Abstract: A locking plate for restricting rotation of a fastener connecting a first component of a gas turbine engine and a second component of a gas turbine engine includes a base having a planar surface receivable in overlapping arrangement with a head of the fastener. A locking portion extends from the base. Engagement between the locking portion and the first component restricts rotation of the locking portion. A key extends from the base and is connectable to the fastener such that the fastener is not rotatable relative to the key when the locking portion has engaged the first component.

Abstract: A captive screw spray nozzle comprising a screw for holding the spray nozzle on a support, the screw comprising a screw head engaging with a holding member, secured to the spray nozzle, and forming a stop for retaining the captive screw on the spray nozzle.

Abstract: A bolt lock plate includes a plate configured with a multi-point aperture and a slot. The multi-point aperture has an axial centerline and a cross-sectional geometry with a quantity N of points arranged about the axial centerline. The slot extends circumferentially about the axial centerline a quantity M of degrees within the plate and between opposing ends of the slot. The quantity M is at least substantially equal to three-hundred and sixty divided by a product of the quantity N and a constant C. The constant C is equal to one or two.

Abstract: A stand-off panel thermal protection system is disclosed. The system comprises a sandwich panel comprising: a first ceramic matrix composite facesheet and a second ceramic matrix composite facesheet. A ceramic matrix composite core is positioned between the first ceramic matrix composite facesheet and the second ceramic matrix composite facesheet. The ceramic matrix composite core has a perimeter. The first ceramic matrix composite facesheet and the second ceramic matrix composite facesheet extend past the perimeter to form a gap between the first ceramic matrix composite facesheet and the second ceramic matrix composite facesheet surrounding the ceramic matrix composite core. A plurality of orifices are formed through the sandwich panel.

Abstract: A self-locking plug assembly is provided that includes a plug, a lower clutch disposed around the plug and defining engagement features, an upper clutch disposed around the plug and defining mating engagement features, a resilient member and a cap surrounding the resilient member and disposed around a proximal end portion of the plug. The mating engagement features are configured to apply higher torque to the engagement features in one direction than in an opposite direction. In one form, the engagement features of the lower clutch and upper clutch comprise a plurality of teeth arranged around a central aperture.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed herein for dressing centering a bearing compartment in a gas turbine engine. A nut may be inserted through an outer case of a gas turbine engine. The nut may be coupled to a strut which centers a bearing compartment. The nut may be rotated to achieve a desired tension on the strut to center the bearing compartment. A retaining plate comprising a collar may be positioned over the nut. A swaging tool comprising a swaging ramp may be positioned over the nut. The swaging tool may be forced against the retaining plate using a draw-in bolt. The swaging ramp may contact the collar and form indentations in the collar to lock the nut in place.

Abstract: A downhole tool includes a fastening assembly securing one component to another component. The fastening assembly may include a threaded fastener located in an aperture of one component and a locking mechanism located in a cavity proximate the aperture. The threaded fastener may include a flange including mutually spaced holes located circumferentially within an outer periphery of the flange. The locking mechanism may include a spring and a dowel member. The locking mechanism may be positioned within a hole of the flange and may be configured to retain the threaded fastener in a fixed position relative to one component. Methods include using a depressor ring including teeth corresponding to the holes of the flange to depress the locking mechanism into the cavity while tightening the threaded fastener.

Abstract: A nut for a turbine engine, in particular for axially locking a bearing race. The nut comprises a thread for screwing onto a part of the turbine engine, and a lock for ensuring the nut cannot rotate relative to the engine part. The nut further comprises at least one dynamic seal.

Abstract: A lock nut system includes a nut having a retaining member which includes a keeper having locking teeth configured to engage with the lock nut teeth. The locking teeth are offset in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction to allow the lock nut to be locked into position on the shaft without further rotation or other adjustment of the nut.

Abstract: A bearing device for a wheel has a wheel bearing including inner and outer rings, a hub wheel, and balls between outer raceway surfaces of the outer ring and inner raceway surfaces of the hub wheel and the inner ring. A stem section is fitted into an inner diameter of the hub wheel to couple a constant velocity universal joint to the wheel bearing through a screw fastening structure so that a shoulder portion of an outer joint member abuts against a crimped portion of the hub wheel. Projecting portions formed on the stem section are press-fitted into the hub wheel having depressed portions formed to interfere with the projecting portions, and a shape of the projecting portions is transferred to the hub wheel providing a projection and depression fitting structure in which the projecting and depressed portions are in close contact at an entire fitting contact portion therebetween.

