Abstract: An optical device may include a monolithic body of optical material including an optical signal port, an optical coupler/splitter portion including a plurality of optical couplers/splitters arranged in a planar configuration and coupled to the optical signal port, and a phase modulation portion including a plurality of phase shifters arranged in a planar configuration and coupled to respective ones of the plurality of optical couplers/splitters. The monolithic body may also include a fanning-array portion including a plurality of optical waveguides extending from the phase modulation portion in a planar configuration and fanning to a two-dimensional array on an edge of the monolithic body.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an optical waveguide element that includes a substrate and a waveguide layer formed on the substrate and comprising lithium niobate. The waveguide layer has a slab part having a predetermined thickness and a ridge part protruding from the slab part. The maximum thickness of the slab part is 0.05 times or more and less than 0.4 times a wavelength of a light propagating in the ridge part.

Abstract: A substrate (102) having a piezoelectric effect, optical waveguides (138a, 140a, 138b, 140b, and the like) formed on the substrate, and a plurality of bias electrodes (152a, 152b, and the like) that control an optical wave (s) which propagate through the optical waveguides are provided, and the bias electrodes are constituted and/or disposed such that an electrical signal applied to one of the bias electrodes is prevented from being received by another one of the bias electrodes through a surface acoustic wave.

Abstract: An optical system includes an optical transmitter having optical transmission channels and an optical receiver having optical reception channels. The optical transmission channels are successively tuned to resonant wavelengths at which lowest transmission channel input currents result in transmission channel output current peaks greater than a threshold. The optical reception channels are tuned to the resonant wavelengths after the optical transmission channels are tuned. Each resonant wavelength has the optical reception channel tuned thereto that has a highest reception channel output current peak at a lowest reception channel input current when the optical transmission channel tuned to the resonant wavelength is temporarily detuned.

Abstract: A dual-drive push-pull Mach-Zehnder modulator is provided that suppresses electrical common-mode signal components using differential input in order to mitigate parasitic phase shift effects. The modulator is configured with at least two phase shifting sections with each having a respective set of diodes. Drive signals for each phase shifter are swapped by swapping two waveguide arms in which the first and second set of diodes are constructed in a particular configuration such that the electric field applied by each drive signal in the second set of diodes is the negative of what such signal was in the first set of set of diodes. As the input optical signal propagates through the first waveguide arm and the second waveguide arm, each arm independently modulates the phase which are then re-combined to provide an optical output signal with at least one suppressed signal component.

Abstract: A device may include a substrate. The device may include an optical waveguide formed in or on the substrate. The device may include a signal electrode extending along a longitudinal axis. The signal electrode may include a first portion with a proximal end that is proximal to the optical waveguide, to induce a signal from the signal electrode to the optical waveguide. The signal electrode may include a second portion, at least partially attached to or continuous with a distal end of the first portion. The device may include one or more ground electrodes that form an enclosure. The enclosure may enclose the signal electrode with regard to a side of the substrate in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.

Abstract: An optical modulator may include at least one ground electrode. The optical modulator may include at least one signal electrode parallel to the at least one ground electrode. The optical modulator may include at least one waveguide parallel to the at least one ground electrode and the at least one signal electrode. The optical modulator may include a first substrate disposed underneath the at least one ground electrode and the at least one signal electrode relative to a surface of the optical modulator. The optical modulator may include a second substrate disposed underneath at least a portion of the first substrate relative to the surface of the optical modulator. The optical modulator may include a floating conductor disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate.

Abstract: An optical module includes a driver that is provided on a board and generates an electrical signal according to a data signal, and an optical modulator that is connected to an optical fiber and provided on the board and that modulates light emitted from the optical fiber using the electrical signal generated by the driver. The optical module has a cut-out portion that is formed by cutting out part of its outer shape and that accommodates the driver so that the driver overlaps the optical fiber when viewed from a direction perpendicular to the board.

Abstract: An optical apparatus comprising an optical device having an optical input-output face, at least two planar waveguide arms being located on a substrate, an optical splitter being located on the substrate, and, an optical grating coupler being located on the substrate. The optical splitter has an optical input and a plurality of optical outputs, each optical output being optically connected to a corresponding one of the planar waveguide arms. The optical grating coupler is connected to receive light from each planar waveguide arm and form diffraction pattern therefrom such that a principal maximum of one of the diffraction patterns overlaps with a principal maximum of another of the diffraction patterns on the optical input-output face of the optical device, the principal maxima of the one and another of the diffraction patterns being directed in different directions.

