/cm is expected to be observed. The phase shifter is based on overlapping implantation steps, where the doses and energies are carefully chosen to utilize counter-doping to produce an S-shaped junction. This junction has a particularly attractive V?L figure of merit, while simultaneously achieving attractively low capacitance and optical loss. This improvement will enable significantly smaller Mach-Zehnder modulators to be constructed that nonetheless would have low drive voltages, with substantial decreases in insertion loss. The described fabrication process is of minimal complexity; in particular, no high-resolution lithographic step is required.

Abstract: The invention relates to a Mach-Zehnder modulator comprising a first optical waveguide forming a first modulator arm and a second optical waveguide forming a second modulator arm of the Mach-Zehnder modulator, an electrode arrangement comprising a plurality of first waveguide electrodes for applying a voltage across the first optical waveguide and a plurality of second waveguide electrodes for applying a voltage across the second optical waveguide, at least one electrically conductive connecting element generating a short-circuit between at least one of the first waveguide electrodes and at least one of the second waveguide electrodes. The electrode arrangement is a travelling wave electrode arrangement further comprising a first and a second electrical line extending at least partially parallel to the first and second optical waveguide. The first and the second waveguide electrodes are connected to the first and second electrical lines via connecting structures.

Abstract: A coupler/splitter including two neighboring coplanar waveguide portions extending in a same direction, the first portion having a constant cross-section, the second portion having a variable cross-section so that the effective index of the second waveguide portion varies, in the upstream-to-downstream direction, from a first lower value to a second value higher than the effective index of the first portion, in adiabatic coupling conditions.

Abstract: Systems and methods for controlling and measuring modes possessing even and odd symmetry in a slow-light photonic crystal waveguide. An example device comprises a photonic crystal waveguide having modes possessing even and odd symmetry, and a Mach-Zehnder coupler comprising two waveguide branches one of which has a phase adjuster. Another example device, which can be used as an optical isolator, comprises two Mach-Zehnder couplers, and a photonic crystal waveguide comprising an electro-optic modulator therein. A method of measuring a group index of a mode with odd symmetry comprises: coupling light into a photonic crystal waveguide through a Mach-Zehnder coupler with a mixed even/odd symmetry, measuring insertion loss of the combined light signal after passing through the photonic crystal waveguide, determining the spacings of adjacent peaks or valleys from the insertion loss versus wavelength plot, and using the spacings to determine the group index of the odd symmetry mode.

Abstract: An apparatus providing an integrated waveguide device that creates entanglement between a sequence of periodically spaced (in time) photons in a single input and output mode. The invention comprises a polarization maintaining integrated waveguide chip containing a number of delay lines, integrated multimode interferometers with the potential for rapid switching, a polarization controller and off chip computer logic and timing.

Abstract: A polarization rotator comprises a first waveguide configured to be coupled to an input coupler at a first end and a second waveguide, wherein the first waveguide is offset from the second waveguide and a second end of the first waveguide is coupled to a second end of the second waveguide.

Abstract: An integrated device includes an optical element and an electrical element that are implemented on a substrate. The optical element and the electrical element are bonded by surface-activated bonding technology to a bonding portion that is formed on the substrate and made of metal material.

Abstract: A waveguide lens includes a substrate, a planar waveguide formed on the substrate and configured to couple with a laser light source that emits a laser beam into the planar waveguide along an optical axis, and a media grating film including two media gratings with a gap intervening therebetween. Each media grating is symmetrical about a widthwise central axis. Each widthwise central axis and the optical axis are substantially parallel with each other and cooperatively define a plane that is substantially perpendicular to the planar waveguide.

Abstract: An electro-optic structure, which may comprise an acousto-optic modulator for use in an opto-acoustic oscillator, comprises a plurality of rigidly connected resonator core components located movably separated over a substrate and anchored to the substrate at an anchor point. An actuator electrode is located separated from a first one of the rigidly connected resonator core components and an optical waveguide is located separated from a second one of the rigidly connected resonator core components. Radio frequency and direct current actuation of the actuator electrode provides a mechanical vibration in the first rigidly connected resonator core component that is mechanically coupled to the second rigidly connected resonator core component which serves to optically modulate light transported through the wave guide. Reverse operation is also contemplated. Embodiments also contemplate a third rigidly connected resonator core component as a radiation pressure driven detector.

