Abstract: The invention relates to a furnace for performing an endothermic process, the furnace including a plurality of process tubes containing a catalyst for converting a gaseous feed, wherein the process tubes are arranged in rows within the furnace, each row of process tubes thereby defining a process tube row, a plurality of inner burners arranged in rows, each row of inner burners being arranged between and parallel to process tube rows, thereby defining an inner burner row, and a plurality of outer burners arranged in rows, each row of outer burners being arranged between and parallel to a process tube row and a furnace wall, thereby defining an outer burner row. A number of burners of an outer burner row is smaller than a number of burners of an inner burner row. The invention also relates to a process for operating a furnace for performing an endothermic process.

Abstract: A stripper for stripping a urea/carbamate mixture. The stripper comprises a shell and a plurality of tubes disposed within the shell. A shell-side space is provided between the tubes and the shell. A first heating fluid inlet, a second heating fluid inlet, and a heating fluid outlet are in fluid connection with the shell-side space. The second heating fluid inlet is disposed between the first heating fluid inlet and the heating fluid outlet. Related uses, systems, and methods are provided as well.

Abstract: A naphtha reforming reactor system comprising a first reactor comprising a first inlet and a first outlet, wherein the first reactor is configured to operate as an adiabatic reactor, and wherein the first reactor comprises a first naphtha reforming catalyst; and a second reactor comprising a second inlet and a second outlet, wherein the second inlet is in fluid communication with the first outlet of the first reactor, wherein the second reactor is configured to operate as an isothermal reactor, and wherein the second reactor comprises a plurality of tubes disposed within a reactor furnace, a heat source configured to heat the interior of the reactor furnace; and a second naphtha reforming catalyst disposed within the plurality of tubes, wherein the first naphtha reforming catalyst and the second naphtha reforming catalyst are the same or different.

Abstract: A process for conducting an exothermic reaction in a vertical tubular reactor comprising; providing a reactor with two or more reaction zones each containing multiple tubes attached to common tube sheets at top and bottom, each zone separated by segmented baffles in the top head and the bottom head.

Abstract: Tube-bundle heat exchange unit (1) for internals of heat exchangers or reactors, comprising: at least one tube bundle (2); a plurality of baffles (3) associated with said tube bundle and defining through-openings according to a predefined arrangement, each opening being passed through by one of more tubes of the tube bundle, and a shell (6) which surrounds said tube bundle and said baffles, wherein the assembly of the tube bundle and the shell can be disassembled and the shell is structurally collaborating with the tube bundle through said baffles.

Abstract: An integrated reactor system for performing an ionic liquid-catalyzed hydrocarbon conversion is provided. The integrated reactor system provides intimate and rapid mixing between hydrocarbon reactants and ionic liquid catalysts while simultaneously removing reaction heat with a heat exchanger that is internal to the hydrocarbon conversion reactor.

Abstract: A fluid recovery system includes a separator configured to separate a hydrocarbon stream into L-Grade, water, and natural gas. The system further includes a storage vessel in communication with the separator and configured to store the L-Grade separated from the hydrocarbon stream. The system further includes a compressor in communication with the separator and configured to pressurize the natural gas.

Abstract: The present invention relates a steam methane reformer tube outlet assembly and a method of assembling or retrofitting same. More specifically, it relates to an exposed flanged tube outlet of a reformer designed to mitigate metal dusting corrosion, dew point condensation-related metal fatigue and cracking, and over-temperature induced metal failures such as hydrogen attack.

Abstract: A photographic mask is provided in the present disclosure. The photographic mask includes a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) base and a stepped opening formed in the SOI base. The SOI base includes a silicon substrate, a median layer and a silicon layer, the median layer is arranged between the insulator substrate and the insulator layer. The stepped opening includes a first opening portion and a second opening portion, the first opening portion penetrates through the silicon layer and has a first opening area; the second opening portion at least penetrates through the silicon substrate and is aligned with the first opening portion. The second opening portion has a second opening area greater than the first opening area of the first opening portion. The present disclosure further provides a method for making a photographic mask.

