Abstract: Apparatus and methods for producing urea are provided. In one or more embodiments, an apparatus for producing urea can include a first zone, which can include a first flow channel in fluid communication with a first tube disposed about a first end of a plurality of trays, a second flow channel in fluid communication with a second tube disposed about the first end of the trays and a second end of the trays, and a third flow channel in fluid communication with a third tube disposed about the first and second ends of the trays. The apparatus can include a second zone, which can include a fixed bed comprising one or more inert packing materials disposed therein to provide additional surface area. The apparatus can include a third zone, which can include a plurality of tubes disposed therein. The second zone can be disposed between the first and third zones.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for extracting hydrogen from a gas containing methane, especially natural gas. Hydrocarbons contained in the gas are catalytically broken down in a reformer (4) by steam in order to form hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Catalytic conversion of the obtained carbon monoxide with steam occurs in a downstream conversion step in order to form carbon monoxide and water. Carbon dioxide is removed from the converted gas flow (8) by gas washing (7), and the washed hydrogen-rich gas flow (10) is subsequently divided in a pressure-swing adsorption system (11) into a product gas flow (12) made of hydrogen and a waste gas flow (13). The waste gas flow (13) is introduced with hydrogen (14), which is separated from the gas flow (10) after gas washing, into a reformer (4) which is essentially a carbon-free combustible gas, and is combusted there. The invention also relates to a system for carrying out the method.

Abstract: The subject-matter of the present invention relates in principle to a process for preparing alkyl esters of methacrylic acid and its conversion products, which can be used in a multitude of chemical synthesis processes which can lead to a wide variety of different further processing products, and to an apparatus for performing this process.

Abstract: In an integrated process for urea and melamine production, urea is produced in a urea plant (10) comprising a high pressure urea synthesis section (11) from which an aqueous solution comprising urea, ammonium carbamate and ammonia is obtained and a urea recovery section (21) operating at low pressure, and melamine is produced in a melamine plant (40) wherein off-gases resulting as by-products of the melamine synthesis are discharged from said plant at a medium pressure and recycled to the high-pressure urea synthesis section (11).

Abstract: The invention relates to a plant for carrying out chemical reactions, having a reactor (1), the reaction space of which contains hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and titanium silicalite (TS-1). The object of the invention is to improve such a plant such that continuous separation and recycling of the active catalyst to the reaction space is possible with a long filter service life. This is achieved in that the reaction space contains a solid silicon source, in that the plant comprises a water takeoff line (3) which is set up for drawing off water in addition to components which are dissolved and/or dispersed therein from the reaction space, in that the water takeoff line (3) leads to a filter (4) which separates off the components which are dissolved and/or dispersed in the water, and in that the plant has a return line (5) which is set up for recirculating to the reaction space components which are separated off by means of the filter (4).

Abstract: The invention relates to a device equipped with a burner for combusting a fuel/oxidant mixture inside a combustion chamber in which a material (3, 3?, 3?, 3??) is provided that endures a maximum temperature. The inventive device also comprises one or more supply lines (25, 26) for the fuel as well as for the oxidant which are provided for supplying the same into the combustion chamber. The inventive device is characterized in that it is designed for carrying out a combustion with a combustion temperature of the fuel/oxidant mixture that exceeds the maximum temperature. The device is designed in such a way that at least one additional supply line (30) is provided via which an additional gas having, in particular, a low calorific value can be supplied to the combustion chamber. Said additional gas enables the temperature during combustion to be lowered to a value that is less than the maximum temperature.

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed to generate hydrogen. A liquid permeable material with one or more cavities contains a solid anhydrous chemical hydride and an anhydrous activating agent. A housing that is heat and pressure resistant houses the liquid permeable material, and a liquid. One or more liquid sources inject the liquid into the housing such that the liquid contacts at least a portion of the liquid permeable material. A gas outlet port releases hydrogen gas produced by a reaction comprising the solid anhydrous chemical hydride, the anhydrous activating agent, and the liquid. A hydrogen output regulator controls the amount of hydrogen gas that the gas outlet port releases.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for producing biodiesel fuel, i.e., alkyl ester, from vegetable and/or animal oil. A transesterification catalyst is prepared in a base catalyst tank by spraying alkyl alcohol under pressure through jets at metal hydroxide pellets until the pellets have fully reacted with the alcohol. The oil is heated and transesterified in the presence of alkyl alcohol and the transesterification catalyst in a closed, recirculating transesterification flow system under slight cavitation to yield product alkyl ester and product glycerol. Cavitation is achieved by permitting air to enter the transesterification flow system through an adjustable air inlet valve. When permitted to stand, product alkyl ester forms an upper layer that is decanted and subjected to purification steps, to remove particulates and alkyl alcohol from the product alkyl ester, and a lower layer of product glycerol is drained away.

Abstract: A process for hydroprocessing a hydrocarbon feed with a known flow rate of hydrogen-containing gas and a volume of catalyst, includes the steps of providing a hydrocarbon feed having an initial characteristic; feeding the hydrocarbon feed and a first portion of the hydrogen-containing gas cocurrently to a first hydroprocessing zone containing a first portion of the catalyst so as to provide a first hydrocarbon product; providing an additional hydroprocessing zone containing a remainder of the catalyst; feeding the first hydrocarbon product cocurrently with a remainder of the hydrogen-containing gas to the additional hydroprocessing zone so as to provide a final hydrocarbon product having a final characteristic which is improved as compared to the initial characteristic, wherein the first portion of the hydrogen-containing gas is between about 30 and about 80% vol. of the known flow rate of the hydrogen-containing gas, and the first portion of the catalyst is between about 30 and about 70% wt.

