Abstract: The present invention relates to an oligomerization process implemented in a sequence of at least two gas/liquid reactors, placed in series, comprising at least one gas headspace recycle loop. The process more particularly relates to the oligomerization of ethylene to linear alpha-olefins such as 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-octene or a mixture of linear alpha-olefins.

Abstract: Disk shaped fine carbon particles. A fine carbon particle having a diameter of less than 3 microns and a height of less than 0.05 micron substantially in disk form are described. Admixtures with other fine particles are also described.

Abstract: Methods and systems for temperature-controlled, on-site generation of peracids, namely peroxycarboxylic acids and peroxycarboxylic acid forming compositions are disclosed. In particular, methods for using an adjustable biocide formulator or generator system overcome the limitations of temperature on the kinetics of the peracid generation and/or peracid decomposition inside an adjustable biocide formulator or generator system. The methods include the controlling of the temperature of at least one raw starting material, namely water, to improve upon methods of on-site generation of peracids. The methods allow for the generation of user-selected chemistry without regard to the ambient temperatures of the raw starting materials and/or the biocide formulator or generator system.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for a modular compressed natural gas (CNG) fueling station. The modular CNG fueling station modules include a control station skid, an interface module, and a compressor skid. The compressor skid includes a fueling station for fueling a compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicle. Each of the modules of the modular CNG fueling station are configured as fully wired “plug and play” station modules. The control station module, the interface module, and the compressor module are each pre-plumbed with electrical connections to allow the CFS station to be portable and easily installed above-ground at a utility site.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon is reacted with water in the presence of a catalyst to form hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. Hydrogen is selectively allowed to pass through a hydrogen separation membrane to a permeate side of a reactor, while water and carbon-containing compounds remain in a retentate side of the reactor. An outlet stream is flowed from the retentate side to a heat exchanger. The outlet stream is cooled to form a cooled stream. The cooled stream is separated into a liquid phase and a vapor phase. The liquid phase is flowed to the heat exchanger and heated to form steam. The vapor phase is cooled to form condensed water and a first offgas stream. The first offgas stream is cooled to form condensed carbon dioxide and a second offgas stream. The steam and the second offgas stream are recycled to the reactor.

Abstract: A method for producing acetic acid includes an absorption step that suppresses corrosion inside a distillation column when a solution after that has absorbed a target component is subjected to distillation. The method for producing acetic acid also includes an absorption step of supplying, to an absorption column, at least a portion of offgas generated in an acetic acid production process, bringing the offgas into contact with an absorbent containing one or more liquids selected from a hydrocarbon, an ester of a carboxylic acid having 3 or more carbon atoms, an ester of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol having 2 or more carbon atoms, and an ether, to allow the absorbent to absorb an iodine compound in the offgas, and separating into a gas component having a lower iodine compound concentration than the offgas and a solution containing the absorbent and the iodine compound.

Abstract: A reactor includes first heat transfer bodies including reaction flow channels through which a reaction fluid flows, second heat transfer bodies stacked on the first heat transfer bodies and including heat medium flow channels through which a heat medium flows and product flow channels through which a product flows that is produced in the reaction flow channels by a heat exchange between the reaction fluid and the heat medium, and product communication parts including communication spaces through which the product flows from the reaction flow channels to the product flow channels.

Abstract: An additively manufactured non-uniform porous material in-situ with dense material for the in situ additive manufacturing of both porous and dense material in the same part so that no secondary process is required. The additively manufactured non-uniform porous material in-situ with dense material generally includes additively manufactured porous material which can be tuned for porosity and density, has the ability to be built in situ with dense material, and can also be tuned for response to pressure waves. Also included are computer program products, methods and components and systems manufactured using the methods.

Abstract: The present invention relates, in general, to systems and methods for generating hydrogen from ammonia on-board vehicles, where the produced hydrogen is used as fuel source for an internal combustion engine. The present invention utilizes an electric catalyst unit operating in series with a heat exchange catalyst unit. The electric catalyst unit is used to initiate an ammonia cracking process on-board during a cold start or low load operating condition of the internal combustion engine, where the ammonia cracking process occurs in the heat exchange catalyst unit once exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine has been heated to a threshold temperature suitable to perform the ammonia cracking process.

