Abstract: Coated cemented carbide cutting tool inserts for bimetal machining under wet conditions at moderate cutting speeds, and in particular, cutting tool inserts for face milling of engine blocks formed from alloys of cast iron and aluminium and/or magnesium. The inserts are characterized by a submicron WC—Co cemented carbide and a coating including an inner layer of TiCxNy with columnar grains followed by a layer of ?-Al2O3 and a top layer of TiN.

Abstract: A cutting tool insert has a cermet body with a Co and/or Ni binder phase and a coating deposited as monolayer or as multiple and/or alternating layers of carbide, nitride or oxide. The coating has a thickness of 21-50 ?m, when the inserts have a flat rake face, without or with simple chipbreakers and a Co binder phase, or has a thickness of 10-50 ?m, when the inserts have a rake face land with a width of 100-300 ?m with an angle of 10-25° to the rake face and a Co and/or Ni binder phase. The cermet body has more than 50 vol. % Ti-based carbonitride and less than 15 wt % and more than 6 wt % Co and/or Ni binder phase and a hardness of >1650 HV3. The disclosure also relates to the use of the coated cutting tool insert for the machining of cast iron work pieces.

Abstract: There is described a tool as well as a method for machining a workpiece made of a hard material by means of a geometrically determined blade. In order to obtain an improved surface quality of the machined workpiece when machining such a hard and brittle material, a tool is provided which has a cutting angle of less than 10°. According to the associated machining method, rotational speeds exceeding 1300 rpm are used. There is further described a machine that is to be used in such a tool and is utilized in such a method.

Abstract: The throw-away tip has a shape of substantially flat plate, comprising from 1 to 30% by weight of binder phase comprising at least one kind of Co and Ni, and 70 to 99% by weight of carbonitride phase comprising composite metal carbonitride of Ti and one or more kind other than Ti among metals of groups 4a, 5a and 6a of the Periodic Table, wherein the mean grain size of the carbonitride phase is 1.5 ?m or less, while flexural strength test pieces which are cut out of ten throw-away tips including the side face thereof show flexural strength with a Weibull coefficient of 5 or higher. Throw-away tips having fine carbonitride phase structure and high cutting performance can be made with less variance among individual throw-away tips.

Abstract: A cutting insert has a body formed of a superhard material or a superhard material and a cemented carbide, and has a hole through said body and a preformed hole inlay in said hole to allow securing of the insert to a holder. The method of making same is also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to coated cutting tool inserts particularly useful for heavy roughing turning operations of very large steel components, such as drive shafts for ships and shafts for wind power plants. The inserts are large with an iC, inscribed circle diameter, of greater than or equal to about 19 mm and a thickness of greater than or equal to about 6 mm with a composition of from about 5 to about 10 wt-% Co, from about 5 to about 12 wt-% cubic carbides or carbonitrides of the metals Ti, Ta and/or Nb, and balance WC with a stratified binder phase enriched surface zone from about 15 to about 40 ?m thick. The inserts have an edge rounding before coating of 35-95 ?m. The coating comprises a first, innermost layer of TiCxNyOz and a total thickness from about 0.1 to about 1.5 ?m, a second layer of TiCxNy with a thickness of from about 4.5 to about 9.5 ?m with columnar grains, a third layer of TiCxNyOz with a thickness of from about 0.3 to about 1.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cutting tool insert of a generally polygonal shape provided with a ceramic tip in a recess in at least one of its corners with a bottom surface and at least one side surface. At least the bottom surface of the recess is provided with rails with a height h being from about 50 to about 100 ?m, width w being from about 100 to about 200 ?m and spaced at distance 1 from about 0.75 to about 1.25 mm. The invention also relates to a method of making such an insert using a grinding wheel of a suitable profile before or after sintering or in the pressing operation.

