Abstract: A processing system and method of producing a particulate material from a liquid mixture are provided. The processing system generally includes a system inlet connected to one or more gas lines to deliver one or more gases into the processing system, one or more power jet modules adapted to jet a liquid mixture into one or more streams of droplets and to force the one or more streams of droplets into the processing system, and a reaction chamber adapted to deliver the one or more streams of droplets in the presence of the one or more gases and process the one or more streams of droplets into the particulate material.

Abstract: A processing system and method of producing a particulate material from a liquid mixture are provided. The processing system generally includes a system inlet connected to one or more gas lines to deliver one or more gases into the processing system, one or more power jet modules adapted to jet a liquid mixture into one or more streams of droplets and to force the one or more streams of droplets into the processing system, and a reaction chamber adapted to deliver the one or more streams of droplets in the presence of the one or more gases and process the one or more streams of droplets into the particulate material.

Abstract: A carbon nanotube array constituted by large numbers of carbon nanotubes vertically aligned on a substrate is produced by supplying a carbon source gas into a reaction vessel having a hydrogen gas atmosphere, in which a substrate on which a reaction catalyst comprising fine metal particles is formed is placed; forming large numbers of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes on the substrate by keeping a reaction temperature of 500-1100° C. for 0.5-30 minutes; and heat-treating the carbon nanotubes by stopping the supply of the carbon source gas and keeping 400-1100° C. for 0.5-180 minutes in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.

Abstract: Direct thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons into solid carbon and hydrogen is performed by a process and a device. The process comprises preheating a hydrocarbon gas stream to a temperature between 500° C. and 700° C. and injecting the pre-heated hydrocarbon gas stream into the reactor pool of a liquid metal reactor containing a liquid media; forming a multi-phase flow with a hydrocarbon gas comprising hydrogen and solid carbon at a temperature between 900° C. and 1200° C.; forming a carbon layer on the free surface of the liquid media made up of solid carbon particles which are then displaced into at least one carbon extraction system and at least one recipient for collecting them; and, at the same time, the gas comprising hydrogen leaves the reactor pool through a porous rigid section, being collected at a gas outlet collector from where the gas comprising hydrogen finally leaves the liquid metal reactor.

Abstract: A facility for producing a composite material that includes carbon nanotubes. The facility includes a reaction chamber with an injection device for injecting an active gas mixture (for the growth of the carbon nanotubes) into the interior volume thereof. A transport device is to transport a substrate into the reaction chamber to form the composite material. The injection device may transport the active gas mixture in a first direction into the interior volume. A circulation device is to circulate the active gas mixture, and may transport the active gas mixture into the interior volume in a second direction that is different from the first direction. The circulation device may adopt a first configuration of injection of the active gas mixture into the interior volume of the chamber, and a second configuration of extraction of the active gas mixture from the interior volume.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods and to devices for a melting furnace, or for the conveying ones of the product to be melted, having an infinite life (furnace campaign). The same is achieved by means of the continuous/periodic, e.g. cyclic, exchange, in the optimum case, of all of the components surrounding the furnace interior/melting space, or surrounding the conveying lines, in that the components can be arranged/placed next to each other in a modular manner and that said components move in a certain direction while new individual parts are added at one of the free ends of the respective assembly and while worn/used individual parts are removed at the other free end of the respective assembly. For this purpose the individual components are held and/or moved by suitable receptacles, wherein the furnace interior/melting chamber remains stationary.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems and processes which prevent fouling of a reactor inlet of an oligomerization reactor. The systems and processes involve placement of an inlet sleeve around at least a portion of a reactor inlet such that a curtain of inert material flows through an annular space coaxially with respect to an outer surface of the end of the reactor inlet and into the reactor.

Abstract: A method for producing elemental carbon and hydrogen gas directly from a hydrocarbon (for example, natural gas or methane) using a chemical reaction or series of reactions. In an aspect, other materials involved such as, for example, elemental magnesium, remain unchanged and function as a catalyst.