Abstract: A method is provided for assessing health of a mechanical system. The method includes receiving discontinuous system data that is obtained intermittently and is associated with health of the system and generating a discontinuous health index that is based on the discontinuous system data and receiving continuous system data that is obtained continuously and is associated with the health of the system and generating a continuous health index that is based on the continuous system data, wherein the discontinuous health index and the continuous health index are configured to be combinable. The method further includes combining the discontinuous health index and the continuous health index, generating an overall health index based on the combination of the discontinuous health index and the continuous health index, and automatically taking one or more actions to maintain or improve health of the mechanical system and/or avoid risk based on the overall health index.

Abstract: Reactor systems, reactor coolant systems, and associated processes for polymerizing polyolefins are described. The reactor systems generally include a reactor pipe and a coolant system, in which the coolant system includes a jacket pipe surrounding at least a portion of the reactor pipe to form an annulus therebetween, at least one spacer coupling the jacket to the reactor pipe, and a coolant which flows through the annulus to remove heat from the reactor pipe. At least one of the external surface of the reactor pipe, the internal surface of the jacket, and at least one spacer, are independently modified, for example by polishing, coating, or reshaping, to reduce the fluid resistance of the coolant flow through the annulus.

Abstract: A system for converting a biomass into a biofuel including a biomass processing station arranged to receive the biomass from a biomass harvester, output the biomass to a hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) converter, and receive a processed biomass from the HTL converter. The system includes a conduit arranged to transport the biomass from the biomass processing station to the HTL converter and transport the processed biomass from the HTL converter to the biomass processing station. The HTL converter includes a heat exchanger arranged to transfer thermal energy from a geothermal heat source to the biomass to convert the biomass into the processed biomass. The system also includes a controller arranged to monitor conditions of the biomass at locations along the conduit and adjust operations of components along the conduit to, thereby, adjust the conditions of the biomass at one or more locations along the conduit.

Abstract: A method by which an environmental energy (e.g., wave energy) is harvested, converted into electrical power, and thereafter used to electrolyze seawater into hydrogen and chlorine gases. Those gases are recombined into hydrogen chloride from which is formed hydrochloric acid solution which is diluted and deposited at a depth sufficient to ensure its neutralization and sequestration for a significant period of time (e.g., for over a millennium). By removing chloride ions from a portion of the sea adjacent to its upper surface and depositing them into a portion of the sea more adjacent to its bottom, acidity is shifted from the surface to base of the sea, and the surface ocean is given a greater ability to absorb and buffer atmospheric carbon dioxide without a corresponding increase in acidity.

Abstract: A heat exchanger is provided that can include furcating unit cells coupled with each other. Each of the unit cells can be elongated along an axis and include a sidewall that defines annular ring openings on opposite ends of the unit cell along the axis. The sidewall also can define undulating annular rings between the annular ring openings and axially separated from each other along the axis. The sidewall can further define angled openings into the unit cell both above and below each of the undulating annular rings. At least a first opening of the annular ring openings and the angled openings can be configured to be an inlet to receive a first fluid into the unit cell and at least a second opening of the annular ring openings and the angled openings configured to be an outlet through which the first fluid exits the unit cell.

Abstract: A formation of multielement nanoparticles is disclosed that includes at least three elements. Each of the at least three elements is uniformly distributed within the multielement nanoparticles forming nanoparticles having a homogeneous mixing structure. At least five elements may form a high-entropy nanoparticle structure. A method for manufacturing a formation of multielement nanoparticles includes providing a precursor material composed of the at least three component elements in multielement nanoparticles; heating the precursor material to a temperature and a time; and quenching the precursor to a temperature at a cooling rate to result in a formation of multielement nanoparticles containing at least three elements and the heating and the quenching representing a multielement nanoparticle thermal shock formation process. A corresponding system for manufacturing the formation of multielement nanoparticles and a method of using the multielement nanoparticles are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present disclosure refers in one embodiment to processes for making and transporting clean hydrogen fuel. The processes may involve hydrotreating, hydrocracking, or both hydrotreating and hydrocracking an aromatic feedstock under conditions to obtain a liquid hydrocarbon fuel. The liquid hydrocarbon fuel is hydrogenated to obtain a hydrogen-rich fuel that is transported to a dehydrogenation facility that may also be at or near a hydrogen station. The hydrogen-rich fuel is used to obtain hydrogen and a second liquid hydrocarbon fuel.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for vaporizing liquid from a liquid source into the surrounding environment, are disclosed, where the apparatus comprises at least one manifold comprising at least one liquid port formed by a through-hole and at least one ridge structure, wherein the liquid port is in fluid communication with the liquid source and the one ridge structure At least one vaporization port is included in a planar structure connecting a first side of the structure to a second side, in fluid communication with the at least one ridge structure and the surrounding environment, wherein fluid flow through the liquid and vaporization ports is substantially perpendicular to the plane of the structure, and the ridge structures are substantially parallel to the plane of the structure. At least one heating element is present that is in thermal communication to the at least one vaporization port and at least one ridge structure.