Abstract: An apparatus for turning a hard and/or brittle material includes a precision workpiece spindle, a workpiece support, a hard and/or brittle workpiece rigidly coupled to the workpiece support, and a diamond tool blade rigidly coupled to a spin-turner mechanism. The diamond tool blade is formed to include a cutting edge arranged to confront the hard and/or brittle workpiece to remove material from the workpiece to form precision-turned components such as optical lenses, mirrors, and optical molds.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cutting tool comprising a substrate of cemented carbide, cermet, ceramics, cubic boron nitride or high speed steel on which at least on the functioning parts of the surface thereof a thin, adherent, hard and wear resistant coating is applied, wherein said coating comprises a laminated multilayer of alternating PVD or PECVD metal oxide layers, Me1X+Me2X+Me1X+Me2X . . . , where the metal atoms Me1 and Me2 are one or more of Ti, Nb, V, Mo, Zr, Cr, Al, Hf, Ta, Y and Si, and where at least one of Me1X and Me2X is a metal oxide+metal oxide nano-composite layer composed of two components, component A and component B, with different composition and different structure which components comprise a single phase oxide of one metal element or a solid solution of two or more metal oxides, wherein the layers Me1X and Me2X are different in composition or structure or both these properties and have individual layer thicknesses larger than about 0.

Abstract: An uncoated cutting tool that comprises a body containing a pocket. A polycrystalline cubic boron nitride blank has a cutting tip. The blank is brazed into the pocket using a blaze alloy whereby there is a braze joint between the body and the polycrystalline cubic boron nitride blank. The braze alloy has a liquidus temperature of at least about 900 degrees Centigrade wherein the braze alloy is selected from the group comprising a nickel-gold braze alloy containing nickel and gold, a copper-gold braze alloy containing copper and gold, a silver-titanium braze alloy containing silver and titanium, and a silver-palladium braze alloy containing silver and palladium.

Abstract: A milling insert and a milling insert tool for chip removing machining. The milling insert includes at least two teeth. The milling insert has substantially a disc shape and includes a topside and an underside. The milling insert in its entirety is formed of cubic boron nitride.

Abstract: The present invention relates to cutting insert for milling of hardened steels, tool steels and hard cast irons and stainless steels with a hardness of more than about 45 HRC comprising a substrate and a coating. The substrate has a hardness of from about 1700 HV3 to about 2000 HV3, with a 10° angle and 0.2 mm wide negative chamfer giving an edge sharpness of 0(sharp) to about 40 ?m and the coating comprises a homogeneous AlxTi1-xN-layer with x=from about 0.6 to about 0.67, preferably x=about 0.62 and a thickness of more than about 1 to less than about 3.8 ?m. The invention also relates to a method of making as well as the use of the inserts.

Abstract: The present invention relates to cutting tool inserts. A cutting tool insert includes an abrasive tip of a hard material, an abrasive or superabrasive material. A cutting tool insert is bonded to an insert body by mechanical force. The mechanical forces are generated through deformation of mating geometric features on the abrasive tip and insert body.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of depositing a crystalline ?-Al2O3-layer onto a cutting tool insert by Chemical Vapor Deposition at a temperature of from about 625 to about 800° C. The method comprises the following steps: depositing a from about 0.1 to about 1.5 ?m layer of TiCxNyOz where x+y+z>=1 and z>0, preferably z>0.2; treating said layer at 625-1000° C. in a gas mixture containing from about 0.5 to about 3 vol-% O2, preferably as CO2+H2 or O2+H2, for a short period of time from about 0.5 to about 4 min, optionally in the presence of from about 0.5 to about 6 vol-% HCl; and depositing said Al2O3-layer by bringing said treated layer into contact with a gas mixture containing from about 2 to about 10 vol-% of AlCl3, from about 16 to about 40 vol-% of CO2, in H2 and 0.8-2 vol-% of a sulphur-containing agent, preferably H2S, at a process pressure of from about 40 to about 300 mbar.

