Abstract: An apparatus for treating gas introduced into a vessel containing a particulate material at a temperature less than that of the gas in a manner so that said material reduces the temperature of the gas and the gas entrains at least a portion of the material. The entrained material is then separated from the gas and passed to a heat exchanger to cool the material while the separated gas is passed to a turbine to drive same. At least a portion of the exhaust gas from the turbine is passed to the heat exchanger in a manner to fluidize the material in the heat exchanger and the cooled separated material is returned back to the vessel.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fluid catalytic cracking apparatus. The apparatus includes means for decreasing and increasing the slip velocity of a hydrocarbon reaction stream to further enhance catalytic cracking of the hydrocarbon within the reaction stream. The apparatus allows for control of residence time within both a riser and a collection and velocity reducing means to provide for more complete cracking of the hydrocarbon without leading to additional coking of the catalytic cracking catalyst.

Abstract: An FCC arrangement uses two stages upflow conduit combustion and a regenerator cyclone separator to supply catalyst particles from a dip leg directly into a downflow reaction conduit. The downflow reaction conduit provides an immediate stage of initial catalyst and gas separation at its outlet end. The arrangement and method offers an improved method of operating an FCC reactor and regeneration zone without the use of large reactor or regeneration vessels. One form of the invention also uses enlarged dip pipe conduits to provide discrete zones of catalyst stripping thereby eliminating all relatively large pressure vessels from FCC method and arrangement of this invention.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for desulfurizing a gas and regenerating a sorbent is disclosed. The sulfur-containing feed gas which can be an effluent gas from a coal gasification reactor, for example, is desulfurized with a particulated metallic oxide sorbent in a transport riser. The sulfided sorbent is than separated from a desulfurized effluent gas and regenerated by contact with an oxygen-containing gas in a transport riser. The regenerated sorbent is separated from an SO.sub.2 containing offgas and recycled to the desulfurization step. The degree of sorbent conversion in the desulfurization step is held at a low level and the sorbent regeneration rate is increased to avoid excessive temperature rise in the regeneration step. In such manner, sorbent cooling can be substantially eliminated. The regeneration riser preferably comprises a once-through lift riser to minimize the riser transport gas requirements to just oxidant gas or oxidant gas mixed with a reduced amount of diluent gas.

Abstract: A catalyst cooler apparatus and process for use with a two-stage regeneration system in a fluidized catalytic cracking process having a device to remove hot catalyst from the second regeneration zone at a point above the air distribution ring under the surface of the catalyst bed equivalent to the catalyst exit to the reactor, a heat exchanger for indirect heat exchange and cooling of the catalyst and a return device for returning the cooled catalyst to the second regeneration zone at or near the bottom of the catalyst bed, beneath the air distribution ring.

Abstract: The heat exchanger includes a hot fluid passage for guiding hot fluid through the heat exchanger, a compartment for containing a fluidized bed, a series of nozzles for forcing particulates from the fluidized bed into the hot fluid, a heat transfer device in contact with the fluidized bed, means for separating particulates from the fluid that has passed through the hot fluid passage, and a return passage for returning separated particulates to the fluidized bed in the compartment. The fluid is guided over the upper surface of the fluidized bed. Air is blown through the series of nozzles to force particulates from the fluidized bed into the fluid in the hot fluid passage where they pick up heat from the fluid, and the particulates then fall back into the bed and transfer heat to the fluidized bed. The heat transfer device removes heat from the fluidized bed and transfers it to a working fluid without being in contact with the hot fluid passage.

Abstract: A system for separating catalyst particles in the catalytic cracking of reacted hydrocarbons includes an unconfined cyclone device made up of a diplegless cyclone opening directly into a large volume separator vessel downwardly through a mouth and upwardly through the annular space between concentric pipes. The concentric pipes are connected to the other components of the system as well as the hydrocarbon fluid catalytic cracking process carried out in the system.