Abstract: An additively manufactured heat transfer device is disclosed, including an enclosure portion with outer walls. The outer walls contain an inner channel configured to direct a flow of coolant fluid. The heat transfer device further includes a fluid intake port and a fluid outtake port, each connected to the first inner channel. The fluid intake port is configured to direct a flow of coolant fluid through an outer wall of the enclosure portion into the inner channel, and the fluid outtake port is configured to direct a flow of coolant fluid through an outer wall of the enclosure portion out of the inner channel. The inner channel is defined by internal walls, and the enclosure portion and the internal walls form a single additively manufactured unit.

Abstract: Disclosed are a general-purpose fluorescent fluid photochemical microreactor and a manufacturing method therefor by means of 3D printing, belonging to the technical field of photochemical reactor research. By using a transparent photosensitive resin and the strong space building capacity of 3D printing, a photochemical microreactor having both a light-collecting channel and a reaction channel is prepared. By means of introducing a light-collecting substance in a fluid form into a light channel, not only can play the role of light collection and wavelength conversion, which solves the difficulty of traditional photochemical reactors of light source matching, but also the light-collecting substance can be flexibly changed so as to meet the requirements of different photochemical reactions in the reaction channel, which greatly expands the application range of the reactor.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a single stage energy efficient process for production of hydrogen enriched/mixed gas at low temperature. More particularly, the present invention discloses a single stage energy efficient process for production of hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas (CNG) or LPG or biogas at low temperature.

Abstract: A heat exchanger for a transmission unit of an aircraft is described that comprises: a first module defining a first feed path for a first fluid to be cooled; a second module defining a second feed path for a second cooling fluid; the first and second feed paths being thermally coupled to each other; each second module comprising: at least one cell formed by an inlet for a second cooling fluid; an outlet for the second cooling fluid, which is arrange on the opposite side to the inlet along a first direction; a first wall thermally coupled to the first path; a pair of second walls; and a plurality of fins projecting in a cantilever fashion from the first wall. The heat exchanger further comprises at least a first row of fins, which lie on a plane orthogonal to the first direction, the fins of the first row extending at progressively increasing distances from one of the second walls along a second direction orthogonal to the first direction.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides systems and methods for processing ammonia. A heater may heat reformers, where the reformers comprise ammonia (NH3) reforming catalysts in thermal communication with the heater. NH3 may be directed to the reformers from storage tanks, and the NH3 may be decomposed to generate a reformate stream comprising hydrogen (H2) and nitrogen (N2). At least part of the reformate stream can be used to heat reformers. Additionally, the reformate stream can be directed to a hydrogen processing module such as a fuel cell.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides systems and methods for processing ammonia. A heater may heat reformers, where the reformers comprise ammonia (NH3) reforming catalysts in thermal communication with the heater. NH3 may be directed to the reformers from storage tanks, and the NH3 may be decomposed to generate a reformate stream comprising hydrogen (H2) and nitrogen (N2). At least part of the reformate stream can be used to heat reformers. Additionally, the reformate stream can be directed to a hydrogen processing module such as a fuel cell.

Abstract: A method for revamping a catalytic converter wherein: said catalytic converter comprises a pressure vessel and a catalytic cartridge containing at least one catalyst bed, the pressure vessel includes a cylindrical shell with a full aperture and includes a removable cover of said aperture, and the catalytic cartridge is removable through said upper aperture, and the method includes: installing an additional shell over the aperture of the original shell, thus obtaining an axially extended shell of the pressure vessel; providing an axially extended catalytic cartridge having an axially extended room for holding catalyst in the so obtained axially extended shell.