Abstract: An array includes a plurality of refractory bricks, each having a substantially tubular body including a first end, an opposed second end, a central bore extending from the first end to the second end along the longitudinal length thereof and defining an inner surface of the refractory brick, and an outer surface extending from the first end to the second end along the longitudinal length thereof. The outer surface of each refractory brick has a shape that transitions axially between a plurality of hexagonal portions and non-hexagonal portions along the longitudinal lengths thereof, and the plurality of refractory bricks are arranged and interlocked with one another in a vertical and horizontal manner via mating members provided on the hexagonal portions of the outer surfaces thereof. A continuous plenum space is defined by the non-hexagonal portions of the refractory bricks arranged in the array.

Abstract: In a production system for vapor-grown carbon nanofibers includes a static mixer and a micro mist nozzle for preventing un-uniform input material from forming impurities, an anti-adhering coating covering an inner wall of a vertical tubular reactor for preventing a catalyst, raw material and carbon fibers from adhering to the inner wall of the vertical tubular reactor, and a sedimentation device into which a dispersant and water are inputted to separate produced carbon fiber compositions from particulate impurities in water.

Abstract: Methods for production of carbon black using high temperature feedstock at temperatures exceeding about 300° C. with fouling control are provided. An apparatus for production of carbon black according to these methods also is provided.

Abstract: An embodiment relates to a photocatalytic composite material comprising (a) a first component that generates a photoexcited electron and has at least a certain minimum bandgap to absorb visible light and a structure that substantially prevents the recombination of the photoexcited electron and a hole; (b) a second component that adsorbs/absorbs an oxide of carbon; and (c) a third component that splits the oxide of carbon into carbon and oxygen using the photoexcited electron.

Abstract: An improved oven (1) comprising a conveyor configured and arranged to move a product (11) to be processed through an oven, a primary air delivery system (45) configured and arranged to provide a heated primary air flow (47), a secondary air delivery system configured and arranged to provide a heated secondary air flow (48), a processing enclosure (21) configured and arranged to receive and contain the product and the primary air flow, an insulated enclosure (2) configured and arranged to receive the heated secondary air flow, the processing enclosure configured and arranged to extend through the insulated enclosure and the heated secondary air flow and to separate the primary air flow from the secondary air flow.

Abstract: Methods for production of carbon black using high temperature feedstock at temperatures exceeding about 300° C. with fouling control are provided. An apparatus for production of carbon black according to these methods also is provided.

Abstract: A reactor for the continuous production of charcoal, having a substantially vertical structure, comprising, in sequence, a top charging zone, a drying zone, a carbonization zone, a cooling zone, and a discharge zone, wherein the charging zone has a smaller cross section than the drying zone and has an extension into the drying zone , forming an annular space around the extension, which space comprises, in the wall of the drying zone, an outlet to a gas extraction line for the recirculation of these gases into the reactor. The reactor reduces sawdust drag by the gases extracted from the preheating zone, without substantially altering the shape and the size of the reactor, which is achieved due to the fact that the charging zone is arranged eccentrically relatively to the drying zone, and that the outlet to the gas extraction line of the drying zone is located substantially on the larger area section of the annular space.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for producing the raw material (46) used in producing black dye pigment. The invention further relates to a raw material (46) for producing black dye pigment as well as to the use of ash (20,24,26) separated from the raw synthetic gas (12, 14, 18) in the purification of the raw synthetic gas (12, 14, 18) generated in the gasification of a biomass (2, 4, 6) for producing black dye pigment.

Abstract: The device for producing carbon black from waste rubber has a pyrolysis reactor, a solid product discharge system, a pyrolysis gas emission means, a shell and tube heat exchanger, a solid pyrolysis product receiver, a pyrolysis gas condenser, and a flue gas output means. The shell and tube heat exchanger has a burner linked to the tubes. The space between the tubes of the heat exchanger is filled with a disperse material having a particle size of 3-10 cm. The inlet of the pyrolysis gas emission means is linked to the pyrolysis reactor, and the outlet is linked to the space between the tubes of the heat exchanger. The inlet of the condenser is linked to the casing of the pyrolysis reactor, which is linked to the tubes of the heat exchanger.

Abstract: A system for activating carbonaceous material including a carbonaceous material feedstock unit for producing a carbonaceous material of less than 5% mineral content; a digestion unit in communication with the carbonaceous material feedstock unit; an acid feedstock unit in communication with the digestion unit for providing an acid mixture solution; a separation unit in communication with the digestion unit for separating the digested carbonaceous material from the acid mixture solution; a dryer unit in communication with the separation unit for drying the digested carbonaceous material and separating the carbonaceous material; and a thermal unit for activating the carbonaceous material to produce activated carbonaceous material, the thermal unit having an inlet for receiving the carbonaceous material from the dryer unit and an outlet for exiting the activated carbonaceous material from thermal unit.