Abstract: A scanning projector for projecting an image comprising a plurality of wavelength signals (i.e., light signals having different wavelengths) is disclosed. Embodiments of the present invention comprise a beam combiner comprising a planar lightwave circuit that includes a plurality of surface waveguides arranged to define a plurality of input ports, a mixing region, and an output port. Different wavelength signals received at the input ports are combined into a composite output beam that is scanned over a region. The projector (1) scans a first wavelength signal over a plurality of image points in the region, (2) detects an amount of the first wavelength signal reflected from each image point, whose reflectivity at the first wavelength is based on a measure and, and (3) projects an image onto the region using a second wavelength signal, where the image is based on the reflected first wavelength signal at each of the image points.

Abstract: A tunable Radio Frequency (RF) filter device includes a tunable optical source configured to generate an optical carrier signal, and a modulator coupled to the tunable optical source and configured to modulate the optical carrier signal with an RF input signal. The tunable RF filter device may also include first and second optical waveguides coupled to the modulator and having first and second dispersion slopes of opposite sign, and an optical-to-electrical converter coupled to the first and second optical waveguides and configured to generate an RF output signal with a frequency notch therein based upon the tunable optical source.

Abstract: A high harmonic optical generator comprising a laser arrangement for emitting a beam of polarized radiation at a fundamental frequency and an optical waveguide having a hollow core for a gaseous harmonic generation medium for the generation of high harmonics of the fundamental frequency, the optical waveguide having an optical propagation axis along the hollow core, the laser arrangement is configured to couple the beam of polarized radiation along the propagation axis of the hollow core optical waveguide to provide a beam of optical driving radiation for the high harmonic generation, the optical driving radiation having a plane of polarization that rotates about the propagation axis.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an optical phase shifter includes a first waveguide phase shifter and a second waveguide phase shifter. The optical phase shifter also includes a first polarization rotator optically coupled between the first waveguide phase shifter and the second waveguide phase shifter, where the first waveguide phase shifter, second waveguide phase shifter, and first polarization rotator are integrated on a single substrate.

Abstract: We describe an integrated waveguide device that creates entanglement between a sequence of periodically spaced (in time) photons in a single input and output mode. The device consists of a polarization maintaining integrated waveguide chip containing a number of delay lines, integrated multimode interferometers with the potential for rapid switching, a polarization controller and off chip computer logic and timing. The device is capable of creating a diverse array of outputs such as linear cluster states and ring cluster states in a single output mode.

Abstract: Optical devices that include one or more structures fabricated from polar-dielectric materials that exhibit surface phonon polaritons (SPhPs), where the SPhPs alter the optical properties of the structure. The optical properties lent to these structures by the SPhPs are altered by introducing charge carriers directly into the structures. The carriers can be introduced into these structures, and the carrier concentration thereby controlled, through optical pumping or the application of an appropriate electrical bias.

Abstract: A tunable Radio Frequency (RF) filter device includes a tunable optical source generating an optical carrier signal, and a modulator coupled to the tunable optical source and modulating the optical carrier signal with an RF input signal. The tunable RF filter device may include first and second optical waveguide paths coupled to the modulator and having first and second dispersion slopes of opposite sign from each other, one or more of the first and second optical waveguide paths comprising an optical splitter and combiner pair therein, and an optical-to-electrical converter coupled to the first and second optical waveguide paths and generating an RF output signal with a frequency notch therein based upon the tunable optical source.

Abstract: A beam combiner is disclosed that comprises a planar lightwave circuit that is based on undoped silicon nitride-based surface waveguides, wherein the planar lightwave circuit comprises a plurality of input ports, a mixing region, and an output port, and wherein the mixing region comprises a plurality of directional couplers that are arranged in a tree structure. Embodiments of the present invention are capable of combining a plurality of light signals characterized by disparate wavelengths on irregular spacings with low loss. Further, the present invention enables high-volume, low cost production of beam combiners capable of combining three or more light signals into a single composite output beam.