Abstract: A furnace and a process for temperature control of a material stream, wherein the furnace has a first combustion chamber, at least one reactor tube for receiving the material stream to be heated, and at least one second combustion chamber. The at least one reactor tube extends through the first combustion chamber and through the at least one second combustion chamber. The furnace is designed to establish a first temperature in the first combustion chamber and a second temperature in the at least one second combustion chamber, wherein the first temperature and the second temperature are separately adjustable.

Abstract: Gas hydrate slurry formation systems are provided. The gas hydrate slurry formation system includes a cavitation chamber configured to receive a fluid and a cavitation device placed within the cavitation chamber. The cavitation device is configured to form a plurality of bubbles within the fluid in the cavitation chamber. The gas hydrate slurry formation system also includes a gas inlet configured to introduce a gas within the cavitation chamber such that the gas is entrained in the plurality of bubbles to form a plurality of gas-entrained bubbles. The plurality of gas-entrained bubbles implode within the cavitation chamber to form a gas hydrate slurry.

Abstract: A system and method for devolatilizing a carbonaceous feedstock are provided. The system includes a devolatilization reactor having a unit shell, at least one tube bundle, a pump, and a control valve. The unit shell is configured to allow a heating fluid to flow within. The at least one tube bundle is configured to allow the feedstock to flow within the tube bundle and further configured to be positioned at least partially within the unit shell. The tube bundle comprises at least one tube and at least one tube bend. The at least one tube bend is disposed external to the unit shell. The pump is configured to pump the feedstock into the at least one tube bundle. The control valve is configured to control the flow rate of feedstock into the at least one tube bundle.

Abstract: A coal deactivation treatment device for deactivating of coal by means of a treatment gas that is a mixture of air and nitrogen gas is provided with, among other things: a treatment column inside of which coal flows from the top to the bottom; treatment gas feed means, and the like, for feeding treatment gas to the inside of the treatment column; humidifying heaters for heating and humidifying the treatment gas such that the treatment gas fed to the inside of the treatment column can maintain a relative humidity of 35% or greater, even at 95° C.; a temperature sensor and a control device for adjusting the temperature inside the treatment column such that the inside of the treatment column is maintained at a relative humidity of 35% or greater and a temperature of 95° C. or lower.

Abstract: A system and method for temperature control in an oxygen transport membrane based reactor is provided. The system and method involves introducing a specific quantity of cooling air or trim air in between stages in a multistage oxygen transport membrane based reactor or furnace to maintain generally consistent surface temperatures of the oxygen transport membrane elements and associated reactors. The associated reactors may include reforming reactors, boilers or process gas heaters.

Abstract: Shell and tube heat exchangers that include a baffle arrangement that improves the temperature profile and flow pattern throughout the exchanger and/or that are integral with a reaction vessel are disclosed. Methods for using the exchangers including methods that involve use of the exchanger and a reaction vessel to produce a reaction product gas containing trichlorosilane are also disclosed.

Abstract: A Fischer Tropsch (“FT”) reactor includes at least one FT tube. The FT tube may include a catalyst that is designed to catalyze an FT reaction, thereby creating a hydrocarbon from syngas. The FT reactor also includes a primary cooling fluid flow path that extends in a direction that is substantially parallel to the longitudinal length of the FT tube. A secondary cooling fluid flow path extends in a direction that is different than the direction of the primary cooling fluid flow path.

Abstract: The present invention provides low profile, thick (“stubby”) longitudinal fins having a cross section which is a parallelogram, trapezoid or a triangle extending from 10% to 100% of a coil pass and comprising from 3 to 45 weight % of a coil in a radiant section of a furnace for thermally cracking one or more of paraffins and naphtha. The fins provide an additional surface through which heat may be transferred to the coil making the coil more efficient reducing greenhouse emissions.

Abstract: A fuel cell system includes at least one fuel cell stack, a fuel inlet conduit, and a fuel heat exchanger containing a fuel reformation catalyst. The fuel heat exchanger is connected to the fuel inlet conduit and to at least one fuel cell system exhaust conduit which in operation provides a high temperature exhaust stream to the fuel heat exchanger. The fuel heat exchanger is thermally integrated with an anode tail gas oxidizer (ATO) exhaust conduit such that in operation an ATO exhaust stream in the ATO exhaust conduit heats a fuel inlet stream passing through the heat exchanger.

