Abstract: The present invention refers to an improved reactor for oxichlorination of ethylene and to the process used therefor, which in a general way proceeds in accordance with the following reaction: ##STR1## the catalyst being a fluidizable solid of Cu salts and oxides, the improvement being characterized in that the process is carried out in a multitubular reactor which comprises a gas distributing diffusor including a cap ferrule and granulated nickel.

Abstract: Methane is produced from peat by solubilizing the phenolic polymers therein, and oxidizing the solute to produce short chain molecules. The short chain molecules are fermented to produce a gas that this scrubbed to remove CO.sub.2 to produce methane. Solubilizing takes place in a vertically oriented pressurized vessel that is circular in cross-section and divided into a number of regular vertically elongated compartments, each comprising a circular sector in cross-section, and extending the majority the height of the vessel. Slurried peat is fed into the top of one compartment while another compartment is being emptied from the bottom, the compartment being filled or emptied being progressively changed in response to rotation of a central shaft in the vessel. Oxidation of solubilized peat takes place in a structure that transports the solubilized peat in a substantially vertical wave path from an inlet to an outlet with oxygen being introduced at the bottoms of segments of the wave path, and CO.sub.

Abstract: A vessel system (10) comprises an outer shell (14) of carbon fibers held in a binder, a coolant circulation mechanism (16) and control mechanism (42) and an inner shell (46) comprised of a refractory material and is of light weight and capable of withstanding the extreme temperature and pressure environment of, for example, a coal gasification process. The control mechanism (42) can be computer controlled and can be used to monitor and modulate the coolant which is provided through the circulation mechanism (16) for cooling and protecting the carbon fiber and outer shell (14). The control mechanism (42) is also used to locate any isolated hot spots which may occur through the local disintegration of the inner refractory shell (46).

Abstract: A furnace or generator for reacting a hydrocarbon gas which undergoes a reaction having an exothermic phase followed by an endothermic phase, is disclosed. The generator consists of concentric inner and outer tubes having a reacting gas inlet at the top of the inner tube and a reacted gas outlet near the top of the outer tube. The inner tube has holes adjacent its bottom for communicating the bottom of the inner tube with the annular space between the inner tube and the outer tube. The bottom portion of the generator forms a reactor portion while the top portion forms a recuperator portion. A gas air mixture entering near the top of the inner tube is heated in the recuperator portion by the reacted gas in the annular passage. Additional heating means may be provided.

Abstract: Workpieces are heat treated as they are advanced through and tumbled within a rotary retort. The retort is heated by electrical current which is inductively induced by coils disposed in surrounding relationship with the retort. A flared distributor on the exit end of the retort causes the workpiece to dribble continuously out of the retort.

Abstract: An elevated pressure reactor apparatus for oxidizing or annealing specimens of the type including a reaction tube for containing the specimen surrounded by a heating furnace and enclosed in a pressure chamber, the apparatus incorporating a unique single gas flow feature, an improved multi-element furnace structure, a retrograde closure for the reaction tube to prevent gas flow back from the pressure chamber, a magnetically connected driving mechanism for a specimen support boat, and concentric gas entrance and exit tubes wherein exiting gas pre-heats the entering gas.

Abstract: The reactor for the production of CO and H.sub.2 containing gases by means of a partial oxidation of powdery or liquid high ash fuels in a carburation fluid including free oxygen, at high temperatures and increased pressure, includes a pressure vessel enclosing a gas-tight housing whereby an interspace is formed between the inner wall of the vessel and the outer surface of the housing. Within the housing is arranged a cooling wall enclosing the reaction chamber proper. The cooling wall includes a coil of cooling pipes embedded in a mass of refractory material such as silicium carbide. The pipes are partially supported on web sections projecting from the inner surface of the housing into the refractory lining. The web sections prevent propagation of leaking hot gas from the reaction chamber along the inner surface of the housing.