Abstract: A method for obtaining carbon black from rubber waste is provided. The method includes the thermal decomposition of rubber waste in a reactor, the separation of the decomposition products into gas-vapor products and into solid carbon-containing residues, the grinding of the carbon residues, the combustion of the gas-vapor products with the ground carbon residues by supplying the gas-vapor products into the combustion chamber, the mass consumption ratio of the gas-vapor products and of the ground carbon residues being between 1:(0.1-2). A device for obtaining carbon black from rubber waste is also provided.

Abstract: A method for recording a volume transmission hologram having angularly multiplexed diffraction fringe patterns that can cooperate to display polychromatic images and can be recorded with a single wavelength exposure source.

Abstract: A system for regenerating or manufacturing activated carbon wherein exhaust gases and vapors for various lower sections of the furnace are recycled in up-flow fashion to higher sections of the furnace.

Abstract: Methods for control of NOx emission in the incineration of tail gas are provided wherein tail gas that comprises NOx, NOx precursors, or both is introduced into a combustor and diluent is introduced into the combustor for controlling the combustor temperature to a temperature of from about 950° C. to about 1100° C. Methods also are provided for reducing NOx emissions by controlling air-to-fuel ratio in a tail gas combustor while controlling the combustor flame temperature through diluent injections. A boiler unit for carrying out these methods also is provided. A system for carbon black production using the boiler unit also is provided.

Abstract: A method for controlling volatiles in recycled carbon black, such as from pyrolysis of tires, includes deagglomerating the recycled carbon black to substantially reduce the carbon black particle size and impinging an air current on the carbon black particles, preferably in a countercurrent direction, to increase the processing temperature and thereby enhance the release of volatiles. Associated apparatus is disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates a pyrolytic carbon black produced from pyrolyzed rubber, the pyrolytic carbon black having an ash content ranging between 9-15%, a toluene discoloration at 425 mu of between 80-90% transmission, an iodine adsorption between 30 and 45 mg/g; and, an n-dibutyl phthalate absorption number of or to 65 cc/100 gm.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for the continuous production of carbon nanotubes (CNT), as well as the method to carry it out. The apparatus for the CNT synthesis includes: two sets or more of tubes to synthesize in its interior the CNT; a set of nozzles for the same number of tubes that each set has, to feed to the interior of the tubes the precursory chemical compounds of the CNT; a furnace to maintain one of the sets to a suitable temperature to allow the formation of the CNT inside the tubes; a system for the detaching and collection of the CNT formed in the previous stage; and a control system, preferably a PLC (PLC by its abbreviation in English) to program the sequence of activities of the equipment.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus for producing carbon nanotubes, that is provided with a reaction chamber and a dispersion plate. The dispersion plate is provided with a plate and a gas guiding portion provided on an edge of the plate, and a catalyst supply hole is defined in the central portion of the plate, through which metal catalysts are supplied. The gas guiding portion guides source gas to the central portion of the plate and suspends the metal catalysts discharged from the catalyst supply hole in a specific direction. Thus, the apparatus for producing carbon nanotubes can prevent loss of metal catalysts and improve space utilization.

Abstract: The invention relates to recycled rubber produced by a process comprising the steps of: a) shredding cleaned rubber tires into shreds less than 2? long; b) pyrolyzing the shreds in a reaction chamber of a thermal processor in a first anaerobic environment to produce a char; c) drawing off volatile organics from the reaction chamber; c) removing the char from the reaction chamber; d) cooling the char in a second anaerobic environment; e) removing metal and textile components from the char to obtain pyrolytic carbon black; f) milling and sizing the pyrolytic carbon black so obtained into particles of 325 mesh size or smaller; and, g) utilizing the pyrolytic carbon black from the previous step in a polymerization process that produces said recycled rubber. It also relates to the high quality pyrolytic carbon black recovered from this process.

