Abstract: A hydrocarbon catalytic cracking process in which, a substantial portion of the hydrocarbons is pulverized and placed in contact with a specific contact zone, which is composed of: a mixing chamber having a maximum section S.sub.2, the upper part of which is fed with a heated regenerated catalyst through an upper opening delimiting a catalyst-flow section S.sub.1, and a descending-flow reaction area, in which the solid-gas mixture emanating from the mixing chamber is poured through an intermediate opening having a section S.sub.3 located in the lower part of said chamber. The ratios S.sub.2 /S.sub.1 and S.sub.2 /S.sub.3 have values of between 1.5 and 8.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method for detecting clogging of air feed pipes, comprising air feed pipes (15), each having an outlet (13) for jetting air into a granulation section (1), and jetting nozzles (13), each situated at the center of the air outlet of a said air feed pipe for jetting a liquid of a molten raw material (e.g.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for performing a continuous reaction with at least one liquid reaction phase incorporating at least one starting compound in the presence of at least one solid-phase catalyst, wherein the phases to be contacted are circulated through at least one pulsed reaction column (1). The liquid reaction phase is continuously fed into the middle or lower portion of the pulsed column (1), the liquid phase is circulated upwards through the pulsed column (1), and a counterflow made up of lumps (9) of a solid selective extraction compound is continuously circulated. Furthermore, each solid catalyst is continuously circulated through the pulsed column (1) in contact with the liquid phase.

Abstract: A distributor assembly for hydroprocessing a hydrocarbon mixture of hydrogen-containing gas and liquid hydrocarbon is presented. The distributor assembly has a circular plate with a plurality of hollow risers bound thereto for distributing hydrogen-containing gas and liquid hydrocarbon through openings in the circular plate member. Each of the hollow risers has a tubular opening in its associated side. The distributor assembly is connected to an internal wall of a reactor. A method is also presented for hydroprocessing a hydrocarbon feed stream comprising flowing a mixture of hydrogen-containing gas and liquid hydrocarbon into a reactor zone to produce evolved hydrogen-containing gas; and flowing the mixture of hydrogen-containing gas and liquid hydrocarbon through a plurality of tubular zones while admixing simultaneously therewith the evolved hydrogen-containing gas.

Abstract: A mass transfer system for decontaminating a contaminated liquid or gas stream. The system includes a container with a liquid inlet, a liquid outlet, a gas inlet and a gas outlet. The container is adapted to channel a liquid stream from the liquid inlet to the liquid outlet. The vessel is also adapted to channel a gas stream from the gas inlet to the gas outlet. At least one grid is mounted within the container and is positioned within the gas and liquid streams. The grid has a plurality of apertures formed therein which are adapted to disperse the gas flow as it passes through the grid. The dispersion of the gas flow generates a fluidized bed within the container. The grid is preferably parabolic in shape. A light assembly is mounted on the container and has a light emitting unit positioned so as to emit light into the container. The light irradiates at least one of the streams flowing therein.

Abstract: Exhaust gas from combustion equipment such as a boiler is brought into contact with an absorbing liquid to absorb sulfur oxide from the exhaust gas into the absorbing liquid. Limestone particles having larger diameters are selectively retained in a zone wherein the absorbing liquid that has absorbed the sulfur oxide from the exhaust gas is neutralized. The absorbing liquid containing water and the gypsum thereby formed, as main constituents, are selectively drained from the neutralizing zone and recycled for renewed contact with the exhaust gas. Because of the possibility of a large decrease of desulfurizing performance due to a variation in the load on the boiler, etc., at least one of the following is monitored: pressure drop across the neutralizing zone, torque of a stirring device, solids concentration in the absorbing liquid, specific gravity of the absorbing liquid and viscosity of the absorbing liquid. Responsive to the monitored parameters outlet SO.sub.

Abstract: Gas-phase process for the preparation of polymers and copolymers of olefins CH.sub.2 .dbd.CHR, carried out in at least 2 fluidized or mechanically agitated bed gas-phase reactors operating under different reaction conditions so as to obtain different polymers in the different reactors; the process is characterized in that the polymer is at least partially recycled among the different reactors by using ratios of the flow rate of circulation among the different reactors to the discharge flow rate comprised between 2 and 6.

