Abstract: Disclosed are a production method for efficiently controlling a specific surface area of conductive carbon black, and a material delivering device. The production method for efficiently controlling a specific surface area of conductive carbon black includes making acetylene mixed with a hydrocarbon raw material undergo a pyrolysis reaction at 1300 to 1500° C., wherein the hydrocarbon raw material includes one, or a combination of more than one, of hydrocarbon compounds. When acetylene is introduced to undergo a pyrolysis reaction at 1800° C., conductive carbon black is obtained with a specific surface area of generally 80 m2/g or more. When acetylene is mixed with a hydrocarbon raw material so that the temperature of the pyrolysis reaction is reduced to 1300 to 1500° C., conductive carbon black is obtained with a specific surface area of substantially from 40 to 80 m2/g by controlling the pyrolysis temperature.

Abstract: A reactor for producing a solid carbon material comprising at least one reaction chamber configured to produce a solid carbon material and water vapor through a reduction reaction between at least one carbon oxide and at least one gaseous reducing material in the presence of at least one catalyst material. Additional reactors, and related methods of producing a solid carbon material, and of forming a reactor for producing a solid carbon material are also described.

Abstract: A system for activating carbonaceous material including a carbonaceous material feedstock unit for producing a carbonaceous material of less than 5% mineral content; a digestion unit in communication with the carbonaceous material feedstock unit; an acid feedstock unit in communication with the digestion unit for providing an acid mixture solution; a separation unit in communication with the digestion unit for separating the digested carbonaceous material from the acid mixture solution; a dryer unit in communication with the separation unit for drying the digested carbonaceous material and separating the carbonaceous material; and a thermal unit for activating the carbonaceous material to produce activated carbonaceous material, the thermal unit having an inlet for receiving the carbonaceous material from the dryer unit and an outlet for exiting the activated carbonaceous material from thermal unit.

Abstract: A method for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine includes providing an exhaust system having: an SCR catalytic converter, a reagent addition point upstream of the SCR catalytic converter for adding at least one of a reducing agent and a reducing agent precursor, and a structure which the exhaust gas can at least flow around and is disposed immediately downstream of the reagent addition point.

Abstract: A method for controlling volatiles in recycled carbon black, such as from pyrolysis of tires, includes deagglomerating the recycled carbon black to substantially reduce the carbon black particle size and impinging an air current on the carbon black particles, preferably in a countercurrent direction, to increase the processing temperature and thereby enhance the release of volatiles. Associated apparatus is disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a reactor (100) for manufacturing carbon black, said reactor (100) comprising flow guide means (110) provided between a fuel burner (106) and an air inlet (108) for altering the flow path of combustion air entering at the air inlet (108) to result in a better mixing between the fuel and the combustion air, thereby, producing higher temperature hot combustion gases which are subsequently received in a reaction chamber (104) where they react with a carbonaceous feedstock to produce carbon black. The reactor (100) of the present invention increases the carbon black production by 5-20%. Further, the positioning of the flow guide means (110) stabilizes the flame from the fuel burner (106) to maintain it along the reactor axis, thus, increasing the life of the refractory lining (114).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system for producing silicon, preferably high-purity silicon, particularly solar silicon, and to a method for producing silicon, preferably high-purity silicon, in particular solar silicon, in each case with particularly effective resource utilization and reduced emission of pollutants.

Abstract: The present application provides multistage and multilayer reactors useful for the efficient and continuous production of carbon nanotubes and methods of using the apparatus in the preparation of carbon nanotubes. In one aspect, the multistage reactors include an array of interconnected fluidized-bed reactors. The multilayer reactors include a plurality of reaction zones.

Abstract: The invention relates to a continuous or discontinuous method for the production of highly condensed polyesters in the solid state, comprising a crystallization of a polyester material, wherein the crystallization is carried out in the presence of a gas with a dew point of (less than or equal to) ?approximately ?10° C. The invention also relates to a method for the production of polyester formed bodies using the polyester material obtained for the production of bottles, films and high strength threads.

