Abstract: The present invention relates to processes for fluidizing a population of catalyst particles that are depleted of catalyst fines. In one embodiment, the process includes providing a plurality of catalyst particles in the reactor, wherein the catalyst particles have a d2 value of greater than about 40 microns. The catalyst- particles are contacted with a fluidizing medium under conditions effective to cause the catalyst particles to behave in a fluidized manner and form a fluidized bed. The particles are contacted with one or more primary obstructing members while in the fluidized bed. By fluidizing the catalyst particles in this manner, the catalyst particles can be maintained at an axial gas Peclet number of from about 10 to about 20.

Abstract: Methods and systems for continuous multistage processing of particulate solids that can control the distribution of residence times of processed particles. One disclosed method includes admitting fluidizing gas into transfer tunnels between fluidized bed vessel stages, using gas inlets located in or outputting directly into the transfer tunnel to promote flow of the fluidized solids through the transfer tunnel. A common gas distributor plate can supply gas to the stage vessels and to any transfer tunnels having gas inlets. The distributor plate can be separable from the system or openable to provide access for removal of obstructions and for maintenance. A common base plate can incorporate lower portions of the stage vessels and the sides and roofs of the transfer tunnels, the bottoms of the vessels and tunnels optionally being provided by the gas distributor plate. Some multistage systems and processing methods have from 15 to 200 or more stages.

Abstract: A system for removing sulfur from a gaseous stream includes (a) a reaction bed for receiving the gaseous stream and for reacting sulfur dioxide and at least some of the hydrogen sulfide of the gaseous stream into elemental sulfur to provide an elemental sulfur stream and a first product stream; and (b) a circulating fluidized bed comprising (i) a first region for receiving the first product stream and using a sulfur adsorption material to adsorb and remove any remaining hydrogen sulfide from the first product stream to generate saturated sulfur adsorption material and a second product stream substantially free of sulfur; and (ii) a second region for receiving a regeneration stream and for using the regeneration stream to regenerate the saturated sulfur adsorption material and to generate the sulfur dioxide.

Abstract: A catalyst regenerator (100) has a first section (110) and a second section (120) and is operated such that carbon from a carbon-contaminated catalyst (140) is converted to carbon monoxide in the first section (110) and that carbon monoxide is converted to carbon dioxide in the second section (120). The residence time of the oxygen-containing gas in the first and second sections (110, 120) is regulated in preferred configurations by the shape (e.g., diameter) of the first and second sections (110, 120).

Abstract: Process and apparatus for gas-phase polymerization of olefin(s), including a fluid or stirred bed reactor, a bed level controller, and at least one conduit for withdrawing polymer, provided with an isolation valve. The conduit connects the side wall of the reactor to at least one uplift conduit, at least one recovery gas lock hopper equipped with a discharge valve, and at least one degassing chamber. At least one flushing device is provided for flushing the at least one uplift conduit.

Abstract: A multiple-stage granular moving bed apparatus comprises a first integrated moving bed unit, a second integrated moving bed unit and at least one granular material. The first integrated moving bed unit, having a first inlet part for providing a raw gas flowing therein, a first outlet part for providing a partially cleaned gas flowing thereout, and a plurality of first flow-corrective elements disposed therebetween for defining two channels. The second integrated moving bed unit, coupled to the first integrated moving bed unit, having a second inlet part for providing the partially cleaned gas flowing therein, a second outlet part for providing a completely cleaned gas flowing thereout, and a plurality of second flow-corrective elements disposed therebetween for defining two channels. The at least one granular material flows through the two channels respectively and then passes through the two channels respectively.

Abstract: One exemplary embodiment can be a process for fluid catalytic cracking. The process can include withdrawing a catalyst from a reaction vessel to replace a catalyst inventory over a period of about 10- about 35 days for maximizing propylene yield.

Abstract: A gas-solids reaction system is provided for improving product recovery in a multiple reactor reaction system. The solids of the product gas-solids flows from the multiple reactors are separated out in a separation vessel having a baffled transition zone. Additional product vapor is stripped from the solids as the solids pass through the baffled transition zone. The solids are then returned to the multiple reactors.