Abstract: A non-rotary cutting tool which is to be moved relative to a workpiece in a predetermined direction for cutting the workpiece, with its rake face being held substantially perpendicular to the predetermined direction. The cutting tool includes (a) a generally cylindrical shank portion, and (b) a generally semi-cylindrical body portion which has an outer circumferential surface constituted by the rake face and a semi-cylindrical surface. The semi-cylindrical body portion has a cutting edge which is defined by an edge of the rake face and which is covered with a diamond coating. Also disclosed is a process of machining a scroll member of a scroll compressor by using this non-rotary cutting tool.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a threading tool, a threading insert, and a method of forming a thread. The threading insert includes a cutting edge. The insert includes an insert supporting surface and a clamping surface for clamping the insert relative to a toolholder such that the insert supporting surface supports the insert against an abutment surface of the toolholder. At least one layer of PCBN forms a face of the insert. The cutting edge extends at least partially around a periphery of the insert and is formed in the PCBN layer.

Abstract: A cutting tip for a drilling tool includes a cemented carbide cutting base 11, a diamond element 12 supported by the cutting base 11, and a bonding layer formed between the cutting base 11 and the diamond element 12 in order to bond them. The bonding layer 13 includes diffusion layers S1 and S2 in which one or two or more metals selected from a group consisting of Fe, Ni, Co, Ti, Zr, W, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, and Hf diffuses into at least one of the cemented carbide or the diamond.

Abstract: A work piece or structural component is coated with a system of film layers at least one of which is composed of (AlyCr1-y) X, where X=N, C, B, CN, BN, CBN, NO, CO, BO, CNO, BNO or CBNO and 0.2?y<0.7, with the composition within said film being either essentially constant or varying over the thickness of the film continually or in steps, as well as a process for producing it.

Abstract: A method of producing a tool insert is disclosed. A body (50) of a superabrasive material having major surfaces on each of opposite sides thereof is provided. It is typically an abrasive compact disc such as a PCBN or a PCD disc, for example. An array of spaced cores (58) filled with hard metal, such as cemented carbide, for example, extends from one major surface to the opposite major surface. The body is severed from one major surface to the opposite major surface along intersecting, transverse lines (68) around the respective hard metal cores to produce the tool insert. The body may include an interlayer (56) of hard metal intermediate the opposite major surfaces, preferably the same hard metal as the cores, such that the cores are integrally formed with the interlayer.

Abstract: A method of producing a tool insert which comprises a central metal portion having edge regions of superabrasive material bonded thereto and presenting cutting edges or points for the tool insert is disclosed. A body (50) having major surfaces on each of opposite sides thereof, each having spaced strips (64) of superabrasive material, typically abrasive compact such as PCBN or PCD, for example, separated by a metal region or regions, such as cemented carbide, is provided. Each superabrasive strip of one major surface is arranged in register with a superabrasive strip of the opposite major surface. Alternatively, each superabrasive strip extends from one major surface to the opposite major surface. The body is severed from one major surface to the opposite major surface along at least two sets of planes intersecting at or in the respective superabrasive strips to produce the tool insert.

Abstract: A cutting tool coated with diamond in which diamond is coated as a film on a substrate having a step 15 to 500 ?m in height in the vicinity of a cutting edge on the rake surface and/or the flank surface. Only the diamond film in the vicinity of the cutting edge can be polished first, without polishing the film of the diamond formed centrally of the rake surface and/or the flank surface. This enables the maximum effect (sharpening of the cutting edge and prevention of welding formation at cutting edge) to be realized with the necessary minimum polishing (with a decreased polishing removal), without setting special conditions and which is suited as a finishing tool.

Abstract: The invention provides a coated cutting tool made of cemented carbide in which a hard coating layer has excellent wear resistance in high-speed cutting operation, wherein (a) a crystal orientation hysteresis layer which consists of a carbonitride compound layer and (b) a hard coating layer which consists of a layer of nitride compound and has a well defined crystal orientation and/or degree of crystallinity are formed on the surface of a cemented carbide substrate, preferably on the surface of a tungsten carbide based cemented carbide or titanium carbonitride based cermet by physical vapor deposition, wherein the crystal orientation hysteresis layer is deposited between the surface of a cemented carbide substrate and the hard coating layer. In one specific example, (a1) the carbonitride compound layer has an average thickness of 0.05 to 0.5 ?m and is preferably a Ti—Al carbonitride compound layer expressed by the composition formula as (Ti1?XAlX)(N1?YCY), wherein X ranges from 0.05 to 0.