Abstract: Devices, systems, and methods for power plant facilities are disclosed herein. A power plant facility includes a gas turbine; and a power generator that generates electricity from power supplied by the gas turbine. The power plant facility can also include at least one post-combustion capture unit that generates a CO2-rich stream from the combustion products of the gas turbine; and a sequestration compression unit that compresses and conveys at least one CO2-rich stream from a post-combustion capture unit, towards a sequestration site.

Abstract: A system includes a fluid conduit, a fluid chamber in communication with the fluid conduit, a rheology sensor in communication with the fluid chamber, and an electric temperature controller in communication with the fluid chamber. The fluid chamber is cooled or heated in response to a first control signal from the electric temperature controller.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an oligomerization process implemented in a gas/liquid reactor comprising a headspace recycle loop. The process more particularly relates to the oligomerization of ethylene to linear alpha-olefins such as 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-octene or a mixture of linear alpha-olefins.

Abstract: An apparatus for preparing an oligomer including: a reactor supplied with a monomer stream and a solvent stream to perform an oligomerization reaction; a product discharge line provided on a lower portion of a side surface of the reactor; a washing liquid supply line connected to a first point of the product discharge line; and a washing liquid discharge line extending from a second point of the product discharge line, wherein the product discharge line includes a branch point at which the product discharge line is branched into two or more lines and a junction point at which the respective branched lines are joined, and the product discharge line includes pressure control devices provided in each of the two or more branched lines.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a chemical reactor (100) having (a) two or more gas reactor elements (12) with each gas reactor element (12) having (i) a first reaction chamber (38), and (ii) a feed assembly unit (36), (b) a second reaction chamber (20) coupled with each of the two or more gas reactor elements (12) and configured to independently receive two or more product streams from the two or more gas reactor elements (12); and optionally, (c) a gas converging section (40) located downstream to the second reaction chamber (20). The invention is further directed to a method of producing chemical products using the chemical reactor (100) of the present invention.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to the technical field of carbon nanotubes, provides an ultra-long chiral carbon nanotube and a method for preparing the same. The ultra-long chiral carbon nanotube has a diameter of about 1.5 nm to 5.5 nm and has a length of about 100 mm to 650 mm, the ultra-long chiral carbon nanotube includes a double-walled carbon nanotube and a triple-walled carbon nanotube, and each layer of the ultra-long chiral carbon nanotube is semiconducting and has a helix angle greater than 10°.

Abstract: Provided are graphene nanosheets having a polyaromatic hydrocarbon concentration of less than about 0.7% by weight and a tap density of less than about 0.08 g/cm3, as measured by ASTM B527-15 standard. The graphene nanosheets also have a specific surface area (B.E.T) greater than about 250 m2/g. Also provided are processes for producing graphene nanosheets as well as for removing polyaromatic hydrocarbons from graphene nanosheets, comprising heating said graphene nanosheets under oxidative atmosphere, at a temperature of at least about 200° C.

Abstract: A fuel gas injection apparatus includes a chamber, a heat exchanger, a supply manifold, injectors, and a mount body. The chamber is in communication with a fuel gas tank, and the heat exchanger is in communication with the chamber. The supply manifold is in communication with the heat exchanger and has a plurality of branched flow channels for flowing a fuel gas. The plurality of injectors detachably communicate with the branched flow channels of the supply manifold. The mount body is in communication with the plurality of injectors and guides the fuel gas injected from plurality of injectors to a fuel cell stack. The chamber and the heat exchanger are attached to the mount body.

Abstract: A microfluidics device has one or more bubble diversion regions. Problems associated with the generation of air bubbles are avoided in a microfluidics device such as a cartridge, for use with a point of care (POC) diagnostics device, the cartridge being able to carry out downstream processing such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and/or nucleic acid capture. The bubble diversion region has a lower flow resistance than the flow resistance of an area of interest.

Abstract: Chemical processors are configured to reduce mass, work in conjunction with solar concentrators, and/or house porous inserts in microchannel or mesochannel devices made by additive manufacturing. Methods of making chemical processors containing porous inserts by additive manufacturing are also disclosed.