Abstract: A thermal reactor apparatus and method of pyrolyticaly decomposing silane gas into liquid silicon product and hydrogen by-product gas is disclosed. The thermal reactor (1) has a reaction chamber (21) which is heated well above the decomposition temperature of silane. An injecter probe (100) introduces the silane gas tangentially into the reaction chamber (21) to form a first, outer, forwardly moving vortex (22) containing the liquid silicon product and a second, inner, rearwardly moving vortex (23) containing the by-product hydrogen gas. The liquid silicon in the first outer vortex (22) deposits onto the interior walls (28) of the reaction chamber (21) to form an equilibrium skull layer (26) which flows to the forward or bottom end of the reaction chamber where it is removed. The by-product hydrogen gas in the second inner vortex (23) is removed from the top or rear of the reaction chamber by a vortex finder (30).

Abstract: A process and apparatus for contacting a fluid with the walls of a vessel are characterized by flow of the fluid alternatingly (a) through a structure within the vessel and having passages angled to the general direction of flow in the vessel and (b) through a space between the structure and the vessel walls. The structure can be for example a cross flow ceramic or metal honeycomb or a stack of profiled plates or of apertured plates such as expanded metal. The structure can carry a catalytic coating and then affords high activity and low pressure drop. The process and apparatus are especially suitable for endothermic tubular steam hydrocarbon reforming.

Abstract: The reactor for producing gas from powdery fuels comprises an outer metal sheet jacket, an inner pressure resistant jacket defining with the outer jacekt a first interspace for a cooling liquid, reinforcing brick lining adjoining the inner wall of the inner jacket, a cooling shield enclosing a reaction chamber and defining with the brick lining a second interspace for an inert cooling fluid. The cooling shield has at its upper end a gap communicating with the second interspace and the lower end of the reactor is provided with a pressure releasing conduit communicating with the bottom of the second interspace so that when the gas generating process is interrupted and the conduit is opened the pressurized gas escapes from the reactor chamber through the upper gap and flows through the major part of the second interspace to be cooled down before the discharge from the connecting conduit.

Abstract: Apparatus for performing physical and/or chemical processes involving at least one liquid, e.g. a heat exchanger, has a plurality of vertical tubes opening at their top and bottom ends into top and bottom chambers respectively. Particulate material in the tubes and the chambers is fluidized by the upward flow of liquid in the tubes. To prevent inefficient circulatory flow of the particles caused by downward movement of the particles in one or more of the tubes, there is provided, in at least one of the top and bottom chambers, means for hindering the transverse movement of the particles in the chamber. Such means may be loose balls made of wire mesh of a size large enough to allow passage of particles through the ball under normal conditions.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a process and apparatus for manufacturing vanadium pentoxide in powder form by the thermal decomposition of ammonium metavanadate containing more than 10% NH.sub.3 in a single operation.

Abstract: A polymerization autoclave for the suspension polymerization of vinyl compounds in the aqueous phase having a volume of from 50 to 200 m.sup.3, an impeller agitator driven from below at the bottom of the autoclave and two cylindrical displacement bodies acting as flow interrupters, secured downwardly from the autoclave dome, where the autoclave has a height-to-diameter ratio of from 2.4 to 3 with a critically dimensioned agitator and critically dimensioned flow interrupter fittings. By the use of this invention in the case large-scale autoclaves, the heat of polymerization can be removed merely by wall-cooling. The autoclave according to the invention are very economical, as shown by, for example, a spatial capacity of 0.3 to 0.4 metric tons of polyvinyl chloride per m.sup.3 autoclave volume.

Abstract: A temperature regulating apparatus which increases optical sensitivity and resolution of a liquid in a reaction chamber by heating while providing rapid cooling to prevent vaporization of the liquid within the reaction chamber. The apparatus includes a heat exchanger containing the reaction chamber and an insulating chamber surrounding the heat exchanger. A coolant may be passed through the heat exchanger to prevent boiling should a change in liquid flow make such occurrence likely. The change in liquid flow is monitored by an analyzer monitor, and the temperature in the reaction chamber is changed accordingly.