Abstract: A vertical multi-stage fluidized bed apparatus including a plurality of horizontal perforated partitioning plates disposed therein so as to partition the apparatus is provided, wherein an upper horizontal perforated partitioning plate is set to have a larger aperture rate than a lower horizontal perforated partitioning plate. From a lower part of the apparatus, feed carbon and fluidizing gas are continuously supplied so as to provide a gas superficial velocity in the fluidized bed which is 2-4 times a minimum fluidizing velocity of the feed carbon, thereby subjecting the feed carbon to fluidization with the fluidizing gas and activation with steam at 750-950° C. simultaneously to discharge activated carbon continuously from an upper part of the apparatus. As a result, activated carbon of even a high degree of activation is produced at a high yield comparable to that obtained in a batchwise operation.

Abstract: The present invention describes a new device which permits a reduction of NOx emissions contained in the fumes from FCC regenerators. The device consists essentially of a conveyance conduit which connects the two regeneration stages and which has an outlet opening into the dilute phase of the second stage.

Abstract: One exemplary embodiment can be a fluid catalytic cracking system. Generally, the fluid catalytic cracking system includes a first reaction vessel and a second reaction vessel. The first reaction vessel may contain a first catalyst having pores with openings greater than about 0.7 nm and a second catalyst having pores with smaller openings than the first catalyst. What is more, the second reaction vessel may contain the second catalyst. Generally, at least a portion of the second catalyst is directly communicated with the first reaction vessel.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing nitrate granules including a first fluidized bed which is supplied with air that has been conditioned to a relative humidity of less than 30% at 40° C. and heated to a temperature of 40° C. to 100° C. One or more spray nozzles are provided for spraying a nitrate melt into the first fluidized bed to form nitrate granules. The apparatus also includes a second fluidized bed which is in direct communication with the first fluidized bed. Nitrate granules formed in the first fluidized bed flow directly to the second fluidized bed where they are cooled to a temperature of less than 60° C. The nitrate granules produced by the apparatus and process of the invention are spherical in shape, hard and dry and do not break down easily during handling.

Abstract: A fluid bed apparatus module (1) comprises an outer wall enclosing a processing chamber (9) and has a lower flange connection (4) and an upper flange connection (5), the lower flange connection being adapted to connection with a flange connection (14) of a supply of fluidising gas, and the upper flange connection being adapted to connection with a flange connection (17) of a filter chamber (18) for gas discharge. At least one partition element (6) is arranged in the processing chamber, so that at least one elongated channel is formed in the processing chamber, thereby defining a plug-flow area, and at least one substantially continuous product inlet (10) and at least one substantially continuous product outlet (11) are arranged in the module. Furthermore, a method comprises changing a first module for a second module in a fluid bed apparatus.

Abstract: The invention relates to an oil-derived hydrocarbon converter comprising a catalytic cracking vessel (1) in the presence of catalyst particles in fluidized phase and a regenerator, for regenerating said catalyst particles by burning off the coke deposited on them, said catalyst circulating between said cracking vessel and said regenerator, said regenerator being a reactor (2) integrated into a combustion installation for steam generation comprising carbon dioxide capture.

Abstract: A system and method for decomposing ammonia from fly ash contaminated with ammonia is provided which includes maintaining the temperature of a bed of ammonia-contaminated fly ash at a decomposition temperature greater than 500° F. and less than 842° F. to decompose the ammonia from the fly ash. In a preferred embodiment, the ammonia-laden fly ash is maintained at a temperatures less than a lowest carbon combustion temperature at which substantial combustion of carbon in fly ash begins to occur. A preferred embodiment includes a first chamber operating at a decomposition temperature greater than 500° F. and less than 842° F. followed by a second chamber operating at a higher carbon combustion temperature for carbon burn-out.

Abstract: A plant for the heat treatment of solids containing titanium includes a fluidized bed reactor. The reactor includes at least one gas supply tube being at least partly surrounded by an annular chamber in which a stationary annular fluidized bed is located, and a mixing chamber being located above the upper orifice region of the gas supply tube. The gas flowing through the gas supply tube entrains solids from the stationary annular fluidized bed into the mixing chamber when passing through the upper orifice region of the gas supply system. The plant further includes a solids separator downstream of the reactor. The solids separator includes a solids conduit leading to the annular fluidized bed of the reactor.

Abstract: A process for preparing granular polysilicon using a fluidized bed reactor is disclosed. The upper and lower spaces of the bed are defined as a reaction zone and a heating zone, respectively, with the height of the reaction gas outlet being selected as the reference height. The invention maximizes the reactor productivity by sufficiently providing the heat required and stably maintaining the reaction temperature in the reaction zone, without impairing the mechanical stability of the fluidized bed reactor. This is achieved through electrical resistance heating in the heating zone where an internal heater is installed in a space in between the reaction gas supplying means and the inner wall of the reactor tube, thereby heating the fluidizing gas and the silicon particles in the heating zone.