Abstract: In one aspect, the invention includes a reactor apparatus for pyrolyzing a hydrocarbon feedstock, said apparatus including: a reactor component comprising a refractory material in oxide form, the refractory material having a melting point of no less than 2060° C. and which remains in oxide form when exposed to a gas having carbon partial pressure of 10?22 bar and oxygen partial pressure of 10?10 bar, at a temperature of 1200° C.; wherein said refractory material has no less than 4 vol % formed porosity, measured at 20° C., based upon the bulk volume of said refractory material. In another embodiment, the refractory material has total porosity in the range of from 4 to 60 vol %.

Abstract: A cylindrical screw feeder main body, catalyst feeding portions for introducing a catalyst into the screw feeder main body, low hydrocarbon feeding portions for introducing a low hydrocarbon into the screw feeder main body as a raw material, a screw for conveying the catalyst and nanocarbon produced by pyrolysis of the low hydrocarbon in the feeder main body, a solid matter discharging portion for discharging the catalyst and the nanocarbon conveyed by the screw out of the screw feeder main body and a gas discharging portion for discharging the unreacted low hydrocarbon and hydrogen produced by the pyrolysis of the low hydrocarbon out of the screw feeder main body are provided. Nanocarbon grown with the catalyst as top with time is continuously discharged out of the screw feeder main body while unused catalyst is being fed thereto at the same amount as that of nanocarbon, allowing efficient continuous reaction.

Abstract: A catalytically activated vacuum distillation system, several novel component parts of said system, a process for producing carbon based products and novel carbon black that is produced from such a system and process.

Abstract: A mode of combustion and multi-component reactor to accomplish this mode of combustion are disclosed which produces fullerenes and fullerenic material by combustion. This mode consists of de-coupling an oxidation region of a flame from a post-flame region, thus giving greater control over operating parameters, such as equivalence ratio, temperature, and pressure; allows conditions of the operating parameters of the combustion reaction to be attained which would not be easily attained by conventional methods; and offers the ability to more easily stabilize the combustion reactions to allow for higher throughputs of fuel and oxidant. Several embodiments of a primary zone of a multi-component reactor are also disclosed. Said primary zone serves as the oxidation region, operates on the principle of providing recycle to the reacting combustion mixture, and which may be operated as approximately a well-mixed reactor.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing carbon black comprising the steps of mixing waste tire material and waste plastic in a pressure vessel, charging the pressure vessel with an inert gas to a desired pressure control range, controllably heating the pressure vessel to increase temperature inside the vessel until the temperature reaches a desired temperature control range, while maintaining pressure within the pressure control range, and maintaining temperature and pressure within the respective control ranges for a desired soak time while venting gases generated in the pressure vessel, wherein substantially pure carbon black is produced, is disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for the controlled synthesis of nanoparticles using a high temperature process. The reactor chamber includes a high temperature gas heated by means such as a plasma torch, and a reaction chamber. The homogenizer includes a region between the reactant inlets and the plasma (the spacer zone) to ensure that feeds from the reactant inlets are downstream of the recirculation zone induced by the high temperature gas. It also includes a region downstream of the reactant inlets that provides a nearly I dimensional (varying only in the axial direction) flow and concentration profile in the reaction zone to produce nanoparticles with narrow size distribution.

Abstract: A vaporised flow quenching reactor for producing a fine-powder from one or more reactant materials. The reactor comprises a first heat source selected from one of a DC plasma torch and RF plasma torch, a first reaction chamber within which energized reactant materials react and a first convergent-divergent nozzle for quenching the heated reactant materials from the first reaction chamber. The reactor also comprises a second reaction chamber provided for congregation of nano particles formed therefrom and a second convergent-divergent nozzle to deliver the nano particles to a collection chamber.

Abstract: A system for manufacturing a pigment comprising an oxidation reactor capable of providing a pigment, a scouring media source, and a heat exchanger having a tubular conduit through which the mixture of the pigment and the scouring media flows. The tubular conduit having an inlet, an outlet, and a longitudinal center line. The tubular conduit configured such that at least a portion of the longitudinal center line of the tubular conduit extends in a helical pattern.