Abstract: High purity aluminum oxide is produced by continuously reacting high purity metallic aluminum, either solid or liquid, with high purity oxygen, present in stoichiometrically excessive amount, within a vertically oriented cylindrical vessel closed at the top and open at the bottom and having cooled side walls on which there forms a layer of solid aluminum oxide. Newly formed aluminum oxide deposits as a liquid film on the inside surface of this layer and flows downwardly thereover by gravity to the open bottom of the container and thence falls to a collecting vessel below, solidifying either during this fall or after impingement on a moving metallic surface. An annular array of burners, e.g. oxy-hydrogen burners, limits downward growth of the layer below the vessel, prevents closing off by growth of that layer of the space within the vessel, and fosters detachment of the downwardly flowing film in the form of drops to fall to the collection vessel.

Abstract: Apparatus for the diacritic cracking of heavy hydrocarbon feeds includes a combustor for burning a fuel, to provide the hot combustion products to the reactor. The combustor is water cooled and includes gas filming with an appropriate gas such as N.sub.2 or CO.sub.2 to avoid coking in the combustor by preventing impingement of the fuel and combustion products on the combustor walls. The reactor is of reduced cross-section, also preferably utilizing gas filming to avoid coking on the reactor walls. Feed stock injectors are provided adjacent the reactor inlet. Adjacent the outlet end of the reactor is a quench section designed for the rapid injection of a quench fluid to reduce the stream temperature below that at which further cracking will take place, with the quench injectors also being gas filmed to avoid the coking thereof.

Abstract: The yield of good-quality bodies consisting of vitreous carbon is increased to substantially 100% when the pyrolysis is performed in a reaction vessel in which a collecting container or a collecting disc for the condensable volatile decomposition products which is open at its upper side is arranged above the polymeric substances to be pyrolized. The collecting disc divides the interior of the reaction vessel into two parts, a passage for gases remaining between the upper part and the lower part. During the pyrolysis, a spatial temperature distribution is adjusted in the reaction vessel which results in a pulsating evaporation and condensation of the decomposition products, so that the decomposition products are completely removed.

Abstract: This invention concerns an analysis reactor.This reactor is characterized by the fact that it comprises a generally cylindrical body open at the bottom and surrounded by two annular chambers, an upper one containing an inlet pipe and opening into the reactor through a number of radial apertures and a lower one inside which a cooling agent circulates, the cylindrical body ending at the bottom in a base containing a drainage hole with a device to plug this hole. The reactor body also contains an overflow pipe below the upper chamber.This invention also concerns the use of such a reactor to analyse a sample in powder form.

Abstract: Low-soda alumina granules suitable for use as an alumina porcelain insulator and alumina catalyst carrier, and the method and equipment for their manufacture. The method comprises dehydrating aluminum hydroxide at a high temperature and then granulating it. The granules thus obtained are placed in an autoclave, washed and cured with water drops, then taken out of the autoclave dried and fired. The manufacturing equipment is used for curing the granules with water drops.

Abstract: A catalytic vapor phase oxidation reactor which comprises a fixed-bed shell and tube heat exchange apparatus in which a bundle of a multiplicity of tubes filled with at least one type of oxidizing catalyst are disposed in a shell and these tubes are passed through the apertures formed in at least one perforated shield plate to partition the inside of the shell into at least two heat transfer medium feed zones and in such a manner that each of the tubes passing through the perforated shield plate is not in direct contaction with the shield plate but the outer surface of the tube and the inner surface of the aperture are spaced apart by a distance of between 0.2-5 mm, supplying feed gas to the tubes of the reactor, and conducting exothermic catalytic vapor phase oxidation while controlling the temperatures for the heat transfer medium in each of the zones so that the temperature difference between each of the zones can be maintained between 0.degree.-100.degree. C.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for the production of phosphoric acid by subjecting yellow phosphorus to combustion inside a combustion tower, the apparatus comprising a cone-shaped shell with a flat bottom of acidproof material forming the combustion tower, the cone ratio of the shell being 1:10 to 1:12. An upwardly-directed off-gas outlet is secured to the lower portion of the shell and a plurality of downwardly directed spray nozzles is arranged so as to open through the middle portion of the shell into the interior of the combustion tower. An acid-receiving cup with an overflow weir is positioned near the upper end of the shell, the acid-receiving cup surrounding the combustion tower concentrically, being gas-tightly connected to, and supporting, a self-supporting cone-shaped tower cover having a passageway passed centrally through it. The overflow weir is formed of a tubular-annular structure disposed completely horizontally inside the acid-receiving cup.