Abstract: An example system includes an array of retaining features in a microfluidic cavity, an array of thermally controlled releasing features, and a controller coupled to each releasing feature in the array of releasing feature. Each retaining feature in the array of retaining features is to position capsules at a predetermined location, the capsules having a thermally degradable shell enclosing a biological reagent therein. Each releasing feature in the array of releasing features corresponds to a retaining feature and is to selectively cause degradation of the shell of a capsule. Each releasing feature is to generate thermal energy to facilitate degradation of the shell. The controller is to selectively activate at least one releasing feature in the array of thermally controlled releasing features to release the biological reagent in the capsules positioned at the retaining feature corresponding to the activated releasing feature.

Abstract: A method of making an atomic layer nanoribbon that includes forming a double atomic layer ribbon having a first monolayer and a second monolayer on a surface of the first monolayer, wherein the first monolayer and the second monolayer each contains a transition metal dichalcogenide material, oxidizing at least a portion of the first monolayer to provide an oxidized portion, and removing the oxidized portion to provide an atomic layer nanoribbon of the transition metal dichalcogenide material. Also provided are double atomic layer ribbons, double atomic layer nanoribbons, and single atomic layer nanoribbons prepared according to the method.

Abstract: Provided is a novel defibration method different from defibration by physical/mechanical pulverization and different from defibration by chemical modification. Provided is a defibration method and a production apparatus each capable of obtaining an intended, fine CNF without chemically modifying the CNF itself and by a treatment for a short time. A method for producing a cellulose nanofiber, the method being a method for continuously obtaining a cellulose nanofiber from raw material cellulose without performing chemical defibration and without performing physical/mechanical defibration in a post-treatment, and comprising mixing subcritical water in a high-temperature/high-pressure state, the subcritical water having a temperature of 180° C. or higher and lower than 370° C. and having a pressure of 5 MPa to 35 MPa, and the raw material cellulose, thereby defibrating the raw material cellulose to obtain a cellulose nanofiber dispersed in water, and a production apparatus for obtaining the cellulose nanofiber.

Abstract: A heater for a vehicle exhaust system includes a housing defining a fluid chamber, and the housing has a fluid inlet configured to receive fluid from a fluid supply and a fluid outlet. A helical body is positioned within the fluid chamber and a heater is integrated into the helical body to heat fluid supplied from the fluid supply such that heated fluid can be injected into a vehicle exhaust component via the fluid outlet. At least one sensor is integrated into the helical body to measure a fluid characteristic.

Abstract: A vehicle provided with a rechargeable battery, a charging port connected to a charging cable for supplying the battery with electric power of an outside power source, a CO2 recovery device for recovering CO2, a CO2 collection port connected to a collection hose for collecting CO2 from the CO2 recovery device, and a single openable lid covering both the charging port and the CO2 collection port.

Abstract: A process for endothermic dehydrogenation including contacting a catalyst material in a moving bed reactor having at least one reaction zone, the moving bed reactor comprising a heat exchanger containing a heating medium, wherein the catalyst material and the heating medium do not contact one another, and wherein at least 50% of the delta enthalpy of the at least one reaction zone is provided by the heat exchanger; and contacting a feedstock comprising hydrocarbons with the catalyst material in the at least one reaction zone of the moving bed reactor under reaction conditions to convert at least a portion of the hydrocarbons to a first effluent comprising a product comprising alkenes, alkynes, cyclic hydrocarbons, and/or aromatics.

Abstract: In a reactor, a first reference position is presumed to be defined by a straight line in contact with a first open end of the introduction port on the side bent toward the second flow channel and extending in the direction intersecting with the second flow channels, and a second reference position is presumed to be defined by a straight line in contact with a second open end of the introduction port on the opposite side of the first open end and extending in the direction intersecting with the second flow channel. At least part of the catalyst body is provided at least either in a region defined between the first reference position and the second reference position, or in a region defined between the second reference position and an inlet position of the first flow channels.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the production of lithium from liquid resources such as natural and synthetic brines, leachate solutions from clays and minerals, and recycled products.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for the controlled growing of material on substrates. According to embodiments of the present invention, a precursor feed is controlled in order to provide an optimal pulse profile. This may be accomplished by splitting the feed into two paths. One of the paths is restricted in a continuous manner. The other path is restricted in a periodic manner. The output of the two paths converges at a point prior to entry of the reactor. Therefore, a single precursor source is able to fed precursor in to a reactor under two different conditions, one which can be seen as mimicking ALD conditions and one which can be seen as mimicking CVD conditions. This allows for an otherwise single mode reactor to be operated in a plurality of modes including one or more ALD/CVD combination modes. Additionally, the pulse profile of each pulse can be modified.