Abstract: A failsafe pin for providing a backup load path for attaching a gas turbine engine to an aircraft structure is provided with a driving element that allows a torque to be provided to the pin in order to check whether the pin has been engaged, and thus whether a primary load path has failed. The pin is provided with anti-tamper arrangements in order to ensure that the pin itself is not compromised when being tested for engagement.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed herein for dressing centering a bearing compartment in a gas turbine engine. A nut may be inserted through an outer case of a gas turbine engine. The nut may be coupled to a strut which centers a bearing compartment. The nut may be rotated to achieve a desired tension on the strut to center the bearing compartment. A retaining plate comprising a collar may be positioned over the nut. A swaging tool comprising a swaging ramp may be positioned over the nut. The swaging tool may be forced against the retaining plate using a draw-in bolt. The swaging ramp may contact the collar and form indentations in the collar to lock the nut in place.

Abstract: A stud assembly may be used to secure one item, such as a panel, to a second item, such as a second panel. The stud assembly may include a fastener, a first clip having a fastener portion and a retaining portion, the retaining portion having at least one aperture, where the first clip is attached to the fastener at the fastener portion, and a second clip attached to the fastener and spaced from the fastener portion of the first clip, the second clip having at least one tab, where the tab engages the aperture to secure the first clip to the second clip.

Abstract: The invention relates to a torque support for a valve lock (5) in order to prevent a rotation of the lock with respect to the valve (1), wherein a connection housing (8) adjoins the valve lock and at least one boom (9, 9a) carried by the connection housing rests against the valve housing in the pivoted-out end position. Similarly, the torque support can also be connected to the valve housing and the boom can rest against the connection housing, or the connection housing is integrated in the valve lock.

Abstract: Devices and method for performing replacement prosthetic knee surgery are disclosed in which a spacing means is introduced between the femur (1) and tibia (2) while the patella (9) is in place. The spacing means separates the femur (1) from the tibia (2) by an amount essentially equal to or greater than the required flexion gap (4). An alignment device (26) is used for performing femoral bone cuts, which device attaches temporarily to a fitted tibial plate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an anti-rotation device for a pivot for rotatably connecting at least two fittings, the pivot having a polygonal pivot head, comprising: an inner anti-rotation part for preventing the rotating of a pivot head, which comprises at least one leg, which abuts against respective one of the side faces of the pivot head in the mounting state; an outer anti-rotation part for preventing the rotating of the inner anti-rotation part, which comprises at least one wall, each of which abuts against the respective one of the at least one leg in the mounting state; and a fixer for fixing the inner anti-rotation part to the outer anti-rotation part.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatus are disclosed for retaining a fastening element in a retention tool. The retention tool may include a housing that includes a socket configured to receive fastening elements. The retention tool may further include a torque restrictor that is coupled to the housing, and is configured to transfer a rotational force to the fastening elements. The retention tool further includes a retention plate coupled to the housing and configured to retain the fastening elements in the socket. The retention plate may have a first resistance configured to enable the insertion of the fastening elements into the socket in a first direction in response to a first application of a first force. The retention plate may also have a second resistance configured to enable the removal of the fastening elements from the socket in a second direction in response to a second application of a second force.

Abstract: The present invention provides a bracket configuration for retaining a washer within a washer case which has an opening for inserting the bracket therethrough so that the washer case is mounted to the bracket from above the washer. The bracket configuration specifically includes a hole configured to dispose the washer thereon and insert a bolt therethrough, and a rib formed along an edge of the opening so as to prevent or protect the washer from deviation or disconnection via a clearance gap created between the opening and the bracket.

Abstract: A system for preventing rotation of fasteners is provided that includes secondary locking devices. The system may include multiple fasteners that extend parallel to each other and may be arranged in a generally circular pattern. Multiple secondary locks may be arranged concentrically outside of the fasteners and have radially extending teeth so that teeth of adjacent secondary locks engage each other for preventing rotation of the fasteners. The secondary fasteners may have central openings that are larger than the fasteners to allow for substantial back-and-forth rotational movement, which may be between about 5 to 20 degrees of travel, of the secondary locks upon the fasteners before being stopped by the engagements of the secondary locks and fasteners. Inner and outer peripheral surfaces of the secondary locks may have different axes of symmetry which may allow the secondary lock teeth to be arranged asymmetrically relative to the fasteners.