Abstract: Electronic-photonic integrated circuits (EPICs), such a monolithically integrated circuit, are considered to be next generation technology that takes advantage of high-speed optical communication and nanoscale electronics. Atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) may serve as a perfect platform to realize EPIC. The generation and detection of light by a monolayer TMD at nanoscale through surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) may be utilized to provide optical communication. The bidirectional nature of the TMDs allow such a layer to be utilizes as part of emitters or photodetectors for EPICs.

Abstract: An integrated fan-out package includes a first redistribution structure, a die, an insulation encapsulation, and a second redistribution structure. The die is disposed on the first redistribution structure. The insulation encapsulation encapsulates the die. The second redistribution structure is disposed on the die and the insulation encapsulation. At least one of the first redistribution structure and the second redistribution structure includes a dielectric layer, a feed line, and a signal enhancement layer. The feed line is at least partially disposed on the dielectric layer. The signal enhancement layer covers the feed line. The signal enhancement layer has a lower dissipation factor (Df) and/or a lower permittivity (Dk) than the dielectric layer.

Abstract: A soliton generation apparatus comprising: an optical resonator; a pumping laser for providing light at a pumping wavelength into the optical resonator; a generator for generating multiple solitons in the optical resonator; a detuning device for changing the wavelength detuning between the pumping laser wavelength and an optical resonance wavelength of the optical resonator to remove at least one soliton of the generated multiple solitons to provide (i) a plurality of solitons that comprises at least one less soliton than that of the generated multiple solitons or (ii) a single soliton in the optical resonator.

Abstract: A thermal microring optical sensor is configured such that a portion of the optical resonator and its associated waveguide are encased within a cladding structure to minimize scattering losses along the waveguide and also provide improved evanescent coupling efficiency between the waveguide and the resonator. Functioning as a thermal sensor, incoming radiation modifies the temperature of the resonator, which changes its resonant frequency and, as a result, the percentage of light that it evanescently couples from the waveguide. The cladding structure also functions as a mechanical support for the resonator disk, eliminating the need for a pedestal to suspend the disk above the support substrate. Thermally-induced buckling of the optical waveguide is also reduced by encasing the susceptible portion of the waveguiding within the cladding structure.

Abstract: An electro-optic modulation structure comprises a first electrode and a second electrode and a first electro-optic strip; wherein the first electrode has a slab portion and a first ridge protruding from the slab portion of the first electrode, and the second electrode has a slab portion and a first ridge protruding from the slab portion of the second electrode, the first protruding ridge of the first electrode and the first protruding ridge of the second electrode being disposed on opposite sides of the first electro-optic strip and both protruding ridges abut the first electro-optic strip.

Abstract: An electro-optic Mach-Zehnder modulator includes a first optical waveguide forming a first arm of the Mach-Zehnder modulator, and a second optical waveguide forming a second arm thereof. The first or second optical waveguide includes capacitive segments that are spaced apart from one another, each forming an electrical capacitor. A travelling wave electrode arrangement applies a voltage across the first or second optical waveguide. The travelling wave electrode arrangement includes waveguide electrodes arranged on the capacitive segments , an electrical line extending along a part of the first or second optical waveguide, the electrical line being arranged a distance from the waveguide electrodes, and connecting arrangements, each being assigned to one of the waveguide electrodes.

Abstract: Provided is an optical modulator module in which a modulation substrate having a plurality of optical modulation units is stored inside a package case. The optical modulator module includes a plurality of signal supply lines configured to supply a modulation signal to the optical modulation unit through a connector terminal which is introduced into the package case. At least two or more of the plurality of signal supply lines are set such that the signal supply lines have overall electrical lengths which are different from each other.

Abstract: A driver configuration for driving a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) includes a first driver supplied by a first voltage and a second voltage and configured to provide a first two complimentary outputs respectively to a first N-electrode of a first branch of the MZM and a second N-electrode of a second branch of the MZM. Additionally, the driver configuration includes a second driver supplied by a third voltage and a fourth voltage and configured to provide a second two complimentary outputs respectively to a first P-electrode of the first branch and a second P-electrode of the second branch. The driver configuration sets a difference between the third voltage and the fourth voltage equal to a difference between the first voltage and the second voltage to provide a same peak-to-peak differential swing for modulating light wave through each transmission line and output a modulated light with twice of the peak-to-peak differential swing.