Abstract: This disclosure describes single and multi-layer woven meshes designed to enable sucking flow condensation and capillary-driven liquid film boiling, respectively, for instance, in use in heat spreaders. The single-layer woven meshes can include a nanostructure coating and a hydrophobic coating, while the multi-layer meshes can include a microcavity coating and optionally a hydrophilic coating.

Abstract: A method for analyzing a catalyst in a catalytic reactor that operates under non-isothermal conditions includes the steps of: positioning a catalyst basket within a catalyst bed within the catalytic reactor, the catalyst basket containing catalyst material the forms the catalyst bed; operating the catalytic reactor, the catalyst basket having dimensions such that a temperature difference (?T) along an axial direction (height) of the catalyst basket is non-isothermal; and analyzing the catalyst material contained within the catalyst basket. The temperature difference (?T) is, in one embodiment, within a range of 1° C. to 40° C. and preferably, within a range of 5° C. to 25° C.

Abstract: A delayed coking furnace (100) for heating coker feedstock (101) is disclosed. The furnace (100) includes a first heating zone (102) adapted to provide heat to the coker feedstock (101) through a convective heat transfer and then a second heating zone (104) positioned below the first heating zone (102) and adapted to heat the coker feedstock (101) through radiative heat transfer, wherein the second heating zone (104) include a lower portion and an upper portion. Further, said furnace (100) includes a plurality of burners (106) located at the lower portion of the second heating zone (104) and at least one baffle (111) disposed in the upper portion of the second heating zone (104). Further, the present disclosure provides that the at least one baffle (111) is adapted to increase a convective heat transfer coefficient associated with a flue gas flowing from the second heating zone (104) to the first heating zone (102).

Abstract: A nanocomposite including a metal oxide and two-dimensional nanosheets. The metal oxid includes at least one of zirconia and titania, and the two-dimensional nanosheets include at least one of reduced graphene oxide and boron nitride. A weight ratio of the metal oxide to the two-dimensional nanosheets is in a range of 2:1 to 19:1, or in a range or 2:1 to 9:1. Making the nanocomposite includes forming a first aqueous dispersion including zirconia nanoparticles and graphene oxide powder, combining a reducing agent with the first aqueous dispersion, irradiating the first aqueous dispersion with microwave radiation, thereby yielding a second aqueous dispersion including zirconia and graphene, and separating the nanocomposite from the second aqueous dispersion, wherein the nanocomposite comprises zirconia and graphene.

Abstract: A method for heat integration in a sulfur recovery unit, the method comprising the steps of reacting the acid gas stream and the air stream in the reaction furnace to produce a reaction effluent, where the reaction effluent comprises elemental sulfur, reducing the temperature of the reaction effluent in the heating extension to produce an effluent stream, reducing the temperature of the reaction effluent in the waste heat boiler to produce a cooled effluent stream, reducing the temperature of the cooled effluent in the sulfur condenser to produce a liquid sulfur stream and a cooled gases stream, where the liquid sulfur stream comprises the elemental sulfur, and increasing a temperature of the cooled gases stream to produce a hot gases stream, where the heating extension is configured to capture heat from the reaction effluent and release the heat to the cooled gases stream.

Abstract: A method for heat integration in a sulfur recovery unit, the method comprising the steps of reacting the acid gas stream and the air stream in the reaction furnace to produce a reaction effluent, where the reaction effluent comprises elemental sulfur, reducing the temperature of the reaction effluent in the heating extension to produce an effluent stream, reducing the temperature of the reaction effluent in the waste heat boiler to produce a cooled effluent stream, reducing the temperature of the cooled effluent in the sulfur condenser to produce a liquid sulfur stream and a cooled gases stream, where the liquid sulfur stream comprises the elemental sulfur, and increasing a temperature of the cooled gases stream to produce a hot gases stream, where the heating extension is configured to capture heat from the reaction effluent and release the heat to the cooled gases stream.

Abstract: This invention involves the addition of ester bottoms to an asphalt paving composition to improve the usable temperature range (UTR). The ester bottoms are a byproduct of refining a feedstock containing all or a portion of vegetable oil or animal fat.