Abstract: A riser reactor for fluidized catalytic conversion process consists of a prelift zone, a first reaction zone, a second reaction zone with enlarged diameter, an outlet zone with reduced diameter along coaxial direction form bottom to top, and the end of the outlet zone connects to a horizontal tube. The reactor is used for adjusting different operating conditions to process single or plural feedstock in each different reaction zone for producing the desired product.

Abstract: A method of and an apparatus for controlling the temperature of a fluidized bed reactor, comprising a separator for separating first solid particles from the fluidized bed reactor, a return duct for returning a first portion of the first solid particles to the fluidized bed reactor, a discharge duct for the discharge of a second portion of the first solid particles and an inlet duct for transferring second solid particles from a second fluidized bed reactor to the fluidized bed reactor, in which the return duct and the inlet duct share a common end portion for transferring a mixture of solid particles, formed of the first portion of the first solid particles and the second solid particles, to the fluidized bed reactor. The apparatus also preferably includes a fluidized mixing device for mixing the first portion of the solid particles and the second solid particles with each other.

Abstract: This invention relates to a micro cartridge and to a method of using the micro cartridge to sample and extract components of interest from a gas or a liquid. The cartridge contains a sorbent and has passages through which a pressure drop can be created to permit access between the gas or liquid and the sorbent. The micro cartridge is elongated and has one pointed end to fit into the injection port of a suitable analysis instrument where the components of interest are desorbed. The cartridge has two ends that are covered by removable closures and preferably has a diameter of less than 1 millimeter. The cartridge can be used with micro machine components and components made using nano technology.

Abstract: In one exemplary embodiment, a system for reacting a first feed can include a petroleum fraction having at least about 90%, by volume, with a boiling point of at least about 300° C. The system can include a bubble column reactor. The bubble column reactor, in turn, can include a first inlet for the first feed and a second inlet for a second feed including a gas rich in hydrogen. In addition, the petroleum fraction may be in counter-current flow with respect to the gas rich in hydrogen inside the bubble column reactor.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing hydrogen, which comprises: a. a heated steam reforming stage (1) with a reforming catalyst to convert gaseous or vaporizable hydrocarbons and water into hydrogen, carbon monoxide and further reformer products; b. at least one stage downstream of the steam reforming stage for the catalytic conversion of the mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and excess steam leaving the steam reforming stage (shift stage) (2); and c. a fine purification stage (3) downstream of the shift stage(s) for the catalytic lowering of the residual carbon monoxide content of the conversion products by selective methanization, is described. In the apparatus, the shift stage (2) and the fine purification stage (3) are configured as a unitary hollow body (exothermic catalyst stage).

Abstract: A hydrocarbon desulfurization system that circulates fluidizable solid particles through a fluidized bed reactor, a fluidized bed regenerator, and a fluidized bed reducer to thereby provide for substantially continuous desulfurization of a hydrocarbon-containing fluid stream and substantially continuous regeneration of the solid particles. A novel transport system is employed for transporting the solid particles between the reactor, the regenerator, and the reducer. The transport system uses close-coupled vessels and gravity flow between various vessels to minimize equipment cost and particle attrition.

Abstract: The present invention provides a fuel gasification furnace including a gasification chamber (1) for fluidizing a high-temperature fluidizing medium therein to form a gasification chamber fluidized bed having an interface, and for gasifying a fuel in the gasification chamber fluidized bed, a char combustion chamber (2) for fluidizing a high-temperature fluidizing medium therein to form a char combustion chamber fluidized bed having an interface, and for combusting char generated by gasification in the gasification chamber (1) in the char combustion chamber fluidized bed to heat the fluidizing medium, and a first energy recovery device (109) for using gases generated by the gasification chamber (1) as a fuel. The gasification chamber (1) and the char combustion chamber (2) are integrated with each other.

Abstract: A reaction device includes staged zones making it possible to implement strongly endothermic or exothermic reactions. The device reduces the differences in catalytic activity between these zones using an addition of fresh or regenerated catalyst at the inlet of each reaction zone and provides an integrated heat exchanger. A process of chemical conversion employs the device for gas-phase and/or liquid-phase exothermic or endothermic reactions, and in particular for the oligomerization reaction of C2 to C12 fractions for the purpose of producing a diesel fraction.