Abstract: The invention relates to recycled rubber produced by a process comprising the steps of: a) shredding cleaned rubber tires into shreds less than 2? long; b) pyrolyzing the shreds in a reaction chamber of a thermal processor in a first anaerobic environment to produce a char; c) drawing off volatile organics from the reaction chamber; c) removing the char from the reaction chamber; d) cooling the char in a second anaerobic environment; e) removing metal and textile components from the char to obtain pyrolytic carbon black; f) milling and sizing the pyrolytic carbon black so obtained into particles of 325 mesh size or smaller; and, g) utilizing the pyrolytic carbon black from the previous step in a polymerization process that produces said recycled rubber. It also relates to the high quality pyrolytic carbon black recovered from this process.

Abstract: Methods of dehydrogenating hydrocarbons to yield unsaturated compounds are described. Reactor configurations useful for dehydrogenation are also described. Hydrocarbons can be dehydrogenated, for relatively long periods of time-on-stream, in a reaction chamber having a dimension of 2 mm or less to produce H2 and an olefin. Techniques have been developed that reduce coke and allow stable, relatively long-term operation in small reactors.

Abstract: A system and method for decomposing ammonia from fly ash contaminated with ammonia is provided which includes maintaining the temperature of a bed of ammonia-contaminated fly ash at a decomposition temperature greater than 500° F. and less than 842° F. to decompose the ammonia from the fly ash. In a preferred embodiment, the ammonia-laden fly ash is maintained at a temperatures less than a lowest carbon combustion temperature at which substantial combustion of carbon in fly ash begins to occur. A preferred embodiment includes a first chamber operating at a decomposition temperature greater than 500° F. and less than 842° F. followed by a second chamber operating at a higher carbon combustion temperature for carbon burn-out.

Abstract: A microfluidic assay device for determining the presence or absence of an analyte within a fluid test sample is provided. The present invention provides a technique for achieving continuous flow in a microfluidic device by using at least one input channel, an analysis zone, and a plurality of wicking channels disposed about the perimeter of the analysis zone. In one embodiment, for example, the wicking channels extend radially from the analysis zone. As a result of the particular configuration of the microfluidic device, an assay may performed in a “single step” without the need for active forces, such as a pressure source, electrokinetic force, etc., to induce flow of the fluid test sample through the device. Likewise, flow rate is controlled so that the dwell time of the fluid test sample within the analysis zone is long enough to allow for the desired reactions and/or detection.

Abstract: This invention relates to a carbon black reactor comprising; a combustion zone for generating a hot combustion gas by burning a mixture of a hydrocarbon fuel and an oxygen containing gas, a reaction zone for producing a carbon black by contacting the hot combustion gas with a feedstock introduced in a plurality of divided flows to thermally decompose and/or incompletely combust the feedstock, and a quench zone for stopping a carbon black growth reaction by injection a coolant to said carbon black containing flow, and these three zones are arrayed laterally in order, wherein the cross-section shape of the feedstock introduction part in the reaction zone is not a circle nor a polygon. The carbon black reactor can produce the carbon black having same characteristics, especially the distribution of the aggregate size, as one produced by pilot-scale reactor, while its production scale is increased to the level of that of reactor actually operated.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for producing a gas rich in hydrogen by thermal pyrolysis of hydrocarbons which consists in carrying out, in a reactor (R) a catalyst-free thermal cracking to pyrolyze a fuel selected so as to produce either a gas rich in hydrogen and free of carbon monoxide, or a gas rich in hydrogen and containing carbon monoxide and in using said gas effluents during pyrolysis and inert with respect to the cell as fuel at the burner (B) to heat the reactor so as to bring it to a reaction temperature, and which consists, subsequently, in burning the powder carbon produced in the reactor (R) during the pyrolysis reaction either to produce carbon monoxide or to produce carbon dioxide. The invention is useful in particular for supplying hydrogen to fuel cells and for producing synthesis gas.

Abstract: A smokeless porous carbon production method and its production system in which porous carbon is produced by heat treating a large amount of material, e.g. wood or bamboo, efficiently in a short time with thermal energy generated by combusting combustible gas produced by heating the material, without combusting the material completely by regulating inflow of air. The smokeless porous carbon production system comprises a sequential carbonization chamber (12) for heating a material M, e.g.