Abstract: In the prior art, tunable lasers utilizing silicon-based tunable ring filters and III-V semiconductor-based gain regions required the heterogeneous integration of independently formed silicon and III-V semiconductor based optical elements, resulting in large optical devices requiring a complex manufacturing process (e.g., airtight packaging to couple the devices formed on different substrates, precise alignment for the elements, etc.). Embodiments of the invention eliminate the need for bulk optical elements and hermetic packaging, via the use of hybridized III-V/silicon gain regions and silicon optical components, such as silicon wavelength filters and stabilized wavelength references, thereby reducing the size and manufacturing complexity of tunable lasing devices.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an optical waveguide element that includes a substrate and a waveguide layer formed on the substrate and comprising lithium niobate. The waveguide layer has a slab part having a predetermined thickness and a ridge part protruding from the slab part. The maximum thickness of the slab part is 0.05 times or more and less than 0.4 times a wavelength of a light propagating in the ridge part.

Abstract: A Mach-Zehnder modulator includes: a semiconductor structure having a first waveguide portion, a second waveguide portion, and a third waveguide portion, which are disposed on the first area, the second area, and the third area of a principal surface of substrate, respectively; an embedding resin body having an opening on the first waveguide portion; an ohmic electrode including a first ohmic electrode portion connected to the first waveguide portion through the opening of the embedding resin body, and a second ohmic electrode portion disposed on the embedding resin body in the second area; and a conductor including a first conductive portion extending along the first ohmic electrode portion, and a second conductive portion disposed on the embedding resin body and having a width greater than that of the second ohmic electrode portion, the embedding resin body having a groove extending along an edge of the second ohmic electrode portion.

Abstract: In example implementations, an optical gate is provided. The optical gate receives at least one optical signal via a waveguide of an optical memory gate. The optical gate compares a wavelength of the at least one optical signal to a resonant wavelength associated with a resonator. When the wavelength of the at least one optical signal matches the resonant wavelength, a value that is stored in the resonator is read out via the at least one optical signal. Then, the at least one optical signal with the value that is read out is transmitted out of the optical gate.

Abstract: An electro-optic assembly including a first and second substrate and a layer of electro-optic material disposed between the substrates. Each substrate includes a two-phase, light-transmissive, electrically-conductive layer comprising a first phase made of a highly electronically-conductive matrix and a second phase made of a polymeric material composition having a controlled volume resistivity.

Abstract: Provided is a distributed Bragg reflector tunable laser diode including a substrate provided with a gain section having an active waveguide from which a gain of laser light is obtained and a distributed reflector section having a passive waveguide connected to the active waveguide, wherein the distributed reflector section includes gratings disposed on or under the passive waveguide, a current injection electrode disposed on the passive waveguide and configured to provide a current into the passive waveguide to electrically tune a wavelength of the laser light, and a heater electrode disposed on the current injection electrode and configured to heat the passive waveguide to thermally tune the wavelength of the laser light, wherein the gratings, the current injection electrode, and the heater electrode vertically overlap each other.

Abstract: An exemplary proton conductor according to the present disclosure has a perovskite-type crystal structure expressed by the compositional formula AaB1-xB?xO3-?, where A is at least one selected from among group 2 elements; B is a group 4 element or Ce; B? is a group 3 element, a group 13 element, or a lanthanoid element; 0.5<a?1.0, 0.0?x?0.5, and 0.0??<3; and the charge of the above compositional formula is deviated from electrical neutrality in a range of ?0.13 or more but less than +0.14.

Abstract: The present invention provides an optical modulator including a substrate and a phase modulation portion on the substrate. The phase modulation portion includes an optical waveguide comprised of a first clad layer, a semiconductor layer that is laminated on the first clad layer and has a refraction index higher than the first clad layer and a second clad layer that is laminated on the semiconductor layer and has a refraction index lower than the semiconductor layer, a first traveling wave electrode, and a second traveling wave electrode.