Abstract: A side-by-side reactor vessel and stripping vessel arrangement uses a rejection vessel to collect the catalyst from the bottom of a reactor vessel and eliminate stagnant layers of catalyst within the reactor vessel while increasing the efficiency of a stripper vessel located to the side of the reactor. Catalyst containing entrained and sorbed hydrocarbons pass from the bottom of a reactor vessel into the small diameter rejection vessel that provides a hydrocarbon rejection zone and uses a fresh stripping medium to maintain a dense fluidized bed from which entrained hydrocarbons are quickly disengaged from the catalyst and travel upward into the reactor vessel. Partially stripped catalyst flows through a passageway that extends horizontally to a stripping vessel that contains a conventional stripping zone. In the stripping vessel, catalyst counter-currently contacts additional stripping medium which removes sorbed hydrocarbons from the catalyst surface.

Abstract: This invention concerns an apparatus and process for effectively contacting oil, catalyst, and a gas. This invention has specific applications in the design and operation of catalytic cracking units and specifically, the processing and upgrading of heavy oils to higher valued components.

Abstract: An FCC apparatus uses a highly efficient separation device to remove product from the catalyst so that the reactor vessel receives a low volume of feed hydrocarbons and riser by-products. The separation device encloses an upwardly directed outlet end of a ballistic separation device in low volume disengaging vessel that collects disengaged catalyst from the riser in a dense bed. Immediate contact of the dense bed with a stripping fluid minimizes the amount of hydrocarbons that are carried out of the disengaging vessel into the open volume of the reactor vessel.

Abstract: A system for providing heated fluidized bed gasification of a residual waste liquor provides a bed of granular material and a source of liquor provided to the material bed. An injector is situated in the material bed and communicates with an air source, a fuel source and a steam source. Fuel and air are combusted in the injector and mixed with the steam which forms a combustion product and steam mixture which is in turn injected into the material bed. The combustion and mixing is separated from the bed material by being confined within the injector. The injector is a bubble cap having at least one hole or an injector made of a porous ceramic material.

Abstract: A fluidized bed combustion system and method in which a recycle heat exchanger is disposed integrally with the furnace of a fluidized bed combustor. The recycle heat exchanger includes a plurality of stacked sections for receiving the recycled solids and are arranged in such a manner that the recycled solids are introduced into an upper level of the sections and pass through these sections to a lower level of sections before returning to the furnace. A portion of the stacked sections contain heat exchange surfaces for removing heat from the solids therein while another portion does not. The solids in the various sections are selectively fluidized to control the flow of the solids through the sections to control the temperature of the solids accordingly.

Abstract: A reactor apparatus for production of Lunar oxygen uses feed stocks comprising a particulate hydrogen-reducible enriched feed in the size range from about 20-200 microns, containing 80-90% Lunar ilmenite (FeTiO.sub.3) and ferrous Lunar agglutinates. The reactor apparatus has three vertically spaced fluidized zones with downcomers from the upper to the central fluidized zone and openings for introducing a hydrogen-containing gas stream through the lower fluidized zone. A solid-to-gas RF-dielectric heater has a ceramic honeycomb with small parallel channels separated by thin, ceramic walls and electrodes surrounding the honeycomb connected to an external RF power source for heating the gas stream to a reducing reaction temperature. A top inlet introduces the enriched feed into the upper fluidized zone for fluidization therein and flow into middle and lower fluidized zones countercurrent to the flow of the gas stream.

Abstract: This invention is a vented riser arrangement for multiple cyclones having an open inlet configuration that reduces the space requirements of the cyclone and eliminates the extended inlet conduit. The inlet configuration extends the outer cylindrical wall of the cyclone in a semicircular path that extends past the interior of the cyclone by a distance that cuts off the path of solids by-passing into the cyclone. The configuration eliminates the need for a cyclone inlet conduit that enlarged the required transverse area necessary to house the riser and the cyclones.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor and method of operating same in which a bed of particulate material including fuel is formed in a furnace section. A stripper-cooler is located adjacent the furnace section for receiving particulate material from the furnace section. The particulate material is selectively passed to the stripper-cooler and cooled before being discharged from the stripper-cooler.