Abstract: A surface-coated cutting tool member exhibiting a superior tool life due to a hard coating layer thereof is provided. The surface-coated cutting tool member includes a tungsten carbide based cemented carbide substrate, a titanium carbonitride based cermet substrate, or a cubic boron nitride based sintered substrate; and a hard coating layer of a nitride compound containing titanium and yttrium, which is formed on a surface of the substrate using a physical vapor deposition method in an overall average thickness of 1 to 15 ?m.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a tool used for creating grooves in a microreplication tool is described. The tool includes a mounting structure and a multi-tipped diamond mounted in the mounting structure. The different tips of the diamond may correspond to different grooves to be created in the microreplication tool. In this manner, the creation of a microreplication tool using a diamond can be simplified and/or improved.

Abstract: A cutting tool insert with a cemented carbide and a coating. The cemented carbide substrate includes WC, 7 to 12 wt-% Co, 5 to 11 wt-% cubic carbides of metals from the groups IVb, Vb and VIb with a binder phase that is highly alloyed with cobalt. The tungsten carbide phase has a mean intercept length of 0.7 to 1.4 ?m. The coating includes at least one 2 to 12 ?m thick ?-Al2O3 layer composed of columnar grains with texture coefficients: TC(012)>2.2 and TC(024)>0.6×TC(012).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cutting tool insert for metal machining comprising tungsten carbide in a binder phase of tungsten or a tungsten alloy. The insert contains, in addition, W2C in an amount such that in the x-ray diffraction pattern the peak ratio W2C(101)/W(110) is <0.3. This particular microstructure is obtained by an additional heat treatment at about 1200° C. after the sintering.

Abstract: A milling disk for a floor machining appliance has a plurality of mounts for holding interchangeable plate-like milling tips, the milling disk being driven for rotation by the floor machining appliance and being held substantially parallel to the substructure to be machined so that the milling tips may bite into the substructure and remove matter from the surface thereof. The milling tips are constituted by ceramic cutting tips.

Abstract: The profile turning tool is used for rough-turning and dressing circumferential and flat surfaces, in particular of workpieces made of light metals. It consists of a holder (10) with a receiver (16) for a diamond cutting head (18) as well as a claw (20), which is embodied as a chip breaker, engages a longitudinal groove (26) in the holder (10) and braces the cutting head (18) by means of a tightening screw (22). The groove (26) is located directly behind the cutting head (18). In longitudinal section, its base has an arcuate, concave shape and represents a pivot bearing for the claw (20) that has a correspondingly shaped underside and is guided on the lateral walls of the groove (26). The tightening screw (22) extends in front of the center of the arc with play through a hole in the claw (20).

Abstract: Amorphous carbon coated tools include substrates formed from a cubic boron nitride sintered body, a diamond sintered body, a silicon nitride sintered body, or an aluminum oxide-titanium carbide sintered body, and amorphous carbon films thereon to make the cutting edges of the tools. The amorphous carbon films contain hydrogen at 5 atomic percent or below and have a maximum thickness of 0.05 ?m to 0.5 ?m on the cutting edges. The amorphous carbon films are most suitable for applications to cutting tools exemplified by cutters, knives, and slitters, and to indexable inserts used for example in turning tools including drills, endmills, and reamers, and milling cutters.

Abstract: A metalworking apparatus includes a threading insert with a channel-less chip breaker and a holder for holding the threading insert. The threading insert includes (i) one cooling channel disposed on the top side of the threading insert for each crest and each valley, which terminates near the cutting region, and (ii) a ceramic coating on at least the cutting region of crests and valleys, with each cooling channel being uncoated.

Abstract: A cemented carbide ball end mill comprises a cutting portion with a semi-spherical ball portion at a tip thereof. The cutting edge portion has a cutting edge rake face and a chip evacuating flute at the ball portion. An angle formed by a straight line connecting a vertex of the ball portion, where an intersection line passes through, and another end of the intersection line with respect to the central axis, is from 30° to 50°. Further, and angle formed by the rake face and the chip evacuating flute is from 100° to 150°, and a width of the chip evacuating flute is 0.5 to 5 times as large as a radius of the ball portion.