Abstract: A method for controlling volatiles in recycled carbon black, such as from pyrolysis of tires, includes deagglomerating the recycled carbon black to substantially reduce the carbon black particle size and impinging an air current on the carbon black particles, preferably in a countercurrent direction, to increase the processing temperature and thereby enhance the release of volatiles. Associated apparatus is disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for producing an inorganic fine particle comprising the step of: reacting two or more reaction solutions for forming an inorganic fine particle while the reaction solutions flow in a non-laminar flow state in a microchannel, thereby form the inorganic fine particle, and an inorganic fine particle produced by the production method. The method for producing an inorganic fine particle of the present invention can stably produce monodisperse inorganic fine particles of nanometer size and allows for flexible response to formulation conditions (e.g., varying flow rate ratios between reaction solutions to be mixed) and for high-throughput production.

Abstract: This invention relates to a carbon black reactor comprising; a combustion zone for generating a hot combustion gas by burning a mixture of a hydrocarbon fuel and an oxygen containing gas, a reaction zone for producing a carbon black by contacting the hot combustion gas with a feedstock introduced in a plurality of divided flows to thermally decompose and/or incompletely combust the feedstock, and a quench zone for stopping a carbon black growth reaction by injection a coolant to said carbon black containing flow, and these three zones are arrayed laterally in order, wherein the cross-section shape of the feedstock introduction part in the reaction zone is not a circle nor a polygon. The carbon black reactor can produce the carbon black having same characteristics, especially the distribution of the aggregate size, as one produced by pilot-scale reactor, while its production scale is increased to the level of that of reactor actually operated.

Abstract: An apparatus for manufacturing carbon nanotubes is provided. The apparatus includes: a reaction chamber having an inlet and a outlet; a heater for elevating an interior temperature of the reaction chamber; and a gas guiding member coupled to the inlet and configured for introducing a carbon-containing gas into the reaction chamber, the gas guiding member including a gas-exiting portion arranged in the reaction chamber, the gas-exiting portion having a cavity defined therein and a flat perforated top wall, the perforated top wall being configured for supporting a substrate thereon and defining a route allowing the introduced carbon-containing gas to flow in a direction substantially perpendicular to a main plane of the substrate.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for producing a gas rich in hydrogen by thermal pyrolysis of hydrocarbons which consists in carrying out, in a reactor (R) a catalyst-free thermal cracking to pyrolyze a fuel selected so as to produce either a gas rich in hydrogen and free of carbon monoxide, or a gas rich in hydrogen and containing carbon monoxide and in using said gas effluents during pyrolysis and inert with respect to the cell as fuel at the burner (B) to heat the reactor so as to bring it to a reaction temperature, and which consists, subsequently, in burning the powder carbon produced in the reactor (R) during the pyrolysis reaction either to produce carbon monoxide or to produce carbon dioxide. The invention is useful in particular for supplying hydrogen to fuel cells and for producing synthesis gas.

Abstract: Means for enabling plating on sites of complex configuration, etching for fine complex pattern, etc. through reduction of the viscosity resistance brought about by walls of fine liquid channel of microreactor. In particular, a microreactor comprising a liquid inlet, a fine liquid channel and a liquid discharge zone characterized in that the liquid channel is formed of a magnetic barrier of band ferromagnet so that a magnetic liquid introduced through the inlet undergoes at least one operation of chemical reaction, mixing, extraction and absorption in the liquid channel. Further, there is provided means for plating or etching performed by causing a plating solution or an etching solution to flow through the liquid channel.

Abstract: An apparatus for continuous production of aligned carbon nanotubes is disclosed. The apparatus includes a reactor, an injector for delivering a feed solution into the reactor, and a conveyor for passing through the reactor a substrate on which nanotubes may be formed and grown. The apparatus further may include an inert, porous medium through which the feed solution may be passed. The apparatus produces aligned carbon nanotubes of a predetermined external diameter, and is suitable for large scale production of aligned carbon nanotubes in an industrial setting.

Abstract: A char containing less than 5% volatile matter is produced by pryolyzing shredded scrap vehicle tires and other rubber scrap material in an externally heated retort until the rubber is completely decomposed and until the temperature of the gases produced by the pyrolysis process reaches at least 500° C. The char is then subjected to resonance disintegration of an intensity sufficient to produce an unltrafine, particulate carbon product. In a preferred embodiment, essentially 100% of the individual carbon product particles are smaller than about 8 microns, and that product displays a dispersion coefficient in rubber of greater than 87%. The surface properties of the carbon product particles may be further modified by reacting or coating the carbon with chemical compounds or coating agents during or immediately after the resonance disintegration to tailor the properties of the carbon product to its use.