Abstract: This invention relates to a staged-zone reactor of the axial-flow type that makes it possible to implement strongly endothermic or exothermic reactions. The reactor comprises a constriction of the catalytic bed between an upper zone (3a) and a lower zone (3b), making it possible to house in the reactor a heat exchanger for the intermediate heating or cooling of the effluents. Process of chemical conversion using this reactor for exothermic or endothermic reactions in the gas and/or liquid phase, and in particular for the oligomerization reaction of C2 to C12 fractions for the purpose of producing a diesel fraction.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for injecting a plurality of uniform jets into an extended dispersion of moving catalyst particles within a reactor vessel. The apparatus comprises a plurality of outer conduits each for carrying atomizing fluid. A plurality of tips in the outer conduits each include a plurality of orifices for spraying a mixture of feed and atomizing fluid. Inner conduits with outlets within the outer conduits delivers feed to the tips of the outer conduits.

Abstract: A process for preparation of a synthesis gas and/or hydrogen by concurrently providing an oxidation reactant stream through an oxidation chamber and a reforming reactant stream through a steam, reforming chamber is described. Also provided is a reactor for conducting the reaction.

Abstract: A spouted bed device of the present invention includes a cylinder which extends vertically; a closing plate which closes a top end of the cylinder; a decreasing diameter member which is formed at a bottom end of the cylinder, has an inside diameter that decreases progressively downward, and has a gas inlet orifice at a bottom end thereof; and a gas discharge nozzle which passes through the cylinder from an inside surface to an outside surface thereof and which discharges gas from a treatment zone enclosed by a top surface of the decreasing diameter member, a bottom surface of the closing plate and the inside surface of the cylinder. The gas discharge nozzle is provided above a spouted bed which is formed within treatment zone.

Abstract: A device for the fluidized bed cracking of a hydrocarbon charge using two reaction chambers linked together by a cooling particles transferrer, a fractionating column and conduits to supply the hydrocarbonated effluents from each of the two chambers to the fractionating column. The fractionating column has, internally, at least two different areas: a first partitioned fractionating area in the form of two compartments, each of which communicates with a second common fractionating area. The conduits for the supply of effluents from the first and the second reaction chamber terminate, respectively, in the first and second compartment of the partitioned fractionating area. A recycler and an injector are provided for recycling and injecting into one of the reaction chambers of at least one cut drawn off from the partitioned fractionating compartment of the effluents of the other reaction chamber.

Abstract: A system for producing synthesis gas includes a regeneration zone. The regeneration zone includes a first fluidized bed configured to receive an oxidant for producing a regenerated oxygen transfer material. The system further includes a mixed reforming zone comprising a second fluidized bed configured to receive a first fuel and the regenerated oxygen transfer material to produce a first reformate stream and a steam reforming zone comprising a third fluidized bed configured to receive the first reformate stream, a second fuel and steam to produce the synthesis gas. The regeneration zone, mixed reforming zone and steam-reforming zone are in fluid communication with each other.

Abstract: The present invention is concerned with an apparatus and method for continuous fluidization which comprises at least two cells connected by an aperture permitting the solid material to be introduced into the next downstream cell by fluidized horizontal flow, an isolated freeboard within each cell, at least two filter sticks contained within the isolated freeboard of each cell, and at least one blow back valve contained within each filter stick. The apparatus allows processing of materials that are typically difficult to fluidize by maintaining a substantially constant pressure difference between each isolated freeboard.

Abstract: The fluidised bed reactor according to the invention comprises a reaction chamber (1, 1a, 1b), coupled by an acceleration sheath (10, 10a, 10b) to a centrifugal separator (2, 2a, 2b) for separating particles from hot gases coming from said reaction chamber (1, 1a, 1b), whereby the assembly comprises the reaction chamber (1, 1a, 1b), the separator (2, 2a, 2b) and a rear cage (3, 3a, 3b).

Abstract: The invention concerns a device and a method for rotary fluidized bed for catalytic polymerization, drying and other treatments of solid particles or for catalytic transformation of fluids, wherein a cylindrical reactor (1), in which the fluids are injected (7) tangentially to its cylindrical wall, is divided into a succession of cylindrical chambers (Z1, Z2, Z3) by hollow discs (3), which are fixed to its cylindrical wall, which have central openings through which the fluids circulating in rotation inside the cylindrical chambers are sucked (10), which have lateral openings through which said fluids are evacuated through the cylindrical wall of the reactor and which have passages (27) for transferring the suspended solid particles in the rotary fluidized bed from one chamber to the next through said discs (3).