Abstract: What is disclosed herein deals with low to medium pressure, high temperature, all ceramic, air-to-air, indirect heat exchangers, novel ball joints, high load-bearing ceramic tube sheets, and tube seal extenders for ceramic tubes that are useful in such heat exchangers. Also disclosed are new and novel systems used in new and novel industrial processes such as chemical processing, sludge destruction and the production of particulates such as, for example, carbon black. Systems utilizing several heat exchangers are also disclosed.

Abstract: An automated computer controlled ground water system for monitoring and analysis for an analyte, has a sampling device in a well casing with a valve and sensor to provide a predetermined sample volume, a treatment assembly to prepare a calibration standard, a calibration assembly to provide a standard of known concentration and volume, an analytical assembly to analyze for analyte concentration, and a communication system to receive analysis data and transmit it to a cognizant agency.

Abstract: Combinatorial synthesis methods obtain a plurality of compositions having materially different characteristics using an apparatus having a plurality of collectors. A first quantity of fluid reactants are reacted to form a first quantity of product composition. Following completion of the collection of the first quantity of product composition, a second quantity of fluid reactants are reacted to form a second quantity of product composition, the second quantity of product composition being material different from the first quantity of product composition. An apparatus includes a nozzle connected to a reactant source and a plurality of collectors. The nozzle and plurality of collectors move relative to each other such that a collector can be selectively placed to receive a fluid stream emanating from the nozzle. The plurality of product compositions can be evaluated to determine their suitability for various applications.

Abstract: A burner for producing carbon black, includes a combustion chamber which can be supplied with fuel gas and an oxidizing gas in such a way that a diffusion flame producing carbon black particles is generated in the combustion chamber. The burner is also provided with a carbon-black discharge line. Carbon black formed in the combustion chamber can be discharged via an opening in the combustion chamber which feeds into the carbon-black discharge line. The discharge line is also provided with an opening through which an extinguishing gas can be supplied to the carbon-line. The burner permits the stable and reproducible production of carbon black particles which present well defined chemical and physical characteristics.

Abstract: The present invention provides improved processes and apparatus for reacting high flow rates of one or more gaseous reactants in tubular reactors. The improved processes and apparatus allow such reactions to be carried out with a low pressure drop across the reactor and without excessive erosion due to solid particles carried with or picked up by the gaseous reactants. A process of this invention is basically comprised of the steps of swirling a gaseous reactant which may contain or pick up solid particles in a first annular plenum chamber followed by a second larger diameter annular plenum chamber and then introducing the gaseous reactant and solid particles into a reactor by way of two or more radial slots whereby said gaseous reactant and solid particles are caused to flow into said reactor and are uniformly distributed therein.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to inventive carbon blacks comprising the average nitrogen surface area of a conventional N500 series carbon black and at least one performance property, in a polymeric composition, equal to or better than an identical performance property of a conventional N300 series carbon black in the same polymeric composition. Additionally, the present invention is further directed to various methods and apparatuses for the manufacture of the inventive carbon blacks described herein.

Abstract: An element for ascertaining radiation dosage comprising: a support on which is disposed a coated layer, said coated layer comprising a binder and alanine; wherein the alanine, upon exposure to ionizing radiation, produces radicals that remain stable for long periods.

Abstract: An integrated optical chip device for molecular diagnostics comprising a tunable laser cavity sensor chip using heterodyned detection at the juncture of a sensor laser and a reference laser, the sensor laser including exposed evanescent field material.

Abstract: A dosimeter comprising: a support; at least one first region disposed on said support, the region containing amino acid and a binder; and at least one second region disposed on said support; wherein the first region is capable of measuring an absorbed dose of ionizing radiation and the second region bears an identification mark.

Abstract: A process for producing carbon black comprising reacting a reaction stream formed by a prior carbon black forming process with an oxidant and a carbon black yielding feedstock to produce carbon black and cooling, separating and recovering the carbon black. The process advantageously reduces the amount of fuel needed to produce carbon black. Also disclosed is an apparatus for practicing the process.