Abstract: An apparatus for continuous production of aligned carbon nanotubes is disclosed. The apparatus includes a reactor, an injector for delivering a feed solution into the reactor, and a conveyor for passing through the reactor a substrate on which nanotubes may be formed and grown. The apparatus further may include an inert, porous medium through which the feed solution may be passed. The apparatus produces aligned carbon nanotubes of a predetermined external diameter, and is suitable for large scale production of aligned carbon nanotubes in an industrial setting.

Abstract: A reactor for preparing carbon nanotubes comprising a reaction chamber, at least one support means located within said reaction chamber capable of supporting a substrate, said substrate being capable of supporting carbon nanotube growth, at least one heating element located within said reaction chamber capable of providing localized heating to said substrate within said reaction chamber, and means for passing a gaseous carbonaceous material into said reaction chamber such that is passes over the contacts said substrate.

Abstract: A pyrolysis process is provided. The process includes the steps of: depositing a quantity of waste into a porous container, the porous container adapted to allow a convective stream of substantially anaerobic gas to flow therethrough; inserting the porous container into a pyrolysis thermal processor; sealing the thermal processor; circulating the convective stream of gas through the pyrolysis thermal processor; heating the waste according to a first time-temperature profile to pyrolyze the waste and form a carbonaceous char; and cooling the carbonaceous char by circulating the convective stream of gas through a cooler. An oil product and a gaseous hydrocarbon product are produced during the pyrolysis. The carbonaceous char is further processed to form a carbon black product and a recyclable metal product.

Abstract: The invention relates to a carbon black having an aggregate size distribution which has a (d90-d10)/d50 ratio of less than or equal to 1.1. The carbon blacks are produced by admixing hot air if desired to a gas mixture comprising a carrier gas and a carbon black feedstock, passing the gas mixture into a burner pipe, burning the gas mixture at the burner pipe openings, and drawing the flames under suction, together with the ambient air drawn in freely under suction from the outside, through a cooled, narrowing gap, and carrying out cooling, the cooled, narrowing gap having a height (h) to width (b) ratio of 1-100, the width (b) being 0.5 to 10 mm, and the flow rate at the narrowest point of the gap being 10-200 m/s. The carbon blacks of the invention can be used as non-reinforcing filler, reinforcing filler, UV stabilizer, conductive black, pigment or reducing agent.

Abstract: A gas re-use system for carbon fiber manufacturing processes based on hydrocarbon thermal decomposition. The system permits re-use of the output gas from the carbon fiber manufacturing process, a process based on the use of an industrial gas as the main raw material. The system can comprise a feedback pipeline provided with force and filtering means to raise the pressure from the reaction furnace output manifold to its input. There are also return and bleed lines operated separately to assure suitable pressure ranges at the same time both in the reaction furnace input area and extraction area.

Abstract: The invention provides improved burners, combustion apparatus, and methods for carbon nanomaterial production. The burners of the invention provide sooting flames of fuel and oxidizing gases. The condensable products of combustion produced by the burners of this invention produce carbon nanomaterials including without limitation, soot, fullerenic soot, and fullerenes. The burners of the invention do not require premixing of the fuel and oxidizing gases and are suitable for use with low vapor pressure fuels such as those containing substantial amounts of polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The burners of the invention can operate with a hot (e.g., uncooled) burner surface and require little, if any, cooling or other forms of heat sinking. The burners of the invention comprise one or more refractory elements forming the outlet of the burner at which a flame can be established. The burners of the invention provide for improved flame stability, can be employed with a wider range of fuel/oxidizer (e.g.

Abstract: A gasifier is disclosed combining a fixed bed gasification section where coarse fuel is gasified and an entrained flow gasification section where fine fuel is gasified. The fixed bed section includes upper and lower sections. Coarse fuel is devolatilized in the upper fixed bed section and subjected to elevated temperatures sufficient to crack and destroy tars and oils in the effluent gases. The entrained flow gasification section is disposed in a lower plenum adjacent the lower fixed bed section. A plurality of injection ports are configured to introduce oxygen, steam, or air into different sections of the gasifier to control temperature and operating conditions. Activated carbon may be formed in the upper fixed bed section and in the entrained flow section. The activated carbon may be used as a sorbent to remove pollutants from the effluent gases. The gasifier may be used with various coarse and fine fuel feedstocks.