Abstract: A system includes an integrated gasification vessel including an enclosure including a first section and a second section that may enclose a gasifier, one or more injectors circumferentially disposed within the gasifier. The one or more injectors may supply the gasifier with a fuel. The system also includes a syngas cooler disposed within an annulus of the gasification vessel. The syngas cooler includes a shell that may flow a coolant and the syngas cooler includes a plurality of tubes surrounding the gasifier and that may flow a syngas from the gasifier. The system further includes a reinforcement system configured to reinforce at least a portion of the enclosure and the gasifier. The reinforcement system may include one or more reinforcement beams disposed within the annulus and that may couple the enclosure and the gasifier.

Abstract: The present invention relates to apparatus and methods for synthesizing oligonucleotides wherein a reaction zone has a variable volume based on the position of a piston, and the piston is adjusted to control the amount of headspace above solid support in the reaction zone. Methods and apparatus that limit the size or existence of the headspace are described.

Abstract: A reactor (1) for preparing phosgene by gas-phase reaction of carbon monoxide and chlorine in the presence of a solid-state catalyst, which is provided in a plurality of catalyst tubes (2) which are arranged parallel to one another in the longitudinal direction of the reactor (1) and are welded at each of their two ends into a tube plate (3), with introduction of the starting materials at the upper end of the catalyst tubes (2) and discharge of the gaseous reaction mixture at the lower end of the catalyst tubes (2), in each case via a cap, and also with introduction and discharge facilities for a liquid heat transfer medium (7) in the space (4) between the catalyst tubes (2) within the shell, where the flow of the heat transfer medium (7) in the space (4) between the catalyst tubes (2) within the shell is meandering as a result of deflection plates (5), each alternative deflection plate (5) leaves two openings (6) having the shape of a segment of a circle free on opposite sides at the interior wall of the rea

Abstract: A Fischer Tropsch (“FT”) unit that includes an FT tube that is packed with a catalyst. The catalyst is designed to catalyze an FT reaction to produce a hydrocarbon. An insert that is positioned within the FT tube. The insert comprises at least one cross-piece that contacts an inner surface of the FT tube and at least one cross-fin extending from the cross-piece. There may be a corresponding second cross-fin adjacent each cross-fin. Both the cross-fins and the second cross-fins may be disposed radially outwardly such that the edge of the cross-fins are closer to the inner surface of the FT tube than is the base of the cross-fins.

Abstract: A cracking furnace construction includes a firebox defining a chamber having a high emissivity thermal protective coating disposed on at least part of the refractory walls and/or on process tubes disposed within the chamber. The coating contains an inorganic adhesive for metal/alloy tubes or colloidal silica and/or colloidal alumina for refractory walls or ceramic tubes, a filler, and one or more emissivity agents. A method of coating the firebox chamber includes preparing the surface of the tubes/refractory walls, preparing the coating, and applying the coating to the surface.

Abstract: A device for mixing and cooling two reactive liquids, comprising a bundle type heat exchanger with parallel tubes, a head space open to one end of all tubes, a first inlet to the head space for introducing a first liquid and a second inlet to the head space with a multitude of nozzles for introducing a second liquid, the nozzles being located within the head space and oriented to direct the introduced liquid transverse to the axis of the tubes of the tube bundle, is useful for making peroxomonosulphuric acid from 85 to 98% by weight sulphuric acid introduced into the first inlet of the device and 50 to 80% by weight aqueous hydrogen peroxide introduced into the second inlet of the device.