Abstract: A bolt fixing device is configured so that a lock cap is pushed up by elastic force of an elastic member and engages upper surface teeth with lower surface teeth, the upper surface teeth being formed on the upper surface of a flange of a lock cap, the lower surface teeth being formed on the lower surface of an engagement flange of a body housing. Thus, the head bolt of a jet pump beam is fixed. With the configuration, when installing an inlet mixer, the head bolt of the jet pump beam is simply and reliably locked against rotation.

Abstract: A gas turbine engine includes a bushing that is non-round in cross-section, the bushing receivable within an aperture. A fastener passes through the bushing to retain a second component to a third component with respect to the first component.

Abstract: A retaining system for securing a closure at an installed position within a bore. The bore being in a portion of a housing and having screw threads along at least a portion thereof. The closure having an internally threaded hold extending therein. The closure in the installed position closes the bore. The retaining system comprising a retaining cover for obstructing removal of the closure from the bore. The retaining cover being receivable in the bore in a position generally adjacent the closure. The retaining cover having external threads interengageable with the screw threads of the bore such that the cover is rotatable relative to the housing in a tightening direction for movement of the cover into the bore toward the closure and rotatable in an opposite, loosening direction for movement of the cover out from the bore away from the closure. The cover having a central axis of rotation.

Abstract: A screw connection having a screw section and a nut threaded thereon. A self-locking effect of the nut on the screw section is achieved in a simple manner in that an intermediate disk is supported non-rotatably on the screw section and is received on the nut so as to be rotatable relative to the nut. The intermediate disk includes a grid distributed around the circumference of the intermediate disk, and the nut carries at least one resiliently elastic, radially displaceable catch formed by a sheet-metal part which, after installing the nut, positively engages the grid to lock the nut against rotation relative to the screw section and intermediate disk. Upon application of a wrench to the nut, the at least one resilient, radially displaceable catch is compressed and drawn out of engagement with the grid, so that the nut can be rotated relative to the screw section.

Abstract: A novel spindle nut assembly is presented comprising the following three components: a washer, a locking snap ring, and a nut. Each of these three components function together, and in conjunction with the spindle of a vehicle axle, to affix a wheel hub assembly onto the spindle of an axle. The three components comprising the spindle nut assembly incorporate design features allowing the components to interlock and resist loss of preload compression on the hub assembly.

Abstract: A locking fastener is provided having a main body with first and second axially directed surfaces, where both surfaces surround an axis, and a threaded surface and a slot. The slot extends from the first axially directed surface to the second axially directed surface. A first portion of the threaded surface is located above the slot and a second portion is located below the slot. A locking recess is formed in the main body, and extends substantially parallel to the axis and extends to or through the slot. The locking recess has an internal threaded surface portion, which is configured to engage an external threaded surface portion of a locking member. The locking member passes axially through the locking recess and slot, and a tightening of the locking member results in a relative axial movement between the first and second portions of the threaded surface that locks the locking fastener.

Abstract: The present invention is a weld adapter including a body portion having a first aperture and at least two flanges connected to the body portion. The present invention also includes a second aperture formed in one of the at least two flanges, with the second aperture substantially aligned with the first aperture. Additionally, one of the flanges is adaptable for being connected to a structure.

Abstract: An apparatus comprises a fastening member, a complimentary fastening member, and a retainer member. The fastening member has a first end, a second end, a channel located at the first end, outer threads located on an outer surface of the fastening member, and inner threads located on an inner surface of the channel. The outer threads of the fastening member are closer to the first end than the second end. The complimentary fastening member has a channel and inner threads located within the channel. The inner threads of the complimentary fastening member are capable of engaging the outer threads of the fastening member. The retainer member has a threaded end. The retainer member is capable of entering the channel of the complimentary fastening member and the threaded end of the retainer member is capable of engaging the inner threads of the fastening member.