Abstract: A circulating fluidized bed reactor includes a lower zone having a fluidization grid, primary and secondary air injection inlets, and fuel feed inlets, an upper zone, internal bubbling beds at the top of the lower zone collecting solid matter from recirculation internal to the reactor and delivering a fraction thereof to external bubbling bed heat exchangers close coupled with the walls of the reactor level with the internal beds. The external heat exchangers reject the solid matter into the lower zone after exchanging heat with an external fluid. The reactor is simple in structure and benefits from the advantages of bubbling external beds while maintaining conventional design in the lower zone.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for cooling hot gas in a reactor in which the lower section of the reactor is provided with an inlet for hot gas and a chamber encompassing a bubbling fluidized bed. A central section of the reactor is provided with a riser, and the upper section with a gas outlet, and the reactor has heat transfer surfaces for recovering heat from solid particles. The riser is defined by vertical walls which are disposed above the bubbling fluidized bed so that they divide the fluidized bed into concentric outer and inner parts. From the inner part of the fluidized bed solid particles are supplied to the hot inlet gas for cooling thereof. The gas containing solid particles is conveyed through the riser into the upper section of the reactor, where solid particles are separated from the gas in a particle separator and returned to the fluidized bed into the outer part thereof.

Abstract: Apparatus for cleaning high temperature, high pressure gases includes a pressure vessel, and a filtration unit within the pressure vessel. The filtration unit is adapted to communicate with a fluidized bed reactor gas outlet, and includes at least one dirty gas chamber housing a plurality of porous, ceramic filter tubes, and at least one clean gas chamber for receiving clean gas from the ceramic filter tubes. The dirty gas chamber includes a particle outlet for removing particles separated from the gas by the filter tubes. The porous ceramic filter tubes are horizontally oriented within the filtration unit or housing and mounted within water cooled walls of the housing. The fluidized bed reactor and associated cyclone separator may be located within the pressure vessel with the filtration unit, or located outside the pressure vessel and in communication with the filtration unit inside the pressure vessel.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor system which utilizes a fluid phase, a retained fluidized primary particulate phase, and a migratory second particulate phase. The primary particulate phase is a particle such as a gel bead containing an immobilized biocatalyst. The secondary and tertiary particulate phases, continuously introduced and removed simultaneously in the cocurrent and countercurrent mode, act in a role such as a sorbent to continuously remove a product or by-product constituent from the fluid phase. Means for introducing and removing the sorbent phases include feed screw mechanisms and multivane slurry valves.

Abstract: A minute sample analysis system includes a micro-reactor device, a quantitative measuring device, an analyzing device and a controller, whereby, when a very small amount of sample is handled, its dilution and loss can be suppressed to minimum level, and analyzing operations ranging from reaction with a reactive reagent to separation/detection of the sample can be consistently carried out efficiently. The micro-reactor device controls the solution, reactive reagent and sample flowing in the form of electroosmotic flow generated by high-voltage application under control of passage change-over switches. The quantitative measuring device measures the quantity of reactive sample received from the micro-reactor device and introduces the measured reactive sample into the analyzing device. The analyzing device optically detects components separated from the sample through electrophoresis. The above operations are generally controlled under by the controller.

Abstract: Process for the continuous fluidized bed agglomeration wherein the granulating liquid together with propellant air is supplied centrally through a three-phase nozzle on the distributor of the fluidized bed, and at the same time, the solid in powder form is fed into the fluidized bed through the annular space or the three-phase nozzle with the air of a current of propellant air, supplied separately and concentrically.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor system, including a reactor chamber defined by a wall structure formed by a plurality of tubes through which a heat transfer medium circulates, is constructed so as to provide numerous advantages over conventional constructions. A fast fluidized bed of solid material is established in the reactor chamber. A solid material processing chamber is disposed adjacent the reactor chamber on the outer side of a wall structure defining the reactor chamber, e.g. for recovering heat from the solid material. The processing chamber shares a common wall portion with the reactor chamber and a slow fluidized bed of solid material is provided in the processing chamber. Particle passage openings are provided in the common wall. Particles from the processing chamber are recirculated to the reactor chamber after treatment (typically cooling).