Abstract: The plant for treating powders or granules enables a considerable simplification of the operation of cleaning the filters, and a more efficient centering of the basket container, and includes a tubular casing coupled in a detachable manner to a cover and a base structure. The tubular casing may be rotatable around a horizontal axis on opposing aligned appendages, and the base structure may include a basket resting on a trolley which can be lifted in a guided manner to couple with the bottom edge of the casing. The plant may be used in a wide variety of industrial applications, in particular in the chemical, food and pharmaceutical industries.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for producing a product, such as hydrogen halide gas or sulfuric acid, in a regenerator furnace subsystem from a waste containing a non-gasifiable impurity. The method of the invention includes directing a waste, containing a non-gasifiable impurity into a reaction zone, containing a molten metal bath, in a reactor maintained under conditions sufficient to dissociate the waste and to form a gasified feed component and a non-gasifiable impurity. The gasified feed component is then directed from the reactor to a regenerator furnace subsystem, maintained under conditions sufficient to convert the gasified feed component to the desired product.The apparatus of the invention includes a reactor having a waste inlet and a gaseous effluent, a reaction zone containing a molten-metal bath for dissociating the waste, containing a non-gasifiable impurity, and forming a gasified feed component, and a lance for injecting the waste into the reaction zone.

Abstract: This invention related to aprocessing device such as a calciner or the like. The processing vessel is vertical with concentric cylindrical inner and outer walls, closely spaced and heated for rapid thermal processing, with strong boiling, evaporating, fluidizing and gasifying feed. This vigorous action is helping the steady gravitational movement of feed through the vessel. A top inlet for feed and a bottom outlet for residue are provided. Means for preventing air infiltration and means for controlling flow and keeping vessel filled during processing are provided. Any number of outlets for steam, boiling hot water, fluidized and gasified material at various heights of the vessel. Some material require addition of catalysts to bring about a chemical change and reduction in a pyrolitic process.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods useful for degassing a reaction mixture in a petrochemical processing reactor are disclosed. The methods and apparatus employ a novel liquid-gas separator that includes non-linear risers and that discharges the mixture into a vapor space in a manner intended to maximize degassing of the mixture. Resid hydrotreating processes employing these methods also are disclosed.

Abstract: A cell culture reactor can have one or more gasification modules in which tubular membrane hoses surround rigid inner tubes which extend above the membranes to communicate with gas inlets or outlets. The tube is anchored in a closure member at the lower end of the membrane.

Abstract: A gas distribution plate for use with a fluidized-bed gas-phase polymerizer comprising a flat plate and a plurality of cylindrical or frustoconical pieces each having an oblique hole or a spiral groove cut in its surface. Each piece fits into a hole in the flat plate.

Abstract: A reactor for treating a liquid containing evolvable and entrained gas has a vessel for containing a bed of particulate media, and a liquid flow distributor mounted in the vessel that includes a manifold connected to receive liquid and introduce it into the bed. The manifold includes a liquid conveying passage having an upper region where any gas that evolves from the liquid can collect and at least one discharging nozzle having an inlet in open communication with the upper region for receiving the liquid, evolved gas or a mixture thereof, and an outlet for uniformly discharging the liquid, gas or mixture thereof into the bed.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods useful for introducing feedstock to a chemical reactor are disclosed. The methods and apparatus employ a novel baffle system to mitigate the effects of unwanted momentum components transferred to the reactor liquid mass from the introduced feedstock. Resid hydrotreating processes employing these methods also are disclosed.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon feed pipe in a fluid catalytic cracking system includes a nozzle positioned in the upper section of the riser reactor pipe. This arrangement, together with one or more feed pipes at conventional locations in the riser reactor pipe, allows for feed segregation or feed splitting processes whereby different feed flow rates and/or compositions are fed to different points in the riser reactor pipe. Feed splitting/segregating processes provide for improved product yields and product properties.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor system which utilizes a fluid phase, a retained fluidized primary particulate phase, and a migratory second particulate phase. The primary particulate phase is a particle such as a gel bead containing an immobilized biocatalyst. The secondary and tertiary particulate phases, continuously introduced and removed simultaneously in the cocurrent and countercurrent mode, act in a role such as a sorbent to continuously remove a product or by-product constituent from the fluid phase. Means for introducing and removing the sorbent phases include feed screw mechanisms and multivane slurry valves.