Abstract: An apparatus providing an integrated waveguide device that creates entanglement between a symmetrical sequence of periodically spaced (in time) photons in a single input and output mode. The invention comprises a polarization maintaining integrated waveguide chip containing a number of delay lines, integrated multimode interferometers with the potential for rapid switching, a polarization controller and off chip computer logic and timing.

Abstract: An apparatus providing an integrated waveguide device that creates entanglement between a sequence of periodically spaced (in time) photons in a single input and output mode. The invention comprises a polarization maintaining integrated waveguide chip containing a number of delay lines, integrated multimode interferometers with the potential for rapid switching, a polarization controller and off chip computer logic and timing.

Abstract: An optical circulator includes a first optical isolator including a first port and a second port and a plurality of optical isolators coupled to the second port of the first optical isolator. Each of the plurality of optical isolators comprise a first port and a second port.

Abstract: A multimode waveguide illuminator and imager relies on a wave front shaping system that acts to compensate for modal scrambling and light dispersion by the multimode waveguide. A first step consists of calibrating the multimode waveguide and a second step consists in projecting a specific pattern on the waveguide proximal end in order to produce the desire light pattern at its distal end. The illumination pattern can be scanned or changed dynamically only by changing the phase pattern projected at the proximal end of the waveguide. The third and last step consists in collecting the optical information, generated by the sample, through the same waveguide in order to form an image. Known free space microscopy technique can be adapted to endoscopy with multimode waveguide, such as, but not limited to, fluorescence imaging or Raman spectroscopy or imaging, 3D linear scattering imaging or two-photon imaging. Super-resolution, i.e.

Abstract: An optical modulator is configured to include multiple modulating sections formed along each arm and create a unary-encoded optical output signal by driving the number of sections required to represent the data value being transmitted (e.g., three sections driven to represent the data value “3”, four sections driven to represent the data value “4”). An auxiliary modulating section, isolated from the optical signal path, is included for creating a path for current flow in situations where only an odd number of modulating sections are required to represent the data. The activation of the auxiliary modulation section minimizes the current imbalance that would otherwise be present along a common node of the arrangement.

Abstract: A few-moded fiber device has several discrete sections of few-moded fibers that are separated by mode converters, with each mode converter accomplishing mode conversion between one or more pairs of modes. The mode conversions can be accomplished using a sequence, such as a periodic or cyclic sequence that would cause (1) a signal wave launched with any mode to assume every other mode for one or more times; (2) the number of times the signal remains in any modal state is substantially the same; and (3) the net signal gain or loss or group delay of the input signal is substantially the same regardless of the state of input mode. A laser few-mode amplifier is provided. An optical transmission system is also provided.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an optical phase shifter includes a first phase-shifter configured to phase shift a transverse electric (TE) component of an optical signal by a first phase-shift to produce a TE component of a first signal, and a transverse magnetic (TM) component of the optical signal by a second phase-shift to produce a TM component of the first signal. The optical phase-shifter includes a polarization-rotator configured to rotate the TE component of the first signal to produce a TM component of a rotated signal, and the TM component of the first signal to produce a TE component of the rotated signal. The optical phase-shifter includes a second phase-shifter configured to phase-shift a TE component of the rotated signal by a third phase-shift, and the TM component of the rotated signal by a fourth phase-shift, where the first phase-shifter, the polarization-rotator, and the second phase-shifter are integrated on a substrate.

Abstract: An optical waveguide device having a Mach-Zehnder type waveguide formed on a substrate is provided in which a slope of two waveguides input to an optical coupler on an output side of the Mach-Zehnder type waveguide is 0 degrees, a waveguide of the optical coupler after being coupled by the optical coupler is a multi-mode waveguide, and the waveguide which is output from the optical coupler is a three-branched waveguide including an output main waveguide and two output sub waveguides interposing the output main waveguide therebetween.

Abstract: An electrical waveguide transmission device accepts a differential electrical input signal (e.g., S+ and S?) propagating along two separate signal conductors with grounded electrical return paths, and outputs the differential input signal to a series push-pull traveling wave electrode Mach-Zehnder optical modulator over a pair of output conductors that act as a return path for each other and provide a desired characteristic impedance matching that of the Mach-Zehnder optical modulator.