Abstract: The present application relates to a method of manufacturing a tube sheet (7) and heat exchanger assembly for a pool reactor or pool condenser for use in the production of urea from ammonia and carbon dioxide, wherein the method comprises manufacturing of the tube sheet (7) from a carbon steel material grade and providing said tube sheet (7) with corrosion protective layers (8, 9) of an austenitic- ferritic duplex stainless steel grade, wherein the heat exchanger comprises at least one U-shaped tube (13) of an austenitic-ferritic duplex stainless steel grade, the method further comprises inserting at least two sleeves (11) of an austenitic-ferritic duplex stainless steel grade through the tube sheet (7) such that both ends of the sleeve (11) extend in a direction away from the tube sheet (7), the method further comprises connecting the sleeves (11), at least the opposing ends thereof, to at least the protective layers (8,9) of the tube sheet (7) and finally, connecting both ends of the at least one U-shaped t

Abstract: The present invention provides isothermal multitube reactors suitable for the production of chlorinated and/or fluorinated propene and higher alkenes from the reaction of chlorinated and/or fluorinated alkanes and chlorinated and/or fluorinated alkenes. The reactors utilize a feed mixture inlet temperature at least 20° C. different from a desired reaction temperature.

Abstract: A device for mixing and cooling two reactive liquids, comprising a bundle type heat exchanger with parallel tubes, a head space open to one end of all tubes, a first inlet to the head space for introducing a first liquid and a second inlet to the head space with a multitude of nozzles for introducing a second liquid, the nozzles being located within the head space and oriented to direct the introduced liquid transverse to the axis of the tubes of the tube bundle, is useful for making peroxomonosulphuric acid from 85 to 98% by weight sulphuric acid introduced into the first inlet of the device and 50 to 80% by weight aqueous hydrogen peroxide introduced into the second inlet of the device.

Abstract: Described herein are processes and related devices and systems for the conversion of higher hydrocarbons, such as in the form of waste plastics, petroleum sludge, slope oil, vegetable oil, and so forth, into lower hydrocarbons, which can be used as fuels or raw materials for a variety of industrial and domestic uses.

Abstract: A system includes a heat exchanger including a first channel having a syngas flow path and a second channel having a slurry flow path. The heat exchanger, when in operation, causes a heat transfer from a syngas along the syngas flow path to a slurry along the slurry flow path. The heat transfer causes heating of the slurry from a first slurry temperature to a second slurry temperature and causes cooling of the syngas from a first syngas temperature to a second syngas temperature.

Abstract: The present invention describes a novel exchanger-reactor intended to implement highly endothermic reactions such as natural gas or naphtha steam reforming, using in situ porous burners.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus of the loop Venturi reactor type for the continuous reaction of liquids with gases, in particular for hydrogenations, oxidations or acetylations, e.g. for the preparation of toluenediamine by hydrogenation of dinitrotoluene, and a process for the continuous reaction of liquid reactants with gaseous reactants in the apparatus. In the apparatus of the invention, the diversion of an internal circulatory flow in the reactor is effected by means of a diversion pan which is arranged underneath a heat exchanger.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an ethylene cracking furnace, comprising at least one radiant section provided with a bottom burner and/or a side burner, and at least one set of radiant coil arranged along a longitudinal direction of the radiant section. The radiant coil is an at least two-pass coil having an N?1 structure, wherein N is preferably a natural number from 2 to 8. A manifold is arranged at an inlet end of a downstream tube of said at least two-pass coil, and an outlet end of each upstream tube of said at least two-pass coil is connected to the manifold through a curved connector. The arrangement according to the present disclosure can effectively reduce the expansion differences between the upstream tubes and the downstream tubes, and therefore reduce the stress caused thereby. Consequently, bending of the radiant coil can be avoided, thereby extending the service life of the radiant coil.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus of the loop Venturi reactor type for the continuous reaction of liquids with gases, in particular for hydrogenations, oxidations or acetylations, e.g. for the preparation of toluenediamine by hydrogenation of dinitrotoluene, and a process for the continuous reaction of liquid reactants with gaseous reactants in the apparatus. Here, the cooling medium surrounds the tubes of the heat exchanger of the apparatus of the invention whereas the reaction takes place in the tubes.