Abstract: A pyrolysis gasifier includes a first auger (26) which moves carbon from a carbon collection tank (24) through an air lock valve (30) to a carbon holding tank (28) The gasifier includes an inner cylindrical sleeve (80) which is configured such that there is a small air gap between it and an interior wall of the gasifier (16). The air lock valve (30) includes an inlet member (96) which connects the housing to a connecting tube from the first auger (26). A plate (100) within the housing is mounted such that in a closed position, the plate is sealingly positioned against a lower edge of the inlet member (96), while in an open position, the plate is away from the inlet member, permitting carbon to move into the carbon holding tank. A fuel spreader apparatus 53 is positioned at the top portion of the gasifier. It includes a stirring rod (44) and two opposed fuel paddle assemblies (67, 69) at the lower end thereof to spread the fuel over the cross-sectional area of the gasifier.

Abstract: A carbon black reactor having a combustion chamber, a mixing chamber and a reaction chamber positioned along a longitudinal axis of the reactor. The chambers communicate with each other so as to provide a flow path for the hot combustion gases as the combustion gases travel from the combustion chamber, through the mixing chamber and into the reaction chamber. The mixing chamber is designed in the form of an axial narrow area in a dividing wall separating the combustion chamber from the reaction chamber. In addition to the mixing chamber, the combustion chamber and the reaction chamber additionally communicate with each other through at least one bypass bore provided in the dividing wall and positioned radially externally to the mixing chamber and internally to the surface of the combustion chamber. The bypass bores can be either axially aligned so as to be parallel to a central, axial axis of the mixing chamber or inclined.

Abstract: A new process and apparatus for producing carbon black is provided and unique reactor with separate carbon black forming reaction zones is described. The process utilizes such a reactor is to give unique carbon blacks which give rise to low hysteresis loss and good wear where used in rubber compounds for reinforcement and particularly in rubber tires.

Abstract: Ionene polymers having biologically-active organic and/or inorganic anions are described. Methods to prepare the ionene polymers, compositions containing them and their methods of use are also described.

Abstract: A hybridization incubator, of a type usefully employed to perform blot nucleic acid and protein/antibody hybridizations and stringency washes for blot procedures such as Northern, Southern, Dot, Slot, Colony, and Western blot techniques, wherein the hybridization incubator comprises an incubator chamber of irregular geometric shape. In a specific embodiment, the hybridization incubator comprises: (a) a housing including walls and a door cooperatively defining an enclosed interior volume within the housing, wherein the interior volume is bounded by segmented wall surfaces forming at least one obtuse included angle between adjacent wall segments; (b) a rotational carousel assembly constructed and arranged for holding hybridization sample(s) thereon, and mounted in the interior volume within the housing; (c) means for selectively rotating said rotational carousel assembly; and (d) means for heating gas and circulating heated gas in the interior volume of the housing over the segmented wall surfaces.

Abstract: Apparatus and process for compressing and quenching a cracked gas stream from a hydrocarbon cracking furnace including the step of feeding furnace output directly into an ejector in the effluent line, the ejector acting to quench and compress the effluent by injection of pressurized motive fluid into the ejector thereby rapidly mixing the motive fluid with the effluent for quick quenching and compression to prevent coke build-up and allow efficient heat exchanger and low pressure furnace operation.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing carbon black comprises a reaction chamber which consists of a tapered throat and a downstream extension of the throat having the same diameter as that of the narrowest portion of the throat and provided with a plurality of ribs on its inner wall which define a plurality of flits parallel to the axis of the reaction chamber. The reaction chamber is equipped, on the upstream side of the extension, with means for introducing the feedstock oil perpendicularly to the axis of the chamber.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for producing a product comprising a carbide compound, such as for example silicon carbide. A reactor is provided which has a chamber defined therein which is divided into a combustion zone and a reaction zone. A combustible mixture is injected into the combustion zone in a direction generally toward the reaction zone, and is accordingly combusted in the combustion zone. At least one reactant (i.e. silane) is injected at the boundary between the zones into the reactor chamber in a direction generally parallel to the longitudinal axis of the chamber so as to react to form raw product containing the carbide compound.