Abstract: A novel reactor configuration is described for the conversion of wet-process phosphoric acid and anhydrous ammonia into an ammonium polyphosphate product having a high proportion of the total P.sub.2 O.sub.5 in the polyphosphate form. This novel reaction system, includes a first reaction stage comprising a jacketed free floating reaction tube having an inlet end which terminates inside the jacket and a second reaction stage comprising a vertically oriented reaction chamber equipped with an internal heat exchange coil and a sparger for injection of ammonia. A portion of the reactant ammonia which has been preheated in the heat exchange coil of the second reaction stage is injected into the first reaction stage via an injection tube which extends through the jacket into the inlet end of the reaction tube, said injection tube being sized to leave an annular space for fluid communication between the reactor tube and the jacket.

Abstract: Apparatus is disclosed for the carrying out of gaseous phase reactions, illustrated by way of example by the preparation of sulphur hexafluoride of high purity, starting from elemental fluorine and sulphur, both in gaseous phase. One of the gaseous reactants, e.g., the fluorine, is fed into a reaction chamber through inlets in a metal plate, maintained at between 30.degree. and 70.degree. C. while the other, e.g., sulphur in gaseous phase, is fed in through the nozzle of a burner, e.g., by regulating a current of an inert gas which is saturated with sulphur by passing same through a zone containing molten sulphur at a temperature between 250.degree. and 500.degree. C., and subsequently superheating the inert gas thus saturated with sulphur to a temperature between 300.degree. and 550.degree. C.

Abstract: The disclosed apparatus is of the type in which feed units feed air and hydrocarbon material into a reaction chamber, where they react to form carbon black. A filter then removes the carbon black. Disclosed is the provision of a mixing chamber between the feed units and the reaction chamber. The mixing chambers pass through a demountable hollow reactor cover through which there is circulated a heat transfer fluid for controlling the temperature of the mixing chamber walls. The mixing chamber can be common to a plurality of feed units or be separate for each feed unit.Also disclosed is a feed unit which has a vortex plate, an output nozzle, and a hydrocarbon spray nozzle, all mounted on a hydrocarbon supply tube which in turn is fixed to a demountable cover of the feed unit. This permits these components to be readily removed with the cover for replacement or service. The feed units can also have their temperature controlled by the heat transfer fluid for the mixing chambers.

Abstract: The invention relates to a multiple phase flow tube for evaporating and reacting components in compound mixtures in which a spiral pipe is arranged within a multiple phase flow pipe. The components are propelled by means of an internally flowing gas stream in an annular shaped passage formed by a spiral tube and a second tube arranged as a core of the spiral tube. The second tube contains a heat exchange medium. The spiral tube is arranged within a cylindrical casing which contains a heat exchange medium. A gaseous stream of a reduced amount is then sufficient for carrying out the particular chemical process desired.

Abstract: Apparatus for the production and catalytic oxidation of gaseous hydrocarbon/air mixtures to form dicarboxylic acid anhydride. Hydrocarbon/air mixtures are formed in an evaporator and introduced into a shell-and-tube catalytic reactor fitted with a concave reactor hood to more effectively and safely distribute the gaseous mixture to and through the catalyst-filled tubes of the reactor.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for producing modified starch products. A slurry of starch is continuously moved at elevated temperature and pressure through a tubular heating zone and the hot fluid mass emerging from the heating zone is forced through a flow restricting zone within which the fluid mass is highly compressed. This highly compressed fluid material emerges from the confining zone into a tubular reaction zone with a sudden release of energy in the form of a fine spray or mist. The compressive forces followed by the sudden energy release act on the starch molecules to temporarily greatly increase the reactivity of the starch within the reaction zone, whereby modified starch products are quickly formed.