Abstract: An apparatus and method for introducing a predetermined volume of suspension into a reactor from a storage vessel. According to the invention the storage vessel is connected via a first conduit to an intermediate vessel which is in turn connected to a feed vessel via a second conduit, the feed vessel is connected via a third conduit to the reactor, each of the first, second and third conduits, is provided with a shut-off valve, the vessels, conduits and valves being so arranged that the suspension can be transferred by gravity from the storage vessel to the intermediate vessel and from the intermediate vessel to the feed vessel and can be transferred from the feed vessel to the reactor by gravity and/or the effect of pressure difference between the feed vessel and the reactor. The present invention also relates to a process for introducing a predetermined volume of suspension into a reactor using the apparatus.

Abstract: The method of controlling the flow of a fluidizable particulate solid, e.g., FCC catalyst, which comprises: (a) passing a fluidized stream of the particulate solid downwardly from a source of the particulate solid, e.g., an FCC regenerator, in a first conduit to a junction with a second conduit where the solid particulate is mixed with a stream of a fluid transport medium from a third conduit; (b) passing a stream of the resulting mixed solid particulate/transport medium upwardly in the second conduit at an angle less than 90.degree. from the first conduit for a distance at least as great as the diameter of the first conduit at the junction into a fourth conduit; (c) transporting the particulate solid/fluid transport medium stream in the fourth conduit to a desired location; and (d) controlling the mass flow of the particulate solid in the fourth conduit by setting the flow rate of the transport medium in the third conduit.

Abstract: A fluidized bed combustion system and method in which a recycle heat exchanger is located adjacent the furnace section of the recycle heat exchanger. Heat exchange surfaces are provided in a compartment of the recycle heat exchanger for removing heat from the solids, and a bypass compartment is provided through which the solids directly pass to the furnace during start-up and low load conditions. The flow of solids between compartments is selectively controlled and an L-valve connects one of the compartments to the furnace section. Air is passed into the L-valve to promote the flow of the separated materials from the latter compartment to the furnace. The flow rate of the air is modulated to vary the duty of the recycle heat exchanger.

Abstract: Apparatus and processes are disclosed for carrying out chemical reactions of the type in which a fluidized particulate solid is contacted with reactants in a reaction vessel or conduit and then separated from the reactant products and regenerated in a regeneration process, such as combusting the carbonaceous deposit which accretes on fluid catalytic cracking catalyst particles. The regeneration reaction may change the temperature of the regenerated catalyst particles and in such case it is often required to subject the particles to heat exchange to provide them at a temperature suitable for recirculation to the reaction zone. The processes and apparatus of the invention essentially provide for dividing the fluidized solids regeneration bed into an uppermost bed zone and at least one lower bed zone by a horizontal occlusion zone disposed at a vertically intermediate portion of the bed.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring the total content of organic carbon (TOC) and nitrogen (TN) in water. The TOC value is correctly determined as the sum of the liquid, dissolved, and solid substances of a specimen of the water. The apparatus includes a NDIR gas analyzer for simultaneously measuring the concentration of CO.sub.2 and NO gas components with a phase separator, a thermal reactor, a condenser, and two amplifiers for the pneumatic signals of the receivers with an indicator for the measured TOC and TN concentrations. The specimen is split into a gaseous part and a liquid part in the phase separator. The gaseous part which essentially contains the inorganic fraction of carbon, the TIC fraction, in the form of CO.sub.2 gas is cooled in a condenser until a substantial fraction of its water vapor content is separated in the condenser by condensation. The dried gaseous part is directed via the comparison vessels as comparison gas.

Abstract: An FCC process decouples the circulation of catalyst on the regeneration side of the process from the circulation of catalyst on the reactor side of the FCC process by mixing the spent and regenerated catalyst from the reactor and regenerator side of the process in a common blending vessel that receives all of the spent and regenerated catalyst from the reactor and regenerator. The blending vessel supplies blended catalyst to raise the solids to oil ratio on the reaction side of the process and regulate catalyst temperatures on the reaction and the regeneration sides of the process. The blending vessel can also retain the majority of the catalyst inventory for both the reactor and regenerator sides of the process. Moreover, by the introduction of a stripping gas into the blending vessel it operates as a hot stripper to remove additional hydrocarbons from the blended catalyst that enters the regeneration zone.