Abstract: A process and apparatus are disclosed contacting hydrocarbon feed with catalyst in a reactor vessel under conditions more vigorous than bubbling bed conditions and preferably fast fluidized flow conditions. The vigorous conditions assure thorough mixing of catalyst and feed to suppress formation of dry gas and the promotion of hydrogen transfer reactions.

Abstract: A vertical multi-stage fluidized bed apparatus including a plurality of horizontal perforated partitioning plates disposed therein so as to partition the apparatus is provided, wherein an upper horizontal perforated partitioning plate is set to have a larger aperture rate than a lower horizontal perforated partitioning plate. From a lower part of the apparatus, feed carbon and fluidizing gas are continuously supplied so as to provide a gas superficial velocity in the fluidized bed which is 2-4 times a minimum fluidizing velocity of the feed carbon, thereby subjecting the feed carbon to fluidization with the fluidizing gas and activation with steam at 750-950° C. simultaneously to discharge activated carbon continuously from an upper part of the apparatus. As a result, activated carbon of even a high degree of activation is produced at a high yield comparable to that obtained in a batchwise operation.

Abstract: Embodiments of an apparatus, system, and method for chemical synthesis and/or analysis are disclosed. One embodiment of a disclosed apparatus comprises a laminated, microfluidic structure defining a reactor and a separator. Such apparatuses, or portions thereof, generally have dimensions ranging from about 1 micrometer to about 100 micrometers. To implement synthetic processes, disclosed embodiments of the apparatus generally include at least one valve, and often plural, selectively actuatable valves. Detectors, including optical detectors, also can be used to detect product and other materials as they flow by, or are otherwise presented to, the detector. Individual apparatuses may be coupled both in series and in parallel to form a system for making chemical compounds. The apparatus is particularly useful for making compounds requiring iterative reaction schemes, and further can be used to make compounds having morphological structures that resemble the morphology of the apparatus itself, such as dendrimers.

Abstract: The gas-phase fluidized-bed reactor conducting reaction by feeding a gas, through a gas-distribution plate located at the lower part of a reaction vessel, into a fluidized bed formed on the gas-distribution plate, wherein the reaction vessel is made up so as to have a narrowed part at a specified position of the gas flow passage above the gas-distribution plate, and the fluidized bed is formed in the area from below the narrowed part to above the narrowed part. The gas-phase fluidized bed rector of the present invention allows manufacturing polymers having excellent homogeneity of polymer structure in gas-phase polymerization.

Abstract: A process for preparing granular polysilicon using a fluidized bed reactor is disclosed. The upper and lower spaces of the bed are defined as a reaction zone and a heating zone, respectively, with the height of the reaction gas outlet being selected as the reference height. The invention maximizes the reactor productivity by sufficiently providing the heat required and stably maintaining the reaction temperature in the reaction zone, without impairing the mechanical stability of the fluidized bed reactor. This is achieved through electrical resistance heating in the heating zone where an internal heater is installed in a space in between the reaction gas supplying means and the inner wall of the reactor tube, thereby heating the fluidizing gas and the silicon particles in the heating zone.

Abstract: A method of and a plant for combusting carbonaceous fuel, the method including the steps of introducing particulate oxygen selective sorbent, such as a perovskite type material, into an adsorption reactor of the combustion plant to form a first particle bed in the adsorption reactor, fluidizing the first particle bed by an oxygen-containing first fluidizing gas to adsorb oxygen from the fluidizing gas to the sorbent, conveying oxygen-rich sorbent from the adsorption reactor to a combustion reactor of the combustion plant to form a second particle bed in the combustion reactor, fluidizing the second particle bed by an oxygen-deficient second fluidizing gas to desorb oxygen from the sorbent, so as to produce free oxygen gas, and introducing carbonaceous fuel into the combustion reactor to oxidize the fuel with the free oxygen gas.

Abstract: This invention relates to a micro cartridge and to a method of using the micro cartridge to sample and extract components of interest from a gas or a liquid. The cartridge contains a sorbent and has passages through which a pressure drop can be created to permit access between the gas or liquid and the sorbent. The micro cartridge is elongated and has one pointed end to fit into the injection port of a suitable analysis instrument where the components of interest are desorbed. The cartridge has two ends that are covered by removable closures and preferably has a diameter of less than 1 millimeter. The cartridge can be used with micro machine components and components made using nano technology.