Abstract: A noble gas after heating in a nuclear reactor is passed through a tube-type reactor to carry out endothermic chemical reactions with a gas. The tube-type reactor includes reactor tube assemblies in a bundle formation supported by a mounting plate. A cover tube surrounds the upper portion of each reactor tube assembly. The cover tubes extend from the bottom surface of the mounting plate to a point slightly above the noble gas discharge opening in the pressure jacket of the reactor. The lower end portions of each cover tube include a reinforced member to seal the interspaces between the cover tubes and to seal the space between the cover tubes and the wall of the pressure jacket. Above the mounting plate are sealing containers including end members having edge flanges that are welded together to form a seal between the top side of the mounting plate and the reactor tube assemblies.

Abstract: Apparatus for preparing carbides from a powdered charge of carbon and oxygen-containing compounds of elements that can form carbides comprises an inductor for the induction heating of the charge to the reaction temperature with continuous compacting thereof. The powdered charge is heated by inducing in it high-frequency currents uniformly throughout the entire induction volume to the depth of not less than the radius of the charge column. A tubular reactor is enclosed inside the inductor which is a high-frequency generator. The reactor is manufactured out of nonmagnetic material. The reactor has slots in its wall that are filled with a dielectric material. A loading device provided with a pusher is mounted at a top portion of the reactor, and an unloading device provided with a valve and a receptacle is located at the bottom portion of the reactor.

Abstract: Hexagonal phosphorus pentoxide is made in an apparatus comprising a combustion chamber (1) which has a plurality of cooling pipes (10) disposed at its inside wall and is connected through a gas cooler (3) to a condensation chamber (4), the gas cooler (3) comprising a system of cooling pipes (5) which terminate, similarly to an open immersion tube, above the bottom portion of the condensation chamber (4), whose walls are provided with a cooling device (6).

Abstract: A coal gasification reactor is disclosed which includes a gasification chamber surrounded by a pressure shell, a tubular quench section above the gasification chamber and a superposed waste heat boiler. Heat expansive members are provided in the form of bellow type expansion members between the waste heat boiler and the quench section as well as between the quench section and the gasification chamber to absorb or compensate for relative thermal expansion differences due to the temperature ranges involved in gasification.

Abstract: A digester vessel for containing material to be subjected to a high temperature pulsating high pressure process with an inner tubular enclosing metal wall of a helically corrugated sheet material forming a chamber thereon, an outer containing tubular wall, and an intermediate layer of stacked ceramic material with a vent opening through the outer wall, mold bodies fitting the corrugation spaces between the inner wall and the intermediate layer, corrugated flanges at the ends of the inner wall welded to the outer wall, and an end closure for the chamber having a flange meeting a flange of the outer wall with a packing therebetween.

Abstract: Liquid and gaseous chemical reactants are admixed and reacted in a plurality of elongated reaction tubes, for example in the course of sulfonating and sulfating liquid organic compounds with sulfur trioxide gas. To keep the pressure uniform among the plural tubes, a minor proportion of inert gas is introduced into an annular space in which is also introduced the liquid reactant, this annular space surrounding the gaseous reactant introduction space at the mouth of each reaction tube. The inert pressure equalizing gas is fed to all the reaction tubes from a common chamber with which all the tubes communicate.

Abstract: Apparatus for the chemical synthesis of an evaporant and a liquid has a cryogenic pumping device between the evaporant source and the reaction region and a pump causes the liquid to be continuously recirculated until the reaction is completed, the pressure in the evaporation region being maintained substantially lower than that in the reaction region by differential pumping.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a reactor of the tubular type, with a high heat exchange, for the catalytic production under high pressure of alpha-olefine polymers and copolymers, in particular polymers and copolymers of ethylene.

Abstract: Glass lined reactors for use with chemical reactions which require special conditions such as high temperatures or temperature control. These reactors include an integral baffle which improves the carrying out of such reactions without sacrificing advantages resulting from use of such equipment.