Abstract: Disclosed are a process and apparatus for effecting chemical and/or physical reactions by means of solid-gas contact. The apparatus has a shaftlike reaction chamber widening in upward direction and divided into compartments by means of horizontal grids. The process is performed by introducing a particulate solid of about 0.5 to 5 millimeters particle size into the reaction chamber and passing a gas stream in upward direction through that chamber at an output sufficient to keep the particles in floating condition. A floating bed of solid particles will be formed in the reactors then and excellent solid-gas contact suitable for affecting chemical and physical reactions is provided hereby. A special embodiment relates to the removal of nitrogen oxides from flue gases with the aid of a particulate catalyst.

Abstract: The reactor includes: a lower zone (I) having a fast circulation fluidized bed; a zone having a dense fluidized bed (13) and located adjacent to the top of the lower zone, being separated therefrom by a dividing wall, the top layer of the dense bed receiving falling particulate materials, and its bottom layer returning these materials to the lower zone (I); and a higher zone having a fast circulation fluidized bed. The invention is applicable to boilers.

Abstract: A method of heating or cooling particulate material by indirect heat exchange of the particles with a heat exchange fluid in a heat exchanger is improved by the use of a gas vent that operates to pump catalyst into and out of a heat exchanger. A periodic build-up of fluidizing medium in a particle cycling zone intermittently causes catalyst to flow into out of a heat exchanger. The method and apparatus of this invention are particularly useful for the cooling of FCC catalyst and simplifies the addition of a cooler by allowing the use of small size catalyst transfer lines.

Abstract: An FCC reactor achieves greater utilization of the space within the reactor vessel by using a vented riser arrangement having an inlet opening at the bottom of a vented riser collector. The inlet opening at the bottom of the vented riser collector allows plug flow of the catalyst and hydrocarbon vapors through the upper and lower section of the reactor vessel without any substantial degradation and separation efficiency between the catalyst and the hydrocarbon vapors. This permits almost the entire tangent length of the reactor vessel to be used for the purpose of catalyst and hydrocarbon contact.

Abstract: The invention relates to a downflow fluid cracking process and apparatus, particularly suitable for use in the catalytic cracking of heavy hydrocarbon charges. More specifically, removal of at least partly regenerated catalyst, which must be recycled to the reactor 1 from a dense phase 17a contained in a regenerator 17, and the introduction of the catalyst into the upper part 3 of the reactor 1 takes place under conditions such that the density of the thus formed gas-solid suspension is between 80 and 500 kg/m.sup.3 prior to its contacting with the charge, which is introduced by the injectors 5.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for an FCC process uses means for dissipating turbulent flow at the outlet of a disengaging vessel to provide a quick separation of catalyst from product vapors and to prevent reentrainment of catalyst into the disengaging vessel. The process and apparatus use a riser for the conversion of an FCC feedstock and direct the effluent from the riser directly into a disengaging vessel to separate catalyst from the product vapors. Catalyst is directed downwardly out of the outlet of the disengaging vessel and through a series of dissipator plates that dissipate turbulent flow by eliminating the tangential velocity that would be otherwise introduced by the vortex and would lead to reentrainment of catalyst. A stripping vessel is located immediately below the disengaging vessel outlet to receive catalyst as it leaves the dissipator plates.