Abstract: Process for the continuous fluidized bed agglomeration wherein the granulating liquid together with propellant air is supplied centrally through a three-phase nozzle on the distributor of the fluidized bed, and at the same time, the solid in powder form is fed into the fluidized bed through the annular space or the three-phase nozzle with the air of a current of propellant air, supplied separately and concentrically.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor system utilizes a fluid phase, a retained fluidized primary particulate phase, and a migratory second particulate phase. The primary particulate phase is a particle such as a gel bead containing an immobilized biocatalyst. The secondary particulate phase, continuously introduced and removed in either cocurrent or countercurrent mode, acts in a secondary role such as a sorbent to continuously remove a product or by-product constituent from the fluid phase. Introduction and removal of the sorbent phase is accomplished through the use of feed screw mechanisms and multivane slurry valves.

Abstract: A reactor for conducting a continuous multi-phase catalytic reaction such as the conversion of syngas to higher hydrocarbon fuels. Gaseous reactants are introduced via a gas-permeable plate into a slurry which includes the product and a finely divided catalyst. The liquid product is separated from the remainder of the slurry by means of a filter unit including a filter member. A pressure differential is established across the filter member by means of a constant level device within the filter unit which maintains a level of filtrate within the filter unit below the level of the slurry. The slurry is maintained in a constant state of agitation by the introduction of the gaseous components as a steam of bubbles. Fluctuations in the pressure differential across the filter member prevent the filter member from clogging and the gas spaces above the filtrate and the slurry are in communication.

Abstract: An alkane-containing feedstream is passed through one or more tubes, which may contain alkane-dehydrogenation catalyst, immersed in a bed of fluidized particles. The bed is at an elevated temperature which maintains the temperature within the tube(s) at an alkane-dehydrogenation temperature. The particles may be inert, chemically active and/or catalytically active. In one embodiment, cracking catalyst particles are circulated between a reaction zone wherein they contact a cracker feedstock which is converted to cracked hydrocarbon products and a regenerator (22) wherein carbonaceous deposits on the catalyst particles are exothermically removed by contact with an oxygen-containing gas (24). Hot regenerated particles from the regenerator (22) are recirculated (27) to the reaction zone for re-use therein.

Abstract: A process for converting cellulosic materials, such as waste paper, into fuels and chemicals utilizing enzymatic hydrolysis of the major constituent of paper, cellulose. A waste paper slurry is contacted by cellulase in an agitated hydrolyzer. The cellulase is produced from a continuous, columnar, fluidized-bed bioreactor utilizing immobilized microorganisms. An attritor and a cellobiase reactor are coupled to the agitated hydrolyzer to improve reaction efficiency. The cellulase is recycled by an adsorption process. The resulting crude sugars are converted to dilute product in a fluidized-bed bioreactor utilizing microorganisms. The dilute product is concentrated and purified by utilizing distillation and/or a biparticle fluidized-bed bioreactor system.

Abstract: A distillation column reactor is provided having special trays arranged within the column to provide better mixing and thus achieve better mass and energy transfer between the liquid, vapor and catalyst. The trays comprise a slotted support plate for the catalyst with openings to allow vapor passage through the catalyst from the tray below. A draft chimney or riser is provided directly above the slotted openings to increase the vapor velocity and carry the liquid and catalyst upward on the tray. A hood is included at the upper end of the chimney to direct the liquid-vapor-catalyst flow back down onto the tray. The liquid from the tray above is distributed onto the tray about the chimney by distributors which preferably extend below the static catalyst level on the tray.

Abstract: Slurry bubble columns equipped with downcomers which have high efficiency gas disengagement means fitted on top of the slurry liquid reaction mixture comprising an inverted channel having a gas vent extending out of the apex of the inverted channel and a liquid by-pass pipe extending from the side of the inverted channel at a point below the apex to under the liquid level and emptying into the downcomer. The inverted channel is fitted to the top of said downcomer and the bottom edge of which inverted channel is in contact with the surface of the slurry mixture in the slurry bubble column reaction zone. Improved catalyst distribution and circulation, mass and heat transfer results from catalyst in gas-lean slurry flowing through the liquid by-pass tubes in the inverted channel and flowing into and down the downcomer to the bottom of the bubble column reactor.

Abstract: Resonant tubes of a pulse combustor are immersed in a bed of solid particles in a reaction zone to provide indirect heat from the pulsating combustion gases to the solid particles of the bed. The bed is maintained in an agitated state by a gas or vapor flowing through the bed. Reactant materials are introduced into the agitated bed and undergo reaction at enhanced rates resulting from heat transfer coefficients at least about twice as high as those of steady flow combustors and an intense acoustic pressure level propagated from the pulsating combustor into the reaction zone. The apparatus is useful, for example, to steam reform heavy hydrocarbons and to gasify carbonaceous material, including biomass and black liquor to produce combustible gas at relatively low temperatures, with steam being utilized as the bed fluidizing medium. Black liquor gasification, utilizing sodium carbonate as bed solids, results in liquor energy and chemical content recovery without smelt production.