Abstract: A system for rejecting heat from equipment using endothermic isomerization. includes a heat exchanger configured to receive an elevated-temperature process fluid and an isomerization compound capable of endothermic isomerization. When the system is in operation, heat from the elevated temperature process fluid is transferred to the isomerization compound and the isomerization compound endothermically isomerizes to a higher energy state form. A vehicle includes an engine and a body. The body houses a catalytic heat exchanger having an output in fluid communication with the engine, a pump for urging an isomerization compound into the heat exchanger, and a heat sink controller for controlling the pump. A method for rejecting heat from equipment using endothermic isomerization includes providing a compound capable of endothermic isomerization and transferring heat from a process fluid to the compound, such that the compound endothermically isomerizes to a higher energy level isomer.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an extraction reactor with which granular material, in particular granular polyamide, can undergo extraction, soluble components being dissolved out of the granular material with an extraction liquid during the extraction. In the case of polyamide materials, these are for example oligomeric or monomeric components which have remained in the granular material during the polycondensation reaction for the production of the polyamide materials.

Abstract: Plant for urea production from ammonia and carbon dioxide having a so-called high-pressure section which comprises a synthesis reactor and a condensation unit (7, 107) positioned inside the reactor, all substantially operating at the same pressure.

Abstract: A process for producing light olefins is provided. A feedstock enters a pre-reaction zone and contacts a catalyst comprising at least one silicon-aluminophosphate molecular sieve and produces a gas-phase stream; the gas-phase stream and the catalyst enter at least one riser, and the gas-phase stream and the catalyst pass from an outlet of the at least one riser and enter a gas-solid rapid separation zone; the separated gas-phase stream enters a separation section; a first portion of the separated catalyst returns to the pre-reaction zone, and a second portion is regenerated in a regenerator; wherein an inlet of the at least one riser extends into the pre-reaction zone, about 60% to about 90% of the height of the at least one riser passes through a heat exchange zone, and the outlet extends into the gas-solid rapid separation zone.

Abstract: A tube isothermal chemical reactor (1), comprising a vessel (2) with a central axis (A-A), and an annular tube heat exchanger (40) embedded in a catalytic reaction space, the exchanger (40) comprising a plurality of concentric ranks (10, 11) of tube packs (10a), each of said tube packs comprising parallel tubes (30), a respective heat-exchange fluid feeder (20) and a respective heat-exchange fluid collector (21).

Abstract: A reactor vessel liner system includes a liner having an inner wall, an outer wall, and a plurality of passages extending between the inner wall and the outer wall. An attachment member extends outwards from the outer wall for securing the liner.

Abstract: A reactor having a top to bottom design configuration capable of being operated in an up flow or down flow configuration with equal ease, where the reactor includes a plurality of tubes optionally housed within a shell and includes top and bottom screen assemblies capable of retaining a catalyst within the tubes, while permitting reactants and products to flow through them.

Abstract: Systems and processes for providing a blended cooling air stream to a cooling zone cooler in a continuous catalyst regeneration system are provided that include removing a first effluent stream from a regeneration tower, providing the first effluent stream to a regeneration cooler; providing a first air stream to the regeneration cooler to form a heated first air stream, combining at least a portion of the heated first air stream with a second air stream to form a blended cooling air stream, and providing the blended cooling air stream to a cooling zone cooler.

Abstract: A shell-and-tube reactor is disclosed. Contact tubes are disposed within a cylindrical housing and are secured to tube plates. Gas and liquid phases are received via a feed opening in a lower end cap and discharged via an upper end cap in the housing. A distributor device for a gas phase/liquid phase mixture is disposed below the lowermost tube plate. The distributor device includes a distributor plate and a predistributor. The distributor plate is arranged horizontally within the housing and includes an active area having through-openings and a downward-extending margin, but does not extend over the entire cross section of the housing. The predistributor includes a second distributor plate disposed between the feed opening and the first distributor plate, wherein the second distributor plate includes a second active area with second through-openings and a second downward-extending margin.