Abstract: A process is described in which an elastic fluid is contacted with a particulate solid. This comprises providing a substantially vertical elongate tubular containment zone (1) containing a charge of the particulate solid (5), the volume of the containment zone (1) being greater than the settled volume of the particulate solid (5). An upper retainer means (3) is mounted at the upper end of the containment zone (1), the upper retainer means (3) being permeable to the fluid but adapted to retain particulate solid (5) in the containment zone (1). A follower means (4) is movably mounted in the containment zone (1) beneath the charge of particulate solid (5) for movement upwardly from the lower end of the containment zone (1) upon upward flow of elastic fluid through the containment zone (1) at a rate beyond a threshold rate.

Abstract: A method of reactivating a catalyst, such as a solid catalyst or a liquid catalyst is provided. The method comprises providing a catalyst that is at least partially deactivated by fouling agents. The catalyst is contacted with a fluid reactivating agent that is at or above a critical point of the fluid reactivating agent and is of sufficient density to dissolve impurities. The fluid reactivating agent reacts with at least one fouling agent, releasing the at least one fouling agent from the catalyst. The at least one fouling agent becomes dissolved in the fluid reactivating agent and is subsequently separated or removed from the fluid reactivating agent so that the fluid reactivating agent may be reused. A system for reactivating a catalyst is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for catalytic hydroconversion processing of less volatile carbonaceous material to volatile liquid products is disclosed. The process is carried out in a plug-flow reactor system using nanosize metallic catalyst particles dispersed in the reactant slurry with compressed hydrogen/hydrogen-sulfide at a temperature between about 275° C. and 525° C. at a pressure of between about 800 psi and 6000 psi and a residence time in the reactors between about 1 minute and 4 hours.

Abstract: The invention features methods and systems for producing commercial quality carbon dioxide (CO2) of 90% to +99% purity using, wet calcium carbonate lime mud produced in a manufacturing operation, for instance, Kraft pulp mill lime mud (a.k.a., “lime mud”) as a feedstock to a multi-stage lime mud calcination process. This process may be fueled with waste water treatment plant (WWTP), sludge biomass, precipitated lignins, coal, or other low cost solid fuels. High reactivity “soft-burned” lime product (“calcine”) required in the mill's chemical recovery circuit is also produced, and steam and heated boiler feed-water is generated and exported to the mill's steam distribution and generation system as well as hot process water for use in the mill's boiler house and manufacturing operation.

Abstract: An apparatus for a heat treatment of polyester particles, comprising: (1) a first fluidized bed; (2) a first moving bed; (3) a second fluidized bed; and (4) a second moving bed in the stated order along a flow of the particles, wherein the second moving bed has a capacity twice or more as large as a capacity of the first moving bed.

Abstract: This invention provides feed introduction devices, and processes for using same, which minimize catalyst clogging. In particular, the invention is to a feed introduction device having a first end in fluid communication with a feed source, a second end in fluid communication with a reactor and a deviation zone between the first end and the second end to deviate the flow of feed about a deviation angle from the first end toward the second end. According to the invention, the deviation angle is greater than 90 degrees.

Abstract: A fluidized-bed reactor is disclosed. The fluidized-bed reactor steadies the gas flow through the fluidized bed chamber of the reactor. The swirl chamber of the reactor consists of a conical housing in which a conical insert is also situated. This creates an annular gap between the housing and the insert, which acts as the swirl chamber and which, according to the geometry of the two components, causes a velocity of the gas flow which remains the same along the height, which increases or which decreases. Such a reactor can also be called a constant annular-gap reactor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of a catalyst comprising at least one first catalyst zone located towards the gas inlet, a second catalyst zone located closer to the gas outlet and a third catalyst zone located even closer to or at the gas outlet for the preparation of phthalic anhydride by gas-phase oxidation of o-xylene and/or naphthalene, with the catalyst zones preferably each having an active composition comprising TiO2, characterized in that the catalyst activity of the first catalyst zone is higher than the catalyst activity of the second catalyst zone. Furthermore, a preferred process for the preparation of phthalic anhydride is described.

Abstract: The present invention provides a fuel gasification furnace including a gasification chamber (1) for fluidizing a high-temperature fluidizing medium therein to form a gasification chamber fluidized bed having an interface, and for gasifying a fuel in the gasification chamber fluidized bed, a char combustion chamber (2) for fluidizing a high-temperature fluidizing medium therein to form a char combustion chamber fluidized bed having an interface, and for combusting char generated by gasification in the gasification chamber (1) in the char combustion chamber fluidized bed to heat the fluidizing medium, and a first energy recovery device (109) for using gases generated by the gasification chamber (1) as a fuel. The gasification chamber (1) and the char combustion chamber (2) are integrated with each other.