Abstract: Disclosure is made of an apparatus for reacting carbonaceous material with heated hydrogen to form hydrocarbon gases and liquids suitable for conversion to fuels wherein the reaction involves injection of carbonaceous material such as pulverized coal entrained in a minimum amount of gas and mixing the entrained coal at near ambient temperature with a separate source of heated hydrogen. The hydrogen is heated in a coil having an increasing inside diameter. The heated hydrogen and entrained coal are injected through a rocket engine type injector device. The coal particles are reacted with hydrogen in a reaction chamber downstream of the injector. The products of reaction are rapidly quenched as they exit the reaction chamber and are subsequently collected.

Abstract: The apparatus includes a plurality of elongated, vertically spaced and horizontally oriented chambers that are interconnected for the sequential flow therethrough of the material to be rendered. Each chamber has the material discharge, inlet, and product steam vents located in the chamber ends so that the chamber is heated along its entire length and has agitator means also extending along its entire length for an efficient heat transfer to the material and removal of the water vapor developed.

Abstract: An apparatus for mixing, reacting and/or evaporating components in a multi-phase flow tube, comprising a helically wound tube having an inlet pipe in the closed tube periphery and a separation vessel at the end of the tube. The coiled tube is surrounded by a tempering jacket divided into sections.

Abstract: A fluid bed reactor including a first, upstream reaction zone having a fluidized bed of particles and a second, downstream heat recovery zone having a fluidized bed of particles. The reactor is designed adjacent the heat recovery zone to withdraw heat from the heat recovery zone at a temperature lower than the temperature in the reaction zone. In operation, the particles in the heat recovery zone cool and quench the effluent from the reaction zone so as to remove fines and volatile elutriates therefrom, rendering the effluent less corrosive and preventing back or side reactions.

Abstract: In a process for the thermal cracking of a heavy hydrocarbon in a cylindrical reactor, a portion of the content material in the reactor is taken out and injected back into the reactor according to a specific procedure to form a "wet wall" or liquid curtain on the inner peripheral wall of the reactor, thereby preventing coking in the reactor. The apparatus includes a radially outwardly extending interior annular recess around an upper portion of the inner wall thereof and forming a part of said inner wall and plural means for tangentially injecting the recycled liquid into said recess.

Abstract: The mantle of a vibratory spiral reactor is filled with powdery material for insulation which acquires an electrostatic charge during vibration, thereby providing air spaces and resisting compaction during operation of the reactor.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for making vitreous silica of high purity including producing a melt of liquid silicon in a first chamber, mixing the liquid silicon with carbon dioxide in an upper zone of a second chamber to produce silicon monoxide, mixing the silicon monoxide with oxygen in a lower zone of the second chamber producing silicon dioxide in gaseous form, condensing the silicon dioxide on the wall of the second chamber, and withdrawing the resultant tube of vitreous silica from the lower end of the second chamber. The apparatus is lined with silica to prevent introduction of impurities. The liquid silicon is produced by mixing hydrogen and trichlorosilane.

Abstract: Concentric closed tubes define an outer steam vessel with the inner tube constituted by a selective membrane consisting of a metallic oxide having a first doping to effect passage of oxygen ions through the membrane to the interior of the inner tube acting as an oxygen collector and having a second doping to effect return conduction of electrons through said membrane to increase heating of the steam. A vacuum pump is applied to the interior of the inner tube to provide a pressure differential to facilitate oxygen passage through the membrane.

Abstract: An apparatus and process useful in direct fluorination of a variety of compositions, as well as the fluorinated compositions themselves. The apparatus comprises a cryogenic zone reactor, such as a packed column reactor, divided into a plurality of independently controllable cryogenic temperature zones. Means are also provided to introduce a reactant to be fluorinated as well as to introduce a mixture of fluorine gas and an inert gas. The direct fluorination process is carried out in the reactor as described above. At least the first zone of the reactor is chilled to a temperature below the freezing point of the reactant to be fluorinated. The reactant is then introduced into the reactor wherein it condenses upon a suitably provided fluorination surface, such as copper column packings. A mixture of fluorine gas and an inert gas, with the fluorine gas initially comprising a very small percentage of the mixture, but gradually increasing as fluorination proceeds, is then introduced into the reactor.