Abstract: A reactor has an inner surface accessible to the hydrocarbon and comprising a sintered product of at least one of cerium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, zirconium oxide, boehmite and silicon dioxide, and a perovskite material of formula AaBbCcDdO3-?. 0<a<1.2, 0?b?1.2, 0.9<a+b?1.2, 0<c<1.2, 0?d?1.2, 0.9<c+d?1.2, ?0.5<?<0.5. A is selected from calcium, strontium, barium, and any combination thereof. B is selected from lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and any combination thereof. C is selected from cerium, zirconium, antimony, praseodymium, titanium, chromium, manganese, ferrum, cobalt, nickel, gallium, tin, terbium and any combination thereof.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to petrochemistry, gas chemistry, coal chemistry, particularly to a synthesis of hydrocarbons C5 and higher from CO and H2 under the Fischer-Tropsch reaction; the invention relates to a process and a system for producing synthetic liquid hydrocarbons. A process for producing synthetic liquid hydrocarbons is provided by catalytic converting syngas under the Fischer-Tropsch reaction on a fixed catalyst bed in a vertical shell and tube reactor with coolant supply into shell wherein as soon as the syngas conversion degree achieves 60-80%, a pressure gradient along the tubes is reduced below 0.1 bar/m and this value is maintained during the whole process. A reactor for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is provided comprising tubes with catalyst in a shell, the ratio of the tube diameter at the tube outlet to the diameter at the inlet is from 1.5/1 to 2.5/1.

Abstract: A Fischer Tropsch (“FT”) reactor includes at least one FT tube. The FT tube may include a catalyst that is designed to catalyze an FT reaction, thereby creating a hydrocarbon from syngas. The FT reactor also includes a primary cooling fluid flow path that extends in a direction that is substantially parallel to the longitudinal length of the FT tube. A secondary cooling fluid flow path extends in a direction that is different than the direction of the primary cooling fluid flow path.

Abstract: The present invention describes an exchanger-reactor for carrying out endothermic reactions, comprising a shell inside which a heat transfer fluid moves, said shell enclosing a plurality of tubes inside which the reactant fluid moves, the tubes being of the bayonet type, and the reactor not having a tube plate. This reactor may operate with a pressure difference between the tube side and the shell side which may be up to 100 bars.

Abstract: An isothermal chemical reactor (1) comprising an array of radially arranged plate-like heat exchange elements (11) inside a reaction space, each element comprising feeding and collecting ducts and a bundle of parallel tubes (15) defining channels (12) for a heat exchange medium, the tubes (15) having an elongated cross section and being disposed with a variable orientation relative to the radial direction of the reactor, so that inner tubes near the axis of the reactor have the cross-section major axis aligned with said radial direction, and outer tubes have the same axis perpendicular to the radial direction. The preferred structure of a plate-like heat exchange element is also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for thermally cracking a hydrocarbon feed in an installation comprising a radiant section and a convection section, wherein a hydrocarbon feed stock is fed to a feed preheater present in the convection section, the heat pick-up of the feed preheater is controlled by regulating the heat exchange capacity of an economiser, said economiser being located in the convection section between the feed preheater and the radiant section, and wherein the feed heated in the preheater is thereafter cracked in the radiant section. The invention further relates to an installation for the cracking of a hydrocarbon feed.

Abstract: Targeted application of anti-fouling mechanisms in a heat exchange system produces higher rates of energy recovery. The anti-fouling mechanisms with high mitigation rates can be deployed at only the hottest portions of a pre-heat train that experience the highest rates of fouling and heat loss. In application, bundles of corrosion resistant smoothed tubes are deployed in the late pre-heat train to significantly reduce the formation of harder deposits. Vibration can be used as an adjunct approach in conjunction with the corrosion resistant, smooth tubes, or deployed alone on existing bundles. The use of high performing, more durable exchangers in select locations justifies the increased cost of these components.

Abstract: Apparatus, methods, and processes are provided for a tube reactor including multiple, substantially parallel reaction tubes arranged within a tube reactor shell, the reaction tubes spaced apart such that a thermal fluid can flow between the tubes and transfer heat between the tubes and the thermal fluid during operation; an inlet head defining an inlet head space, where the inlet head space is in fluid communication with an inlet end of the reaction tubes, and an outlet head including an outlet head shell and at least one insert positioned within an outlet head space defined by the outlet head, where the insert defines a reduced volume outlet head space relative to that defined by the outlet head, and where the reduced volume outlet head space is in fluid communication with an outlet end of the reaction tubes and in fluid communication with a reactor outlet.