Abstract: A reactor for thermocracking a fluid comprising a heat exchanger having at least one tube for conveying the fluid stream from a respective tube inlet to a tube outlet while contacting the at least one tube with a high temperature medium to effect heat transfer to the fluid stream sufficient to cause thermocracking of the fluid. A quench is provided for discharging a quench liquid so as to be positioned within the thermocracked fluid stream exiting the tube outlet during a cracking operation to immediately lower the temperature of the thermocracked fluid stream sufficient to terminate further thermocracking of the fluid as it emerges from the tube outlet thereby preventing carbon deposition downstream.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor arrangement (1) for the treatment of fluids by means of solid matter that is present in the form of bulk material (2), preferably in a countercurrent process, in which at least one bulk material moves from the top to the bottom and at least one fluid flows from the bottom to the top. The reactor is particularly intended to provide a better flexibility in the bulk material distribution into or in the bulk material discharge from at least two reaction chambers (5A, 5B) arranged on top of each other. Each reaction chamber is provided with a flow-past base (6A, 6B) for the distribution of the fluid over the cross section of the reaction chamber. Each reaction chamber is also provided with a bulk material distribution base (4A, 4B) for the distribution of bulk material over the cross section of the reaction chamber.

Abstract: An apparatus for the catalytic cracking in the fluid state of hydrocarbon feedstocks which comprises a riser-type column (2); at the top of the riser (2) and concentric therewith, a chamber (1) for separation of the hydrocarbon vapors and the coke-laden catalyst particles; directly above the upper opening of the riser (2) and in the interior of said chamber (1), a ballistic separator (3); at least one unit for regeneration of the spent catalyst, fed by stripped particles received from said chamber. The chamber (1) for separation of the coke-laden catalyst particles and the stripping thereof comprises, at a level intermediate between the bed (6) of particles being stripped and the opening of the riser (2), a means (11) adapted to form a baffle for locally reducing the diameter of said chamber (1) and the free passage at the periphery of the riser (2), thereby reducing recirculating streams of hydrocarbon vapors in separation chamber (1) of the FCC unit thus avoiding overcracking.

Abstract: An improved process and apparatus are disclosed for fluidized catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons using a cross-flow or swirl type catalyst regenerator. Instead of a single catalyst withdrawal outlet for regenerated catalyst, multiple catalyst withdrawal points are provided. Use of multiple catalyst outlets, or a continuous radial catalyst outlet, greatly reduces stagnant regions in the bed.

Abstract: A device for treating gaseous effluents from a catalytic cracking unit comprises at least one first stage for regenerating a catalyst used in a catalytic cracking process wherein the gaseous effluents issuing from a cracking catalyst regenerator are treated in a heat recovery unit (CR) including a treating chamber having an entrained bed. The absorbent introduced in this chamber has a "fine" grain size ranging between 0.1 and 100 .mu.m and can be regenerated in the device downstream from heat recovery unit (CR).

Abstract: This FCC process suspends a layer of catalyst in a riser proximate or above the riser outlets. The density at the riser outlets is higher than the flowing density in the riser. The suspended catalyst provides a disengagement zone that enhances the separation of catalyst from product vapors. The riser operates in a manner that prevents any discharge of catalyst from its end. The arrangement also provides a convenient method for venting stripping vapors into a closed reactor cyclone system.

Abstract: A fluidized bed scrubber for use in gas cleaning systems, comprising means for introducing a quantity of polluted gas into a first chamber; means for removing a portion of the pollutants from the polluted gas in the first chamber; means for introducing the polluted gas into a second chamber; and means for removing additional pollutants from the polluted gas in the second chamber. The invention also provides a method for cleaning polluted gas, comprising the steps of passing the polluted gas from a combustion source through a fluidized bed scrubber, removing a plurality of pollutants within the fluidized bed scrubber, passing the fluidized gas through a reactor, passing the fluidized gas through a filter in order to remove further quantities of pollutants, and emitting the now-clean gas into the atmosphere.

Abstract: An article of manufacture comprising (i) a double cone having apexes at opposite ends, said double cone having independent gas inlet means at about the apex of the first cone and multiple independent gas outlet means in the second cone, and (ii) a hollow tube, open at both ends, inside the double cone running from one apex to the other apex having independent gas inlet means at the apex of the first cone and independent gas outlet means at the apex of the second cone.