Abstract: A light modulator (101) includes a waveguide (112) through which guided light propagates, a metal layer (113) formed adjacent to the waveguide (112), a conductive oxide layer (114) having electrical conductivity and formed on a surface of the metal layer (113) which is not adjacent to the waveguide (112), an insulating layer (115) formed adjacent to the conductive oxide layer (114), and a modulation circuit (102) that applies a voltage between the metal layer (113) and one of the conductive oxide layer (114) and the insulating layer (115). An interface (11) at which the conductive oxide layer (114) and the insulating layer (115) are adjacent to each other is formed at a distance shorter than a wavelength of the guided light in vacuum, from the surface of the metal layer (113) which is not adjacent to the waveguide (112).

Abstract: Optical interconnect systems and methods are disclosed. An optical interconnect system includes a substrate, an optical waveguide, and first and second modulators. The optical waveguide has a first waveguide portion extending to a first coupling structure, a second waveguide portion extending from the first coupling structure to a second coupling structure, and a third waveguide portion extending from the second coupling structure. The first modulator is positioned adjacent the first coupling structure, and the second modulator is positioned adjacent the second coupling structure. The optical interconnect method includes modulating light with a first modulator to produce one-time modulated light, and modulating the one-time modulated light with a second modulator to produce two-time modulated light.

Abstract: A tunable Radio Frequency (RF) filter device includes a tunable optical source configured to generate an optical carrier signal, and a modulator coupled to the tunable optical source and configured to modulate the optical carrier signal with an RF input signal. The tunable RF filter device may also include first and second optical waveguides coupled to the modulator and having first and second dispersion slopes of opposite sign, and an optical-to-electrical converter coupled to the first and second optical waveguides and configured to generate an RF output signal with a frequency notch therein based upon the tunable optical source.

Abstract: Provided are an optical modulator modulating optical signals and an optical module including the same. The optical modulator includes a lower clad layer, an optical transmission line extended in a first direction on the lower clad layer, and an upper clad layer on the optical transmission line and the lower clad layer. The optical transmission line may include graphene.

Abstract: A photonic assembly is described. The assembly comprises a substrate. An optical modulator (100) in or on the substrate has an output port coupled to an output waveguide (106) mounted in or on the substrate. A spiller waveguide (107, 108) is mounted in or on the substrate. The spiller waveguide (107, 108) has an input end (109, 110) physically separated from but proximate to the output waveguide (106) so as to collect light spilt from the output port or output waveguide (106). The modulator (106) may be a MZI modulator.

Abstract: A method of generating light pulses including pumping laser pulses with a pump laser source, coupling the laser pulses into a pulse guiding medium having an anomalous group-velocity dispersion and a Kerr nonlinearity, and propagating the laser pulses along the pulse guiding medium, wherein soliton-shaped light pulses are formed from the laser pulses within the pulse guiding medium and, resulting from a photoionization of the pulse guiding medium by the light pulses, the light pulses are subjected to a frequency, wherein the method further includes setting the pump laser source and the pulse guiding medium such that the light pulses are fundamental soliton light pulses propagating in the pulse guiding medium, wherein the group-velocity dispersion of the pulse guiding medium being selected such that a ratio of the dispersion and the Kerr nonlinearity decreases with increasing frequency and the fundamental soliton light pulses are compressed with the frequency shift.

Abstract: An optical hybrid circuit includes an MMI coupler including input channels provided at positions symmetrical first output channels, and second output channels, to convert multilevel modulation signal into first and second optical signals each having an in-phase relationship; first optical coupler coupled to one of the first and the second output channels, and having a branching ratio of 85:15 or 15:85, to convert the first optical signals into third optical signals having a 45- or 135-degree phase relationship; second optical coupler coupled to the other of the first and the second output channels, and having a same branching ratio as that of the first optical coupler, to convert the second optical signals into fourth optical signals having a 135- or 45-degree phase relationship; and a phase controlling region provided on at least one of one of the first output channels and one of the second output channels.

Abstract: A system for chromatic dispersion compensation is presented. The system includes an optical splitting element, a plurality of optical elements, and a plurality of waveguides. The optical splitting element is configured to generate at least a first beam of radiation and a second beam of radiation. The plurality of optical elements is configured to identify one or more optical paths amongst a plurality of optical paths for the first beam of radiation to travel. One of the plurality of waveguides disposed in one of the plurality of optical paths has group delay and dispersion coefficient properties per unit length that are different from group delay and dispersion coefficient properties per unit length of another one of the plurality of waveguides disposed in another one of the plurality of optical paths. The group delay and dispersion coefficient properties per unit length compensate for a chromatic dispersion associated with the second beam of radiation.