Abstract: A device for mounting a suspension member on the casing of a turbine engine is disclosed. The device includes a yoke with at least one lug, secured to the casing, a pin fixed to the yoke supporting the member via a ring surrounding the pin, and a rotation-prevention device that includes a counter-rotation plate attached to the lug. The plate and the pin include an assembly consisting of a peg and of a cutout or a hole, into which the peg fits in order to prevent the pin from rotating in the yoke.

Abstract: A metal plate member fixation device includes a barrel for bonding to a mounting through hole of a first metal plate member, a lock screw bolt inserted through the barrel for threading into a screw hole of a second metal plate member to lock the first and second metal plate members together, a cap molded on the head of the lock screw bolt, a spring member sleeved onto the shank of the lock screw bolt and stopped against the shoulder of the lock screw bolt and an annular inside step of the barrel, and a compressively deformable annular stop member positioned in an annular inside locating groove in the barrel around the shank of the lock screw bolt for stopping against one end of the thread of the lock screw bolt to prohibit escape of the lock screw bolt from the barrel.

Abstract: A metal plate member fixation device includes a barrel for bonding to a mounting through hole of a first metal plate member, a lock screw bolt inserted through the barrel for threading into a screw hole of a second metal plate member to lock the first and second metal plate members together, a cap affixed to the head of the lock screw bolt for gripping, a spring member sleeved onto the shank of the lock screw bolt and stopped against the heat of the lock screw bolt, and a stop washer positioned in an annular inside locating groove in the barrel around the shank of the lock screw bolt and stopped against the other end of the spring member for allowing axial movement of the lock screw bolt relative to the barrel within a predetermined range and for stopping against one end of the thread of the lock screw bolt to prohibit escape of the lock screw bolt from the barrel.

Abstract: Retainer for threaded fasteners such as the cap screws that secure the end caps of roller bearing assemblies to railroad axles. A locking plate is constrained against rotation relative to the fastener, a lock ring having a plurality of openings disposed along a circular path is placed over the head of the fastener, with the fastener being received in a non-circular central opening in the ring and thereby constrained against rotation relative to the ring, and tabs extending from the locking plate and engaging the lock ring through the openings to retain the lock ring on the fastener and prevent the lock ring and fastener from turning. In the disclosed embodiments, the ring can be placed on the fastener in different rotative positions, and the number of tab openings is either a prime number or another number that is not divisible by factors of the number of ring positions, whereby the fastener can be selectively locked in a relatively large number of different positions no more than a few degrees apart.

Abstract: A nut locking system made from non-metallic components, so as to be suitable for use in a high voltage generator that can easily be fitted and changed, includes a threaded shaft (10) and a nut (20) having at least one flat face (14) extending along the shaft (10), at least one slot (22) extending through the top surface of the nut (26), and a fastening device (30) for locking the nut (20) so as to prevent the rotational movement of the nut (20). The slots (22) and the faces (14) are such that when the nut (20) is threaded onto the shaft (10), at least one face (14) is alignable with at least one slot (22) so as to enable the fitting of a fastening device (30) through at least one of the slots (22), thereby locking the nut.

Abstract: A locking mechanism to prevent rotation between a press frame and a hydraulic cartridge threaded into the press frame is disclosed in one aspect of the invention as including a locking mechanism body; one or more fasteners to attach the body to the frame of an HPHT press; and a pin extendable with respect to the body and adapted to engage an aperture in the hydraulic cartridge. The pin prevents rotation of the hydraulic cartridge relative to the frame. In certain embodiments, a cap constructed of a softer material than the hydraulic cartridge is attached to the end of the pin to prevent scratching or damage to the hydraulic cartridge.

Abstract: A rotorcraft rotor includes a hub , a first blade having a first twistable structure secured to the hub by a first bolt and a first ring or washer , a second blade having a second twistable structure secured to the hub by a second bolt and a second ring or washer. The rotor includes a stop structure for preventing each ring or washer from turning relative to the hub or relative to the corresponding twistable structure.

Abstract: The invention relates to a fixation device (1) for screws/bolts and/or nuts (2) comprising an outer profile (4) having multiple edges, wherein the fixation device (1) is fitted in a form-locking manner to at least two sides (15) of the outer profile (4) and is securable in a form-locking manner to the outer profile (4) by means of a fastening element (5).