Abstract: The invention relates to a clamping system as a point of separation inside a tool or workpiece support system, or as an interface between a tool or workpiece support system and a machine tool for the detachable, non-positive connection of two clamping system parts. According to the present invention, it is proposed to coat at least one joining surface of a joining surface pairing between components of the clamping system parts that are to be connected in non-positive fashion with a layer of solid lubricant applied in an abrasion-resistant manner. On the one hand, this coating with solid lubricant enables significant improvement in the sliding characteristics of the joining surfaces, subjected to friction, of the components of the clamping system to be connected with one another. On the other hand, the joining surfaces, which are in addition subjected to a high surface pressure, exhibit improved corrosion characteristics.

Abstract: A ceramic cutting tool including a ceramic base member 4 of a tool main body 1 which is formed of a composite ceramic which contains a hard phase dispersed within an alumina matrix phase. The hard phase contains, as a predominant component, one or more elements selected from hard-phase-forming metal elements M in the form of at least one of a carbide, nitride, or boride, or in the form of a solid solution of at least two selected from the carbide, nitride and boride. The hard-phase-forming metal elements M include Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W and Si. The surface of the ceramic base member 4 is covered with a coating layer 1f, which contains titanium carbonitride or titanium nitride as a predominant component. The coating layer 1f has an average crystal-grain size of 0.1 to 0.5 ?m as observed on the surface, and an average thickness of 0.5 to 2 ?m. The coating layer 4f is formed by a CVD at a low to medium temperature range of 750 to 900° C.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of milling a material comprising aluminum and cast iron. By using a silicon nitride based cutting tool insert at a cutting speed of more than 1000 m/min, an unexpected increase in tool life has been obtained.

Abstract: An amorphous carbon coated tool includes a base material of WC base cemented carbide, and an amorphous carbon film formed on this base material. The cobalt content in the base material is at least 12% by mass. The maximum thickness of the amorphous carbon film is at least 0.05 ?m and not more than 0.5 ?m at the cutting edge. The amorphous carbon film is deposited with graphite as the source material by physical vapor deposition in an atmosphere substantially absent of hydrogen. The amorphous carbon film coated tool superior in wear resistance and adhesion resistance is preferably applicable to rotating tools such as drills, end mills and reamers, indexable inserts used for milling cutters and turning tools, and cutting-off tools such as cutters, knives, or slitters.

Abstract: A coated cemented (binder alloy, e.g., cobalt-chromium alloy) tungsten carbide cutting insert that comprises a substrate and a coating. The substrate contains at least about 70 weight percent tungsten and carbon, between about 3 weight percent and about 12 weight percent cobalt, and at least 0.09 weight percent chromium. The substrate presents a surface zone of binder alloy enrichment that begins near (or at) and extends inwardly from a peripheral surface of the substrate. The coating includes a base layer that contains chromium.

Abstract: A coated tool such as, for example, a cutting tool for removing material from a workpiece or a forming tool for contacting a workpiece. The coated tool includes a substrate wherein the substrate with a coating scheme on the substrate. The coating scheme comprises an outer coating region wherein the outer coating region is in contact with the workpiece during operation. The outer coating region comprises at least one layer of tribological coating material. The coating scheme has an inner coating region that comprises at least one layer of a hard coating material. Optionally, there is an adhesion coating region on the substrate and in contact with the inner coating region and/or present between the outer coating region and the inner coating region.

Abstract: A cutting tool has a surface-coated carbide alloy and a wear-resistant coating layer which has excellent adhesion and chipping resistance. The cutting tool has a surface-coated carbide alloy comprising: a tungsten carbide-based carbide alloy substrate having an amorphous layer formed by an arc ion plating surface treatment to an average depth of 1 to 50 nm from the surface; and a wear-resistant coating layer deposited physically and/or chemically on the surface of the tungsten carbide-based carbide alloy substrate, the wear-resistant coating layer comprising: (a) a lower tough layer made of a titanium nitride layer and having an average thickness of 0.1 to 5 ?m; and a single-layered or multi-layered surface hard layer which is made of a composite nitride layer of Ti and Al and a composite carbonitride layer of Ti and Al, which respectively satisfy the composition formula: (Ti1-XAlX)N and the composition formula: (Ti1-XAlX)C1-YNY (wherein X represents 0.15 to 0.65 and Y represents 0.5 to 0.