Abstract: A nano-wire optical block device for amplifying, modulating, and detecting an optical signal in a large-core hollow metallized waveguide. The nano-wire optical block device comprises a substrate with a plurality of nano-wires coupled to the substrate to form the nano-wire optical block. Each properly formed nano-wire is comprised of a p-doped region, an intrinsic region, and an n-doped region. The nano-wire optical block is operable to be inserted into the large-core hollow metallized waveguide to provide at least one of amplifying, modulating, and detecting the optical signal.

Abstract: To provide an optical modulator having a reduced size and reduced power consumption and capable of being easily connected to a waveguide and a method of manufacturing the optical modulator. The optical modulator has at least semiconductor layer (8) having a rib-shaped portion and doped so as to be of a first conduction type, dielectric layer (11) laid on first-conduction-type semiconductor layer (8), and semiconductor layer (9) laid on dielectric layer (11), having the width at the side opposite from dielectric layer (11) increased relative to the width of the rib-shaped portion, and doped so as to be of a second conduction type.

Abstract: In accordance with an optical modulator using waveguides of the present invention, the reflection phenomenon of light is used, so that the optical modulator is neither sensitive to the wavelength, mode, polarization, intensity, beam size, etc. of light, nor sensitive to the temperature, the waveguide size, the uniformity of a refractive index, carrier doping concentration, changes in control voltage/current, etc., thus obtaining stable optical modulation characteristics. An optical modulator using waveguides includes a first waveguide (11) configured to allow an optical signal to be incident thereon, and formed in a direction identical to that of the incident optical signal. A second waveguide (12) is formed to branch from the first waveguide in a first direction. A reflector (13) is arranged in a region in which the second waveguide branches from the first waveguide. A controller (14) is configured to control a refractive index of the reflector.

Abstract: An anisotropic spatial acousto-optic modulator for a holographic display system includes a substrate, an anisotropic waveguide that guides light into a single polarization, and a transducer that generates surface acoustic waves that propagate linearly with the guided, polarized light, converting at least some of the polarized light into a leaky mode of orthogonally polarized light. The acoustic waves may be encoded with holographic information. The modulator may include coupling devices for coupling light into the waveguide, which may have multiple channels. A holographic video display system includes at least one anisotropic spatial acousto-optic modulator. The pattern of the surface acoustic waves, encoded with holographic information, acts as a diffraction pattern that causes the modulator output to form a wavefront that becomes at least part of a holographic image. The system may have multiple channels in multiple waveguides, wherein each waveguide writes one or more lines of the holographic image.

Abstract: A scanning projector suitable for projecting an image comprising a plurality of light signals of different wavelengths is disclosed. Embodiments of the present invention comprise a beam combiner comprising a planar lightwave circuit that includes a plurality of surface waveguides arranged in define a plurality of input ports, a mixing region, and an output port. Each input port receives a different light signal and provides it to the mixing region. The mixing region combines the plurality of into a single composite output beam that is scanned over a region to create an image in a region.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and device for controlling a physical parameter of an optical signal. According to the invention, a portion of the initial optical signal (SE) having passed through an optical waveguide from the input (24.1) to the output (24.2) thereof, is returned into said optical waveguide (24) using a sequential circulator (25) and an optical amplifier (28), in order to at least partially form the optical control signal (SE2), which counter-propagates relative to said initial optical signal (SE), so as to stabilize, or at the very least control, the physical parameter of said initial optical signal when the latter exits said optical waveguide (24) via the output (24.2) thereof.

Abstract: An electro-optic modulator includes a substrate comprising a surface, a pair of transmission lines formed in the surface and extending substantially in parallel with each other, a pair of first strip electrodes formed on the surface and covering the respective transmission lines, and a pair of second strip electrodes positioned at two sides of the first strip electrodes and parallel with the first strip electrodes.