Abstract: A packed mass transfer tower for establishing intimate gas/liquid contact and efficient mass transfer that is less susceptible to gas or liquid channeling, gas surging and uneven distribution of gas or liquid across the cross-sectional area of the tower. The packed tower includes a packing arrangement including a lower bed of mobile packing elements, and an adjacent upper bed of fixed packing elements. The packed bed of fixed packing elements acts as a gas distributor, as well as causing good gas/liquid contact, to provide an even flow of gas across essentially the entire cross-sectional area of the packed bed of mobile packing elements.

Abstract: A packed mass transfer tower for establishing intimate gas-liquid contact and efficient mass transfer that is less susceptible to gas or liquid channeling, gas surging and uneven distribution of gas or liquid across the cross-sectional area of the tower. The packed tower includes a mobile bed mass transfer stage including a packed bed of mobile packing material, such as hollow spheres.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor system which utilizes a fluid phase, a retained fluidized primary particulate phase, and a migratory second particulate phase. The primary particulate phase is a particle such as a gel bead containing an immobilized biocatalyst. The secondary particulate phase, continuously introduced and removed in either cocurrent or countercurrent mode, acts in a secondary role such as a sorbent to continuously remove a product or by-product constituent from the fluid phase. Introduction and removal of the sorbent phase is accomplished through the use of feed screw mechanisms and multivane slurry valves.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for rapid stripping of fluid cracking catalyst is disclosed. A series of concentric annular beds provide rapid initial removal of hydrocarbons from the interstices of the catalyst particles. Successive stages of stripping allow time for hydrocarbon diffusion from catalyst's pores while maintaining low hydrocarbon partial pressure. Residence times increase as the catalyst passes to the different catalyst beds.

Abstract: Catalyst which has become deactivated during a hydrocarbon synthesis (HCS) process is reactivated - rejuvenated using an external reactivation - rejuvenation vessel resulting in a multiple HCS reaction - catalyst rejuvenation reactor vessel design. Flow of the catalyst is synthesis product slurry from the reactor vessel to the rejuvenation vessel and the flow of rejuvenated catalyst back to the reactor vessel are driven by gravity only.

Abstract: Reduction of the hysteresis effects in a gaslift loop reactor is effected with a draft tube for solids suspension. The gas or liquid flow rates for generating complete solid suspension are significantly higher than the flow rates necessary for maintaining that state. These hysteresis effects may be significantly reduced and a substantial reduction is obtained for the energy necessary to obtain the state of suspension. Preferably a draft tube which comprises openings through which an extra circulation takes place especially during the startup phase is used.

Abstract: A downcomer for use in ebullating bed reactors that is perforated along its length within the reactor. These perforations are sized slightly smaller that the solid catalyst particles used in the reactor in order to screen out these solid particles and prevent their flow or movement into the downcomer from the reactor. As a result of the perforated downcomer, any liquid separated from the fluidized medium and collected in the downcomer will flow back through these perforations and into the reactor when the ebullating bed is operating at its normal level; however, when the ebullating bed is operating at an upset level condition, the liquid in this fluidized medium will flow in the opposite direction and will pass through these perforations into the downcomer in order to maintain a minimum flow to the ebullating pumps.

Abstract: A catalyst for oxidizing aqueous organic contaminants includes about 5 wt % to about 20 wt % noble metal crystallites selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, ruthenium, iridium, and combinations thereof deposited on a high surface area catalyst support. The crystallites are about 100 .ANG. or smaller. A system for catalytically oxidizing aqueous organic contaminants has a catalyst bed containing such a catalyst, means for heating a reactor feed stream to a desired reaction temperature, means oxygenating the feed stream, and a phase separator for separating gaseous reaction products from a reactor effluent stream.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor uses fluid conduits for supplying fluids (such as liquid, gaseous, or fine solid material in suspension fuels), into a reactor chamber. The fluid conduits extend horizontally from, and substantially perpendicularly to, a side wall into the reactor chamber. The fluid conduits are disposed at a level (e.g. about 100-1000 mm) above the fluidizing gas nozzles in the bottom of the reactor chamber. An upright partition, preferably of refractory material, covers the fluid conduits.