Abstract: A bore serration for locking externally serrated inserts (3) against rotation, with the external serration (4) comprising several teeth (5), and particularly for use with components made of hard, brittle materials, includes an arcuate serration (10) featuring arcuate recesses (7) produced by plunge or circumferential surface milling. Each of the recesses positively accommodates at least two teeth (5) of the outer serration (4) of the threaded insert (3). The arcuate serration can be produced with high dimensional accuracy without damaging the workpiece and with reduced wear of the tool, and ensures a long service-life of the threaded insert.

Abstract: A body comprising a nut retaining apparatus mounted thereon for fastening a bolt to the body. The bolt is inserted into a bolt insertion hole at an end surface of the body from a direction inclined with respect to a direction tangent to the body. The nut retaining apparatus comprises a nut retainer and a nut holder, the nut retainer positioned at an insertion end of the bolt insertion hole in the body and against which a nut member having a threaded hole abuts, and the nut holder mounted on the body for supporting the nut member in the inclined direction. The nut member is retained and supported in the inclined direction at a position between the nut retainer and nut holder and continuous with the bolt insertion hole.

Abstract: A bolt lock locks a bolt against rotation on an output gear. The bolt lock includes a locking plate having a ring-shaped body encircling the head of the bolt and provided with locking tabs bendable into locking engagement with the flat sides of the bolt head to prevent the bolt from rotating. The plate is secured to the output gear by additional bolts. The ring-shaped body has additional locking tabs bendable into locking engagement with the flat sides of the heads of the additional bolts.

Abstract: A wheel nut assembly includes a stud (1), a main wheel nut (4) mountable on threads (3) provided on the stud, and a retaining nut (6) engageable with threads (5) provided on the stud to prevent accidental loosening of the wheel nut (4). The threads of the wheel nut (4) and the threads for the retaining nut (6) are of opposite hand. A cap (11) is slidably mounted on the retaining nut (6) and biased into a first position by a spring (16). The cap (11) includes multi-hexagonal profiles (12, 14) for engaging hexagonal profiles (13, 15) provided on the retaining nut (6) and on the main wheel nut (4). Accordingly, in the first position, the retaining nut (6) and the main wheel nut (4) are rotationally locked to each other and because of the opposite hand of the respective threads it is not possible to remove the retaining nut. To release the retaining nut (6), the cap (11) is grasped and pulled to the limit permitted by the spring (16) to permit rotation of the retaining nut (6) and removal thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a connection between a spindle and a bearing assembly to retain the bearing assembly on the spindle. A combination lock washer and spindle bearing assembly is provided to include a spindle, thrust washer, lock washer and nut in which the lock washer simultaneously locks the inner thrust washer and an outer spindle nut. According to the present invention, the thrust washer, lock washer and nut may be oriented at any angle relative to one another allowing for infinite bearing adjustment positions.

Abstract: A positive locking fastener for inhibiting rotation of a nut located on a shaft of a threaded fastener, the positive locking fastener comprising: a first plate and a second plate receivable on the shaft, wherein at least one of said plates is rotationally fixed relative to the shaft; a locking assembly axially coupling said first plate to said second plate, said locking assembly including an opening formed in said second plate and a projection extending axially outward from said first plate, wherein said projection is adapted to extend through said opening and overlap a portion of said second plate; and a nut receiving aperture formed on one of said plates having a nut engaging member adapted to rotationally couple the nut to said plates, whereby the nut is rotationally fixed relative to the shaft to inhibit rotation of the nut.

Abstract: The present invention provides a hub assembly and a hub fastener anti-rotate apparatus for securing a wheel of vehicle (e.g., a zero-radius-turning lawn mower) to a vehicle drive axle. The anti-rotate apparatus may assist in preventing or substantially limiting loosening of a hub fastener used to secure the hub assembly to the drive axle.

Abstract: A spindle nut retainer is provided for preventing a nut threaded upon a spindle from unthreading and detaching from the spindle. The spindle nut retainer includes an integral base section and peripheral section maintaining a cup-shaped configuration. The base section includes an aperture through which the spindle may pass and the peripheral section includes a plurality of fingers which form windows therebetween used to form a locking connection between the spindle nut retainer and the nut.