Abstract: Three dimensionally integrated semiconductor systems include a photoactive device operationally coupled with a current/voltage converter on a semiconductor-on-insulator (SeOI) substrate. An optical interconnect is operatively coupled to the photoactive device. A semiconductor device is bonded over the SeOI substrate, and an electrical pathway extends between the current/voltage converter and the semiconductor device bonded over the SeOI substrate. Methods of forming such systems include forming a photoactive device on an SeOI substrate, and operatively coupling a waveguide with the photoactive device. A current/voltage converter may be formed over the SeOI substrate, and the photoactive device and the current/voltage converter may be operatively coupled with one another. A semiconductor device may be bonded over the SeOI substrate and operatively coupled with the current/voltage converter.

Abstract: A relay device includes: a first port, a plurality of second ports, a splitter configured to branch first optical signals input from the first port into the plurality of second ports; and a plurality of optical modulators configured to modulate shared carrier light by multiplexing the carrier light with a plurality of second optical signals with different frequencies input from the plurality of second ports and by inputting the multiplexed carrier light into a plurality of nonlinear optical mediums, and to transmit the carrier light to the first port.

Abstract: A mach-zehnder optical modulator includes a substrate having electrooptical effect, wherein: the substrate has an inputting waveguide portion, two intermediate waveguide portions, an outputting waveguide portion and a sub optical waveguide portion, the inputting waveguide portion being branched and coupled to the two intermediate waveguide portions, the two intermediate waveguide portions being combined and coupled to the outputting waveguide portion, the sub optical waveguide being provided on at least one side of the outputting optical waveguide portion and having a given distance from the outputting optical waveguide portion, the sub optical waveguide portion guiding an off-light emitted from a combining portion of the two intermediate waveguide portions; and a width of a starting point of the sub optical waveguide portion is larger than the outputting waveguide portion.

Abstract: A method, apparatus and system for minimally intrusive fiber identification includes imparting a time-varying modulation onto an optical signal propagating in an optical fiber and subsequently detecting the presence of the time-varying modulation in the optical signal transmitting through the fiber to identify the fiber. In a specific embodiment of the invention, a time-varying curvature is imposed on the fiber to be identified and the presence of the resultant time variation in the transmitted power of a propagating optical signal is subsequently detected for identification of the manipulated fiber.

Abstract: Optical devices that include one or more structures fabricated from polar-dielectric materials that exhibit surface phonon polaritons (SPhPs), where the SPhPs alter the optical properties of the structure. The optical properties lent to these structures by the SPhPs are altered by introducing charge carriers directly into the structures. The carriers can be introduced into these structures, and the carrier concentration thereby controlled, through optical pumping or the application of an appropriate electrical bias.

Abstract: Methods of attaching an optical line to a phase modulator in a fiber optic gyroscope. The methods include positioning at least one end of the optical line relative to a side of the phase modulator. The end of the optical line may have a first non-perpendicular angle and the side of the phase modulator may have a second non-perpendicular angle. The end of the optical line may be attached to the side of the phase modulator with the end of the optical line being non-parallel to the side of the phase modulator. The optical line may be an optical coil or a light path.

Abstract: A polarization controller includes a first polarization controller, a demultiplexer, a second polarization controller, and a multiplexer. The first polarization controller controls the state of polarization of input light such that a part of the wavelength components of the input light is in a first state of polarization. The demultiplexer demultiplexes the light output from the first polarization controller into a plurality of wavelength components. The second polarization controller controls the plurality of wavelength components in a second state of polarization by using liquid crystal modulation devices. The multiplexer multiplexes the plurality of wavelength components output from the second polarization controller.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide apparatuses and methods for phase correlated seeding of parametric mixer and for generating coherent frequency combs. The parametric mixer may use two phase-correlated optical waves with different carrier frequencies to generate new optical waves centered at frequencies differing from the input waves, while retaining the input wave coherent properties. In the case when parametric mixer is used to generate frequency combs with small frequency pitch, the phase correlation of the input (seed) waves can be achieved by electro-optical modulator and a single master laser. In the case when frequency comb possessing a frequency pitch that is larger than frequency modulation that can be affected by electro-optic modulator, the phase correlation of the input (seed) waves is achieved by combined use of an electro-optical modulator and injection locking to a single or multiple slave lasers.