Abstract: A reactor and method for producing carbon black which involves arranging the combustion fuel conduits in a circumferential arrangement within the forward wall of the combustion chamber and providing an impact surface on the opposite side of the combustion chamber. The impact surface forms part of a forward wall of a constricting section which has a tapering passageway with a large opening in fluid communication with the combustion chamber and a smaller opening downstream. A throat passageway or restricting ring is provided at the downstream end of the tapering passageway and the throat passageway opens into an expansion chamber which, in turn, opens into a quenching chamber. Carbon black feedstock is injected into either the tapering passageway, the throat section, or both. The injection of the feedstock is achieved through the use of an axially extending lance and/or one or more radially extending injectors.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for the manufacture of high purity, ultra-fine aluminum nitride powder by the carbo-nitridization of alumina. In the method, agglomerates uniform in both size, chemical composition and porosity are formed containing a stoichiometric mixture of alumina and carbon, and a small amount of catalyst, and furnaced in a controlled manner in a well-mixed two chamber reaction vessel having optional top or bottom fluidizing gas feed to achieve a uniform and consistent level of conversion. Milling of the as-reacted agglomerates under a controlled atmosphere will produce high purity, micron sized aluminum nitride powder. The reactor is an automatically controlled fluid bed reactor for treatment of refractory materials with a hot fluidizing gas having a two chamber design in which the lower furnace chamber and reactor bed are removable from the bottom of the reactor. With unique reactor, unusually high reaction temperatures of up to 2000.degree. C. are obtainable.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for producing generator gas and activated carbon from solid fuels. A first gasification stage is supplied with fuel by an underfeed charging system and preheated air, the air and fuel being supplied in the same direction. In a second gasification stage and accompanied by the supply of secondary air, an intermediate gasification takes place. Finally, in a third gasification stage, the gas is reacted with glowing coke or charcoal, and the heat of the exiting gas is used for heating the air. The fuel centrally entering the first gasification stage is led from the inside to the outside and then upwards. Part of the entering fuel is precombusted in a precombustion chamber linked with the supply of the preheated air for reducing the oxygen content of the preheated air. In the intermediate gasification stage, the gas with the admixed air is passed through a Venturi nozzle or tube with a diffuser.

Abstract: A carbon black reactor having an extended reaction choke substantially reduces the presence of coke and refractory grit in the carbon black product and erosion of the carbon black reactor due to impingement of particles of forming carbon black within the reactor. The carbon black reactor generally comprises a reaction choke which extends into an exit chamber to an outlet opening within the exit chamber. Hot gas and particles of forming carbon black flow through the reaction choke, through the outlet opening into the exit chamber. The outlet opening of the reaction choke is located within the exit chamber sufficiently distal from the upstream end of the exit chamber to substantially eliminate impingement of the particles of forming carbon black against the upsteam end of the exit chamber.

Abstract: A vertical cylinder reactor which comprises a plurality of vertically coupled cylindrical modules. An upper end of the reactor, a first module, employs a spraying device for subdividing a liquid reactant into a plurality of small droplets and a toroidal ring for introducing a gas reactant around the liquid phase droplets. A second module connected downstream to the first is provided with a gas inlet jacket for introducing a heating and/or drying gas into the reactor. Connected to the second module is a third module which has a tangential gas inlet for introducing a gas tangentially into the reactor. Finally the reactor is provided with a conical bottom and an outlet conduit for removing gas containing fine solid particles.