Abstract: The present subject matter includes apparatus and techniques that can be used to reduce losses in systems that perform steering of a light beam. Such steering can be performed in a non-mechanical manner, such as using an electrically-controlled optical structure (e.g., an electro-optical structure). For example, a waveguide can be used to adjust an angle of a light beam (e.g., steer the light beam). The waveguide can include a core, a cladding including an electro-optic material, and electrodes defining an arrangement that, when selectively energized, adjusts an index of refraction of the electro-optic material. In particular, electrode arrangements as described herein can be used to reduce losses, such as losses that would occur due to diffraction.

Abstract: An optical modulator includes an optical modulator chip configured to optically modulate an optical signal using an electrical signal input thereto; and a relay substrate configured to relay and couple the electrical signal to the optical modulator chip. The optical modulator chip includes a signal electrode and a ground electrode for the electrical signal, formed along a waveguide for the optical signal. One end of the optical modulator chip is arranged to face the relay substrate. An electrode connection portion coupling the electrical signal to the relay substrate by wire is provided at the one end. A distance between a tip of one end of the signal electrode in the electrode connection portion and the end of the optical modulator chip is less than a distance between a tip of an end of the ground electrode in the electrode connection portion and the end of the optical modulator chip.

Abstract: A tunable laser that includes an array of parallel optical amplifiers is described. The laser may also include an intracavity N×M coupler that couples power between a cavity mirror and the array of parallel optical amplifiers. Phase adjusters in optical paths between the N×M coupler and the optical amplifiers can be used to adjust an amount of power output from M?1 ports of the N×M coupler. A tunable wavelength filter is incorporated in the laser cavity to select a lasing wavelength.

Abstract: Provided is an optical modulator in which even in a case where an optical waveguide and a control electrode are highly integrated, a distortion due to stress acting on the optical waveguide from lead-out wiring of a signal electrode is mitigated and occurrence of a temperature drift or the like is suppressed.

Abstract: A signal shifted from a carrier frequency in a frequency domain by using digital signal processing is generated, and the optical modulator is driven with a drive signal based on the signal. A monitor monitors whether or not a component of a modulated signal light output from the optical modulator appears in a specific frequency depending on a frequency shift performed by the digital signal processing, and the controller controls a relation between a sign of the drive signal and an operating point of the optical modulator according to a monitored result.

Abstract: An optical modulator that is adapted to modulate a light signal at very high RF frequencies and provide the modulating RF signal to equipment separate from the modulator is disclosed. The modulator includes a Mach-Zehnder Modulator in which light loses due to the crossing of the RF waveguide conductors and the optical waveguides are reduced. In addition, problems arising from asynchrony between the RF signals and the optical signals are reduced. The modulator also reduces signal losses due to resonances in the modulator. The modulator can be configured to be used in test probes that require a compact configuration that is adapted to designs having multiple test probes that are proximate to each other.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods, structures, and devices for a silicon carrier-depletion based modulator with enhanced doping in at least part of slab regions between waveguide core and contact areas. Compared to prior designs, this modulator exhibits lower optical absorption loss and better modulation bandwidth without sacrificing the modulation efficiency when operating at comparable bandwidth settings.

Abstract: An optical modulation apparatus includes an optical modulation unit that includes a plurality of ring optical modulators which are coupled in cascade to each other and the ring optical waveguides of which have round-trip lengths different from each other, and a controller that performs, for at least one of the ring optical modulators, first resonance wavelength adjustment control to adjust the resonance wavelength of the ring optical modulator to one input light wavelength, performs second resonance wavelength adjustment control to specify the ring optical modulator that exhibits a minimum current amount required for the adjustment of the resonance wavelength of the ring optical waveguide to the one input light wavelength from among the ring optical modulators and adjust the resonance wavelength of the specified ring optical modulator to the one input light wavelength, and performs modulation driving control for the specified ring optical modulator.

Abstract: A modulator may include a substrate. The modulator may include one or more waveguides formed upon or formed in the substrate. A signal electrode may be provided adjacent to at least one of the one or more waveguides and may include a curved outer surface. The modulator may include one or more ground electrodes provided adjacent to the signal electrode. Each ground electrode, of the one or more ground electrodes, may include a respective curved inner surface that is radially spaced from the curved outer surface of the signal electrode. The one or more ground electrodes and the substrate may at least substantially enclose the curved outer surface of the signal electrode.

Abstract: An optical device includes a laser or amplifier positioned on a base. The laser includes a ridge of a gain medium positioned on the base such that the base extends out from under the ridge. The ridge includes a top that connects lateral sides of the ridge. Electronics are configured to drive an electrical current through the ridge such that the electrical current passes through one or more of the lateral sides of the ridge.