Abstract: A reactor for refining resid includes an elongated vertical vessel containing a bed of catalyst which is expanded or ebullated by a liquid/gas mixture. The mixture rises in an updraft through the bed and then is recirculated with an increased velocity by an ebullating pump. To reduce gas holdup of the ebullated bed and to promote a more uniform flow, the gas is entrapped by two cascaded stages of baffles which have an internal conical shape to guide, direct, and entrap the gas. One of these two stages has a shape which creates a countercurrent in the flowing liquid to deflect any catalyst particles which might otherwise be elutriated by the increased velocity.

Abstract: A fluidized bed apparatus (1) having a fluidization grid (2) below which is positioned a tuyere (5) for guiding fluidization gas to the fluidization grid (2). The tuyere (5) comprises a widening pipe the wider end (6) of which is positioned towards the fluidization grid (2) and has an area which is substantially the same as the cross-sectional area of the fluidized bed apparatus (1) and is 2 to 30 times that of the area of the narrower end (7) of the widening pipe. The process for feeding fluidization gas to a fluidized bed using such apparatus enables a good gas distribution across the bed to be achieved with a modest additional pressure drop. The invention is particularly useful for apparatus e.g. greater than 3 m in diameter.

Abstract: A downcomer for use in ebullating bed reactors that is perforated along its length within the reactor. These perforations are sized slightly smaller that the solid catalyst particles used in the reactor in order to screen out these solid particles and prevent their flow or movement into the downcomer from the reactor. As a result of the perforated downcomer, any liquid separated from the fluidized medium and collected in the downcomer will flow back through these perforations and into the reactor when the ebullating bed is operating at its normal level; however, when the ebullating bed is operating at an upset level condition, the liquid in this fluidized medium will flow in the opposite direction and will pass through these perforations into the downcomer in order to maintain a minimum flow to the ebullating pumps.

Abstract: A riser reactor which includes a wall extending downward to an enlarged housing at the bottom of the riser reactor, where the housing has (a) an inlet for introducing catalyst particles into the housing and includes a first fluidization device, where the length of the inlet is from two to three times the diameter of the inlet, and (b) a second fluidization device below the first fluidization device, and (c) where the housing has above the inlet a centrally arranged diamond-shaped directing structure secured to the wall, where the directing structure has a lower and upper portion and where the directing structure and the wall define a passage, where the lower portion of the directing structure and the wall defines an upwardly converging portion in the passage and where the upper portion of the directing structure and the wall define an upwardly diverging portion in the passage.

Abstract: The conventional wye (where the clean regenerated catalyst returns from the regenerator to contact the feed as it enters the riser) is replaced with two or more wyes, all connected between the regenerator outlet and the inlet to a common short cracking riser. Each wye has a separate injector which can inject; e.g., diesel oil, so that neat (unmixed) diesel contacts clean catalyst and the mixture rises up a smaller riser before entering a short main riser where the largely cracked mixture is admixed with similar cat-vacuum bottoms, etc. mixtures from the other wyes. Most cracking occurs before entering the common riser so the effect is similar to a riser cracker operating on a single unmixed feed.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process and apparatus for controlling reactor temperature and/or carbon and heat balance in a fluid hydrocarbon conversion and cracking unit. In particular, the invention is directed to a process wherein the introduction of feed into a conversion and cracking zone is effected by a feed injector which optimizes the atomization of the feed in order to achieve reactor temperature and/or carbon and heat balance control objectives. This invention is applicable to fluid coking, fluid coking with gasification, asphaltene residuum treating (ART), and other petroleum industry processes.

Abstract: A laboratory instrument provides a small model reactor which better simulates a back mixed reactor containing a catalyst. The reactor is especially valuable for simulating commercial scale hydrotreating of petroleum resid, coal, and other non-distillable hydrocarbons to obtain some distillable products. An important feature is a magnetically driven pump completely enclosed within the reactor shell of the simulator. All embodiments provide a high temperature and pressure, low liquid to catalyst volume, model reactor where an entire process is carried out within the simulator shell under substantially the conditions prevailing in the full scale reactor.