Abstract: A floating and captured cage nut assembly includes a structural member that is U-shaped with a pair of rolled sides defining mounting legs and a rolled front end defining an anti-rotation flange. The rolled sides of the structural member are positioned on the component and are welded or otherwise secured thereto over the opening during manufacture. The floating and captured cage nut assembly further includes an anti-rotation plate having a hexagonal opening to receive a flange nut and a locking window. The anti-rotation plate and the flange nut are inserted within the structural member and the anti-rotation flange is received within the locking window with clearance to loosely secure the components together. The flange nut is retained on the component, and the anti-rotation plate prevents its rotation. The clearance between the anti-rotation flange and the locking window facilitates the threading of the fastener into the nut within a predetermined tolerance zone.

Abstract: A fastener and washer assembly wherein the washer includes a central planar bearing portion, an opening through the bearing portion, end portions inclined from a plane of the planar bearing portion and elongated openings on opposed sides of the central opening and a fastener having a body portion and a radial flange portion received in the elongated openings, rotatably supporting the fastener on the washer. The method of assembly includes driving the radial flange portion of the fastener against at least one of the inclined end portions of the washer, resiliently biasing the end portion outwardly and receiving the radial flange portion in the elongated openings.

Abstract: A probe locking washer (10) for substantially preventing unwanted loosening of a probe mounted on a receiver unit of an animal training device in which the receiver unit is mounted on an animal collar. The probe locking washer (10) of the present invention includes a disk member (25) having an upper surface (30) and a lower surface (35) and a centrally disposed hole member (40) which allows the probe locking washer (10) to be mounted on the mounting post (20). The probe locking washer (10) also includes a countersink member (45) disposed in the lower surface (35) of the disk member (25) and which includes a plurality of internal radial spline teeth (50) for providing radial resistance to any untightening force caused by vibration or other untightening force.

Abstract: There is provided a floating nut which opportunity of application can be expanded by increasing the floating amount of the floating nut. The clearance between the spline of an outer circumferential surface of a nut 6 and a spline opening 5b of a retainer 5 is freely set on the condition that the outside diameter df of a flange 6c of the nut 6 and the outside diameter dj of a stop ring 7 are larger than the diameter of a spline opening 5b of the retainer 5. The applications of the floating nut 4 can be extended by determining the clearance between the spline of the outer circumferential surface of the nut 6 and the spline opening 5b of the retainer 5 according to the required floating amount.

Abstract: A retainer for non-rotatably retaining a conduit member that extends through an opening in a casing wall. The retainer has an annular top wall that includes an inner periphery having inwardly extending projections to engage the outer surface of the conduit member. Additionally, the retainer includes a depending skirt that extends from the outer periphery of the top wall. A pair of outwardly extending straps extend from the skirt and include bolt holes for enabling the retainer to be bolted relative to the casing wall. The retainer limits axial outward movement of the conduit member and also diffuses and deflects any leakage air that passes around the conduit member to avoid impingement of the leakage air against the structural components and accessories that are positioned outside the engine casing.

Abstract: There is provided a floating nut which opportunity of application can be expanded by increasing the floating amount of the floating nut. The clearance between the spline of an outer circumferential surface of a nut 6 and a spline opening 5b of a retainer 5 is freely set on the condition that the outside diameter df of a flange 6c of the nut 6 and the outside diameter dj of a stop ring 7 are larger than the diameter of a spline opening 5b of the retainer 5. The applications of the floating nut 4 can be extended by determining the clearance between the spline of the outer circumferential surface of the nut 6 and the spline opening 5b of the retainer 5 according to the required floating amount.

Abstract: An anti-rotation clip is adapted to be attached to a fastener or connector assembly to ensure the tightened threaded connection of the assembly. The anti-rotation clip in one embodiment of the invention includes one or more co-axial clips to radially and forcibly grip one or more hexagonal parts rotatable to a body, and a pair of tang members extending from one clip to engage a pair of grooves having flat bottoms on the body to prevent the hexagonal parts from rotation and the clip from axially moving away relative to the body. In another embodiment of the invention, two co-axially connected clips are adapted to radially and forcibly grip two connectors, having hexagonal exteriors, which are in a tightly threaded connection to a body and may be loosened in opposite rotary directions. The two clips lock the two connectors together to prevent the loosening of either one. An axially spaced apart tang member restrains a flange member on the body to prevent the clip from displacement from its axial position.