Abstract: Provided is a technique for reducing, using a simple circuit configuration, an amplitude difference between electric signals that are input to respective optical waveguide arms. An optical modulator includes: an optical demultiplexer that splits continuous wave light as received; first and second optical waveguide arms through which the continuous wave light as split propagates; an optical phase ? shifter that introduces a phase shift of ? to the continuous wave light as split; an optical multiplexer combines the continuous wave light propagating through the first and second optical waveguide arms; first and second signal electrodes that respectively input the electric signals to the first and second optical waveguide arms; a junction capacitance connected in shunt to at least one of the first and second signal electrodes; and a DC voltage source that applies a DC voltage to the junction capacitance.

Abstract: A non-reciprocal device using a space-time modulation scheme. By applying the space-time modulation scheme, reciprocity in radiation and scattering scenarios is prevented. Such a scheme utilizes a linear system with simple, compact and inexpensive electronic components compared to the current use of bulky duplexers and non-reciprocal magnet based phase shifters to provide non-reciprocity. One such linear system involves traveling-wave antennas loaded with voltage dependent capacitors that are modulated in space and time thereby allowing the antenna to transmit with high directivity in a certain direction and not receive from that direction. Another linear system involves a resonant metasurface characterized by transverse spatiotemporal gradients, where the spatiotemporal gradients include periodically modulated impedances thereby causing a non-reciprocal transmission response.

Abstract: A dynamic optical crossbar array includes a first set of parallel transparent electrode lines, a bottom set of parallel electrode lines that cross said transparent electrode lines, and an optically variable material disposed between said first set of transparent electrode lines and said bottom set of electrode lines.

Abstract: In an optical modulator, a light-receiving element (3a) that receives a light wave modulated in an optical modulation section (Ma) and a light-receiving element (3b) that receives a light wave modulated in an optical modulation section (Mb) are provided in a substrate. In addition, at least a part of an electrical line (4a) that guides a light-receiving signal output from the light-receiving element (3a) to an outer side of the substrate, and at least apart of an electrical line (4b) that guides a light-receiving signal form the light-receiving element (3b) to an outer side of the substrate are formed in the substrate. In addition, crosstalk suppression means (5), which suppress crosstalk between the electrical line (4a) and the electrical line (4b), is provided between the part of the electrical line (4a) and the part of the electrical line (4b) which are formed in the substrate.

Abstract: A communications device may include a remote device having a first E/O modulator to modulate an optical carrier signal with an input signal having a first frequency, an optical waveguide coupled to the remote device, and a local device coupled to the optical waveguide. The local device may include an optical source to generate the optical carrier signal, a second E/O modulator to modulate the optical carrier signal with a reference signal to generate a modulated reference signal, an OIL source coupled to the second E/O modulator and to amplify the modulated reference signal, and an O/E converter coupled to the OIL source and to generate an output signal including a replica of the input signal at a second frequency based upon the reference signal.

Abstract: An apparatus for modulating a beam of light with balanced push-pull mechanism. The apparatus includes a first waveguide comprising a first PN junction on a silicon-on-insulator substrate and a second waveguide comprising a second PN junction on the silicon-on-insulator substrate. The second PN junction is a replica of the first PN junction shifted with a distance. The apparatus further includes a first source electrode and a first ground electrode coupled respectively with the first PN junction and a second source electrode and a second ground electrode coupled respectively with the second PN junction. The apparatus additionally includes a third ground electrode disposed near the second PN junction at the distance away from the second ground electrode, wherein the first ground electrode, the second ground electrode, and the third ground electrode are commonly grounded to have both PN junctions subjected to a substantially same electric field varied in ground-source-ground pattern.

Abstract: A polymer-clad optical modulator includes a substrate comprising an insulating material; a silicon microring on the substrate; silicon waveguides on the substrate adjacent the silicon microring; an electro-optic polymer covering the silicon microring and the silicon waveguide; and an electrical contact on top of the electro-optic polymer. The silicon microring or a portion of an adjacent silicon layer is lightly doped. A polymer-clad depletion type optical modulator and a polymer-clad carrier injection type optical modulator, each employing the lightly doped silicon microring or an adjacent lightly doped silicon layer, are also described.