Abstract: An apparatus for making microlens molds and microlens array molds is described which utilizes a forming element having a rotating half radius diamond cutting member. A substrate is alignably arranged with the diamond cutting member so that the cutting member can mill a mold cavity in the substrate. The apparatus can be used to make high sag lens molds with high accuracy and a nearly 100% fill factor.

Abstract: A cutting tool 1 includes a hard coating formed on the surface of a substrate formed of, for example, a hard material of cemented carbide (WC-Co-type cemented carbide) equivalent to JIS K10 and polished into the shape of ISO SPGN120312. The cutting tool 1 has a plate-shape with a rake face (the main surface side) that is wider than the opposite face. The hard coating has a thickness in the range of from 1 ?m to 5 ?m, is formed of a TiAlN material, and has a Ti/Al ratio of 1. Coarse grains present in the hard coating and having a size not less than coating thickness occupy an area percentage not greater than 5% by area. The hard coating has a surface roughness Ra of not greater than 0.1 ?m and a surface roughness Rz of not greater than 1 ?m.

Abstract: A cutting tool having a hard coating layer including: a Ti compound layer, as a lower layer, formed by vapor deposition, having an average thickness of 0.5 to 20 &mgr;m and made of at least one layer chosen from among a carbide of Ti layer, a nitride of Ti layer, a carbonitride of Ti layer, a carboxide of Ti layer and a carbonitroxide of Ti layer; an aluminum oxide layer, as an intermediate layer, which has an average thickness of 1 to 25 &mgr;m and a heat transformed &agr;-type crystal structure derived from a vapor deposited &kgr;- or &thgr;-type aluminum oxide layer, and having a structure having cracks therein formed during heat transformation uniformly dispersed; and an aluminum oxide layer, as an upper layer, formed by vapor deposition having an average thickness of 0.3 to 10 &mgr;m and an &agr;-type crystal structure.

Abstract: With conventional small troublesome indexable inserts from high-pressure sintered materials having neither a screw-hole nor a cavity for attaching the insert to a toolholder, clamping the insert onto the holder has been complicated and the tightening force has been weak. The cause behind this is that with the hardness of high-pressure sintered material being high, surface machining is extremely difficult. A toolholder attachment cavity is provided in the rake face of an indexable insert composed of a high-pressure sintered material, by machining with a laser whose light output power is adjusted and whose light-harvesting is enhanced using a galvanometer mirror, while high-precision controlling the beaming position. This allows small-scale indexable insert of high-pressure sintered material to be mounted onto a holder simply and securely with a clamp, and makes for curtailed prep time, improved machining precision, and better mounting reliability.

Abstract: A new drill insert product and the method of making the same are provided. This invention makes use of a multi-metal region bonded to the top (cutting) surface of a superabrasive layer to improve drill life, decrease the propensity for delamination and to avoid crack initiation sites in the drill insert product. This invention makes use of an inner can top composed essentially of niobium, which, under the compression pressure of an ultra high pressure press, bonds to a molybdenum disk, thereby providing improved tensile strength, abrasion resistance, bonding strength, as well as improved control over the cutting surface flatness. By using the inner can top, this invention improves process efficiency, while reducing manufacturing complexity and waste.

Abstract: A cutting tool for machining stainless steel including a tool nose geometry with several facets. The tool includes a nose comprising a leading edge which chips and removes stock from the edge surface, the leading edge bearing adjacent a calibration edge post which the bore is rotated to thereby calibrate the bore. The calibration edge or facet has a length equal to the feed per revolution. This same side has a cutting angle length equal to zero. A hollow cathode discharge method of TiCN coating with no more than three micron thickness is used. This coating method creates a high density of plasma vapor, does not contain micro particles, produces a very dense film which completely replicates the finish of the surface being coated, prevents buildup and increases tool performance. The leading facet preferably has a cutting edge angle with the tool direction of travel through the bore surface equal to 45°.