Abstract: An apparatus for fluidized transport of solids, e.g., catalyst to a pilot plant FCC unit. Carrier gas flow is generated by compressing a sealed bellows to displace gas and an exit tube attached to the bellows into a solids reservoir. A confinement baffle in the solids reservoir controls solids flow and aids refilling. An auxiliary breather tube with an outlet in the solids reservoir can fluidize solids as the bellows expands.

Abstract: An apparatus and method of operating a fluidized bed reactor for combusting refuse derived fuel is disclosed. The reactor includes a fluidized furnace section 30 and stripper/cooler section 80. A downwardly sloping grid 28 extends across the furnace section 30 and stripper/cooler section 80 to a drain 78 in the stripper/cooler section 80, and directional nozzles 38 disposed in the grid fluidize the beds in the furnace section 30 and stripper/cooler section 80 and forcibly convey relatively large particulate material across the grid 28, through the furnace section 30 and stripper/cooler section 80, and to the drain 78 for disposal. A refractory layer 36 is provided along the grid 28 surface to reduce the height of the nozzles 38 within the furnace section 30, thereby helping to prevent relatively large particulate material from becoming entangled with or stuck to the nozzles 38.

Abstract: A circulating fluidized bed reactor comprises a reaction chamber (10) with an upwardly directed flow of gas with entrained particulate solid material, a separator (18) for separating the particles from the gas flow, and a particle recycling system (23) for controlled return of the particles to the reaction chamber (10). The particle recycling system (23) may comprise means (47) for controlled return of the particles in a non-cooled condition and superposed fluid beds (55 and 59) which may be connected in parallel or in series as desired for returning particles to the reaction chamber in a more or less cooled condition. The reactor may also render it possible to return various fractions of the particles into the reactor chamber (10) at different levels.

Abstract: A process for polymerizing olefins in a gas-phase fluidized-bed reactor comprising a reactor body (1), optionally surmounted by a disengagement chamber (2), in which fine particles entrained by the gas mixture leaving the top of the reactor are separated from the gas and recycled to the upper portion of the reactor body. Polymer is withdrawn from the reactor body (1) via at least two polymer outlets, at least one of which (15) is in the lower portion of the reactor body (1) and at least one of which (16) is in the upper portion of the reactor body at a position below the top of the fluidized bed. The invention includes apparatus for polymerizing olefins and the use of the apparatus.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the oxidation of organic compounds in a non-uniform fluidized solid catalyst reaction system characterized in that a temperature profile is maintained in the reaction system such that a predominance of the oxidation occurs in a higher temperature zone, unreacted organic compound is adsorbed on the catalyst surface in a lower temperature zone, direct back-circulation of catalyst is restricted between zones and catalyst containing adsorbed organic compound is circulated from the lower temperature zone to the higher temperature zone.

Abstract: A fluidized bed-type polymerization apparatus has an upper blowing equipment installed at a definite height in the fluidized bed area. Through the equipment, a part of the circulating gas and a part, or the whole, of the fresh feed material is blown, thereby to prevent the formation of lumps of polymer in the fluidized bed portion, owing to improved intermixing at the upper portion of the fluidized bed, as well as efficient heat-removal at that portion.

Abstract: A fluidized catalytic cracking process and apparatus with an active bed annular spent catalyst stripper is disclosed. An annular catalyst stripper disposed about a riser reactor is separated, by a baffle or fluid flow, into a secondary stripper nearer the catalyst regenerator and a primary stripper on the far side of the annular stripper from the regenerator. Catalyst flows through the primary stripper as a dense bed, to a transport means which lifts catalyst to the inlet of the secondary stripper. The "dead" region on side of annular strippers far from the regenerator is eliminated. Preferably catalyst is added to the primary stripper via cyclone diplegs, and a cyclone is used on the transport outlet.

Abstract: The particle separation and collection system for a circulating fluidized bed combustion system is incorporated inside of the combustor. One or more particle collecting cells are formed along one of the waterwalls of the combustor with the walls of the cells also being water cooled. The cells may contain heat exchange surface and means are provided at the bottom of each cell to control the flow of particles from the cells back into the combustor.