Abstract: An injection modulator for modulation of optical radiation, having an optical waveguide and a diode structure, having at least two p-doped semiconductor portions, at least two n-doped semiconductor portions and at least one lightly or undoped intermediate portion between the p-doped and n-doped portions. The p-doped portions when viewed in the longitudinal direction of the waveguide are offset with respect to the n-doped portions and the diode structure is arranged in a resonance-free portion of the waveguide. The p-doped portions lie on one side of the waveguide, the n-doped portions lie on the other side of the waveguide and the intermediate portion lies in the center, each portion extends transversely with respect to the waveguide longitudinal direction in the direction of the waveguide center of the waveguide and no p-doped portion when viewed in the longitudinal direction of the waveguide overlaps any n-doped portion.

Abstract: An electro-optic modulator includes a waveguide of a nonlinear optical material and an electrode line for generating an electrical field in a modulating region of the waveguide when a voltage is applied to the electrode line, thereby modulating light passing through the waveguide. Therein, the forward electro-optic response of the modulating region is the same as the backward electro-optic response; and the electro-optic response has a band-pass or a low-pass characteristic. A distance measuring device includes a light source emitting light, and such an electro-optic modulator arranged such that the emitted light passes through the electro-optic modulator in a first direction before being emitted from the distance measuring device, and after being reflected from a target passes through the electro-optic modulator in a second direction which is opposite to the first direction.

Abstract: An add-drop filter for transmitting at least one signal is provided. The add-drop filter includes at least two optical waveguides capable of carrying the at least one signal, and at least one active resonator coupled between the optical waveguides, wherein the at least one active resonator provides gain that counteracts losses for the at least one signal.

Abstract: An aspect of the present invention is an optical modulator including a substrate, a plurality of optical waveguides, and a plurality of modulation electrodes provided on the substrate in order to modulate light propagating through the optical waveguides. The modulation electrodes include signal electrodes, to which modulation signals are supplied, and ground electrodes. The signal electrodes include first and second signal electrodes. The ground electrodes include a first ground electrode provided between the first and second signal electrodes, a second ground electrode provided on the opposite side of the first signal electrode from the first ground electrode adjacent to the first signal electrode, and a third ground electrode provided on the opposite side of the second signal electrode from the first ground electrode adjacent to the second signal electrode. A concave groove is formed in each of the first to third ground electrodes.

Abstract: An optical modulator module includes: a substrate in which a plurality of optical modulators are formed; a connector configured to include a plurality of terminals to which a plurality of signals for driving the plurality of optical modulators are input; and a relay board provided between the substrate and the connector. Each of the optical modulators includes an optical waveguide, a modulation electrode formed near the optical waveguide, and a feeder electrode electrically connected to one end of the modulation electrode. The terminals are arranged in parallel to a longitudinal direction of the substrate. Positions of respective ends of the modulation electrodes at which the respective feeder electrodes are electrically connected are the same as positions at which the respective terminals are provided in the longitudinal direction. Wiring patterns are formed on the relay board so as to electrically connect the terminals to the respective feeder electrodes.

Abstract: A plasmonic switching device and method of providing a plasmonic switching device. An example device includes a resonant cavity and an electromagnetic radiation feed arranged to couple electromagnetic radiation into the resonant cavity and at least one plasmonic mode. The resonant cavity is arranged to be switchable between: a first state in which the resonant cavity has an operational characteristic selected to allow resonance of the electromagnetic radiation at a frequency of the at least one plasmonic mode; and a second state in which the operational characteristic of the resonant cavity is adjusted to inhibit resonance of the electromagnetic radiation at a frequency of the at least one plasmonic mode.

Abstract: A method includes applying a voltage to an optical ring resonator circuit to adjust a resonance condition of a ring waveguide included in the optical ring resonator circuit. The method also includes detecting an amount of current generated by the optical ring resonator circuit and determining the resonance condition of the ring waveguide based on the detected amount of current.

Abstract: A modulator including: a Mach-Zehnder modulator that includes an optical waveguide disposed on a substrate, the optical waveguide including an electrode thereon; a resin layer disposed on the substrate, the resin layer embedding the optical waveguide, the resin layer having a groove arranged besides the optical waveguide; a termination resistor disposed on the substrate in the groove of the resin layer; and a first wiring disposed on the resin layer, the first wiring being connected to the termination resistor and the electrode of the optical waveguide.