Abstract: A cutting tool of the invention comprises a cemented carbide main body and a coating layer formed on the surface of the main body, wherein a region where a reduction ratio of Zr to the inside of the main body is smaller than a reduction ratio of other metals of the groups 4a, 5a and 6a in the Periodic Table, is disposed in the vicinity of the surface of the cemented carbide main body. Therefore, wear resistance and plastic deformation resistance to hardly machinable materials such as stainless steel can considerably be improved for elongating tool life.

Abstract: A tool holder having two distinct phases, a first phase in which the tool is held in an interference fit with sufficient mechanical interaction between the two for the tool to be rotated at high speed and perform its intended purpose on a workpiece, and a second phase in which the tool is sufficiently released from the interference fit to be rapidly removed from the holder (as by an automated apparatus).

Abstract: A coated cutting tool having a long tool life because of its excellent wear resistance even under the working condition that the cutting part is subjected to high temperatures resulting from high-speed, high-efficiency machining. The coated cutting tool has a coating formed over the hard-alloy substrate. The coating comprises a first compound layer made of oxycarbonitride of a metal belonging to the IVa, Va, or VIa group in the periodic table. The first compound layer has: (a) atomic ratios of carbon (x), nitrogen (y), and oxygen (z) that satisfy x>y>z; x+y+z=1; 0.74>x>0.35; 0.45>y>0.20; and 0.30>z>0.06; (b) an average layer thickness of 0.5 to 20 &mgr;m that constitutes at least one-half the average total thickness of the coating; (c) a columnar structure; and (d) in the X-ray diffraction analysis, the highest peak intensity lying at one of the (220), (311), and (422) planes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a coated cemented carbide insert for turning of steel, like low alloyed steels, carbon steels and tough hardened steels at high cutting speeds. The cemented carbide consists of WC, 2-10 wt. % Co and 4-12 wt. % of cubic carbides of metals from groups 4, 5 or 6 of the periodic table, preferably Ti, Ta and Nb. The Co-binder phase is highly alloyed with W with a CW-ratio of 0.75-0.90. The insert has a binder phase enriched and essentially cubic carbide free surface zone A of a thickness of <20 ?m and along a line C essentially bisecting the edge, in the direction from the edge to the centre of the insert, a binder phase content increases essentially monotonously until it reaches the bulk composition. The binder phase content at the edge is 0.65-0.75 times the binder phase content by volume of the bulk and the depth of the binder phase depletion is 100-300 ?m, preferably 150-250 ?m. The insert is coated with 3-12 ?m columnar TiCN-layer followed by a 2-12 ?m thick Al2O3-layer.

Abstract: A coated turning insert particularly useful for turning of forged components of stainless steel low alloyed steel. The insert is characterized by a WC-Co cemented carbide body having a highly W-alloyed Co-binder phase and a coating including an innermost layer of TiCxNyOz with columnar grains and a top layer of fine grained ?-Al2O3.

Abstract: There is disclosed a coated cutting insert particularly useful for cutting in cast iron materials. The insert is characterized by a straight WC-Co cemented carbide body having a highly W-alloyed Co binder phase, a well-defined surface content of Co and a coating including an innermost layer of TiCxNyOz with columnar grains, a layer of a fine-grained, textured Al2O3 layer and a top layer of TiCxNyOz that has been removed along the cutting edge line.

Abstract: The method of controlling the modulation pressure in an automatic transmission of a motor vehicle engine includes determining which of n types of engines is being controlled, converting a digitized measured engine load value to one of eight scaled binary values, converting a digitized measured engine speed value signal to one of 32 scaled binary values, combining the scaled binary values of both engine speed and load into an address word for addressing one of n.times.256 storage locations of a data storage device containing reference control data, addressing the storage location corresponding to the address word and transferring the contents of the storage location so addressed to a microprocessor, which generates a current controlling a modulation pressure valve connected to the transmission according to the predetermined engine speed and load dependent data.