Abstract: An axial flow carbon black reactor for producing carbon black particles having a relatively narrow particle size distribution. Feedstock oil is introduced into the reactor by a spray nozzle located coaxial with the longitudinal center line of the reactor. The oil spray flows either in the countercurrent or the concurrent direction relative to the flow of hot gas through the reactor and produces an oil spray pattern covering either substantially the entire frontal area of the hot gas flow or substantially less than the frontal area. Countercurrent feedstock flow increases coverage of the gas flow area by the oil spray and narrows the particle size distribution of carbon black produced by the reactor, and concurrent feedstock flow produces the opposite result.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for reacting materials to provide a product. In a reactor (20) having an inner column (A) and an adjacent coaxial outer column (B), and having an upper zone (II) and an adjacent lower zone (I), both zones (I,II) are filled with a liquid (C). A gas (4) is fed into the liquid (C) at the lower end of the upper zone (II). The liquid (C) and a part of the gas (4) are circulated generally upward in one column (A or B) and generally downward in the other column (B or A) in the upper zone (II). Particles (15) of a solid substance are provided in a column (A or B) in the lower zone (I). The liquid (C) is circulated between the lower zone (I) and the upper zone (II) in such manner that the liquid (C) contacts and fluidizes the solid particles (15) while confining them to the lower zone (I), while the gas (4) contacts the liquid (C) and is confined to the upper zone (II).

Abstract: A tubular furnace as a reactor for producing carbon black is disclosed having a constriction in at least the area of the spray device for the carbon black starting material which is oriented along the reactor axis. A combustion chamber for generating the gaseous pyrolysis medium for the carbon black raw material is laterally located in front of the constriction. The central axes of the reactor tube and the combustion chamber are in the same plane and are essentially at right angles to one another. In addition, a method for producing furnace carbon blacks is disclosed in which the described reactor can be used.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for producing carbon blacks which for a given surface area are characterized by having lower tinting strength and higher structure.

Abstract: In the production of carbon black, low BTU content gases are combusted in a compact combustion zone with near stoichiometric amounts of oxidant gases, tempered to the desired temperature and volume with a diluent gas stream which can be selected from air and filter off-gases, and introduced into a reactor for the pyrolysis of a carbonceous feedstock to form carbon black.

Abstract: A carbon black reactor is characterized by a converging zone, a throat, a first reaction zone and a second reaction zone serially connected. Oil can be injected both upstream and downstream of the throat. Annular walls connect the throat with the first reaction zone and the first reaction zone with the second reaction zone.

Abstract: A system for increasing the capacity of a process for producing titanium dioxide by reacting titanium tetrachloride vapors with oxygen wherein the process includes an oxygen preheat assembly for preheating oxygen to a predetermined temperature level and a first titanium tetrachloride preheat assembly for preheating titanium tetrachloride to a first, relatively high, temperature level, a portion of the oxygen and the titanium tetrachloride vapors at the first temperature level being reacted in a first reaction zone to produce a mixture of titanium dioxide reaction product, oxygen and unreacted titanium tetrachloride vapors at the first temperature level.

Abstract: A new reactor for the production of carbon black, a method for the production of carbon black, and a carbon black are disclosed. The carbon blacks are characterized by a surface area preferably in the range of 70 to 150 m.sup.2 /g and "G" values of either less than 1.20 or greater than 1.85, corresponding to very narrow or very broad aggregate size distributions, respectively. The reactor is preferably for axial flow of combustion gases and is characterized by serial arrangement of a cylindrical combustion zone, a frustoconical converging zone, a throat, an abrupt diverging zone and a cylindrical pyrolysis zone. In certain aspects of the invention, the combustion gases are formed by combusting low BTU fuel and forcing these gases through the throat at a velocity approaching Mach 1. In one method of carbon black production, the feedstock is introduced into the converging zone. In another method, it is introduced as a spray.

Abstract: In a heat exchange unit that recovers waste heat from carbon black smoke by preheating oxygen-containing gas such as air being passed to a carbon black producing reactor, a control loop is provided that automatically diverts the oxygen-containing gas being preheated through a by-pass line if the temperature of the effluent smoke being removed from the heat exchange is below a minimum temperature value in order to minimize the deposition of carbon on the heat exchange surfaces in said heat exchange zone.

Abstract: An improved carbon black burner for producing a carbon black with reduced grit content wherein feedstock oil is introduced radially into an atomizing fluid conduit through ports located proximate the discharge orifice of the burner.

Abstract: A reactor for the production of carbon black is disclosed which is characterized by axial flow of combustion gases and sequential converging sections for sequentially accelerating the hot combustion gases used to drive the pyrolysis reaction.