Abstract: Apparatus for treating the magnetic properties of particles while the particles are suspended in a circulating stream of air or other fluid. The apparatus causes particles to rotate around a vertical axis in confined circular paths of travel generally lying in a horizontal plane.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a feed injector for a fluid catalytic cracking reaction zone, which feed injector provides improved oil atomization and dispersion. The injector comprises a straight-pass conduit section, in which a feed oil and steam are premixed, and a terminal section, where the oil is atomized and dispersed by a generally fan-shaped distributor. The feed injector produces a substantially flat spray pattern across the direction of catalyst flow in the catalyst/oil contacting section of the catalytic cracking reaction zone. Improved product yield and lower coke and light gas yields are obtained.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for continuously treating infectious waste, which comprises: (a) introducing bulk unseparated infectious waste material into a receiving container means, the receiving container means adapted to receive a flow of disinfectant such that the receiving container means remains substantially free of infectious contaminants; (b) shredding the waste material by a primary shredding means; (c) separating the shredded waste material from waste residue in a separation tank means having a predetermined fluid level thereby producing a waste slurry; (d) pumping the waste slurry into a reactor vessel means; (e) contacting the waste slurry with a disinfecting fluid in the reactor vessel means for a sufficient amount of time to disinfect the waste slurry; and (f) dewatering the disinfected waste slurry to recover solid disinfected waste material.

Abstract: An apparatus for cultivating immobilized micro-organisms consisting of a fluidized bed reactor with fittings for gassing and a retainer system for the immobilized biocatalysts. The fluidized bed reactor is characterized in that the fittings for gassing consist of several segments with gas outlets arranged on the base of the fluidized bed reactor, which admit gas alternately or cyclically. A central gas outflow opening, pointing upwards, can be provided in the fluidized bed reactor as a further gassing unit. The method of operating the fluidized bed is characterized in that circulating gassing occurs in the reactor by means of sequential opening of the gas inflow openings of the segment-shaped fittings. In addition, switches may occur from the central gassing unit to gassing by means of the segment-shaped fittings or vice-versa.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing a solution of a non-ferrous metal sulphonate by reacting a non-ferrous metal with a sulphonic acid, the non-ferrous metal being brought into contact with a sulphonic acid at a temperature of from 20.degree. to 120.degree. C. in the presence of oxygen or oxygen-containing gases.

Abstract: A device for introducing a hydrocarbon into a riser reactor containing a tubular diluent gas conduit having an interior surface and exterior wall surface where the interior wall surface is for passing a diluent gas into the reactor and two or more tubular hydrocarbon supply conduits, longitudinally perforated, arranged within the tubular diluent gas conduit where the longitudinal perforations are adapted to pass the diluent gas from the tubular diluent gas conduit into the tubular hydrocarbon supply conduit.

Abstract: A device for the introduction of a liquid in a medium containing granulate material for the fluidization of this material, intended more particularly for equipping reactors such as those used for the biological treatment of aqueous effluents, characterized in that it is made of a part, bearing on the bottom of the reactor, the upper portion of said part cooperating with the liquid injection tube so as to create a flow with a very small turbulence of the liquid at the tube outlet and the shape of which being such that it provides, at all points of the apparatus, without dead zones, the setting in movement of the material to be fluidized.

Abstract: An arrangement is provided for locating internal cooling coils in an FCC regeneration zone that allows control of the cooling coil wall temperature independently of the regeneration zone operation and the circulation rate of cooling fluid through the cooling conduits. The cooling conduits are located within a vessel that contains the combustion section for an FCC regeneration zone. The cooling coils are in a chamber that is closed to catalyst transfer across all of its boundaries except its top. The level of hot regenerated catalyst within the regeneration zone is maintained above the top of the cooling chamber. The addition of flue gas to a lower portion of the cooling chamber provides a random exchange of catalyst particles between the layer of the catalyst bed above the chamber and catalyst within the chamber. By controlling the rate of fluidizing gas addition to the chamber, the rate of exchange of hot catalyst between the chamber and the bed is also controlled.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon feedstock is dispersed in an FCC riser by directing jets of atomized feed droplets into a flowing stream of catalyst particles in a direction substantially perpendicular to the axis of the riser. By directing the feed into the riser in a substantially perpendicular direction feed is more quickly dispersed across the entire cross section of the riser. By quickly dispersing feed the mixture of hydrocarbons and catalyst particles is completely mixed after traveling only a short distance along the riser from the point of feed introduction. Reducing this contact zone length improves the quality of riser products by eliminating variations in the contact time between the feed and catalyst. In addition to the short contact zone length this invention also combines the desirable features of catalyst pre-acceleration and feed atomization.