Abstract: When fly ash is added to a cement kiln to materialize it after being desalinated by washing, scale is prevented from growing in a dissolution reaction apparatus depositing calcium-containing compounds dissolved in slurry, and the fly ash is effectively used as a cement material. A dissolution reaction apparatus according to the invention comprises: a dissolution tub 3 for dissolving powder material, a wet dust collector 5 for collecting powder material and mist while reacting slurry S in the dissolution tub 3 with gas G and returning the collected powder material and mist to the dissolution tub 3. A second wet dust collector 7 can be provided for collecting powder material and the like accompanying to the gas G discharged from the wet dust collector 5, and both the wet dust collectors 5, 7 can be vertical type and mounted independently with each other on the dissolution tub 3.

Abstract: A fine channel device including a fine channel provided with at least two inlet ports for feeding fluid, inlet channels communicated with the inlet ports, a confluent portion communicated with the inlet channels, a branch portion communicated with the fine channel, from which at least two outlet channels are branched to feed predetermined amounts of fluid, and outlet ports communicated with the outlet channels. The fine channel is provided with a plurality of partition walls arranged along a boundary formed by at least two kinds of fluid fed from the inlet ports so as not to cause mutual contamination of fluid. Furthermore, the plurality of partition walls are spaced apart at intervals in a flowing direction of fluid.

Abstract: A moving bed of catalyst loses activity as it moves through the reactor. Creating multiple passes for the process fluid moving across a catalyst bed, increases the utilization of the catalyst and creates a pseudo-counter current flow of catalyst and process fluid. The flow improves the temperature profile of the bed and allows higher temperature fluid contacting the less active catalyst.

Abstract: Processes and apparatus for the alkylation of aromatic compound with mono-olefin aliphatic compound in the presence of solid alkylation catalyst use a lights distillation for obtaining desired selectivities to arylalkane in a energy efficient manner. The processes and apparatus offer the potential for debottlenecking existing arylalkane production facilities and reducing the size and energy requirements for a new arylalkane production facility.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for combined production of hydrogen and carbon dioxide from a mixture of hydrocarbons wherein the residual PSA is treated to produce a carbon dioxide-enriched fluid, and wherein: the residual PSA is compressed to a pressure such that the partial pressure of the CO<SUB>2</SUB> contained ranges between about 15 and 40 bar; the residue is subjected to one or more condensation/separation steps with production of CO<SUB>2</SUB>-rich condensate(s) and a purge of noncondensable gas; the purge of noncondensable gas is preferably treated to produce a H<SUB>2</SUB>-rich permeate which is recycled to the PSA, and a residue which is recycled to syngas generation, Preferably, the condensate(s) are purified by cryogenic distillation to produce food grade CO<SUB>2</SUB>. The invention also concerns an installation for implementing the method.

Abstract: A reactor air supply system including a first air inlet configured to receive air supplied from a first air supply. The system includes a burner having a burner nozzle configured to discharge fuel for mixing with the first air and configured to ignite the fuel/air mixture. A second air inlet is provided that is configured to receive heated air supplied from a second air supply, and a duct is provided to receive the ignited fuel/air mixture and the heated air supplied from the second air supply. The duct has an outlet configured to connect to a reactor. The duct is configured to receive the heated second air such that the heated second air mixes with the ignited fuel/air mixture at a location downstream of the burner.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the preferential conversion to 2-butene of a stream containing C4 compounds including 1-butene and 2-butene. The process involves mixing the C4 stream with a first hydrogen stream to form a feed stream, hydroisomerizing the feed stream in the presence of a first hydroisomerization catalyst in order to convert at least a portion of the 1-butene to 2-butene, thereby producing a hydroisomerization effluent, passing the hydroisomerization effluent through a fractionation column to form a top stream comprising isobutane and isobutylene and a bottoms stream comprising 2-butene, withdrawing a recycle stream from said fractionation column at a location above the feed point at which the weight ratio of 1-butene to 2-butene is high, and combining the recycle stream with at least one of the C4 stream and the feed stream upstream from the hydroisomerization catalyst. A corresponding apparatus also is disclosed.

Abstract: A methanol carbonylation system 10 includes an absorber tower 75 adapted for receiving a vent gas stream and removing methyl iodide therefrom with a scrubber solvent, the absorber tower being coupled to first and second scrubber solvent sources 16, 56 which are capable of supplying different first and second scrubber solvents. A switching system including valves 90, 92, 94, 96, 98 alternatively provides first or second scrubber solvents to the absorber tower and returns the used solvent and sorbed material to the carbonylation system to accommodate different operating modes.

Abstract: Gas-phase fluidized-bed reactor for polymerizing ethylenically unsaturated monomers, comprising a reactor chamber (1) in the form of a vertical tube, if desired a calming zone (2) following the upper section of the reactor chamber, a circulation gas line (3), a circulation gas compressor (4) and a cooling device (5), where, in the region of transition of the reaction gas from the circulation gas line into the reactor chamber and in the lower section of the reactor chamber itself, there is either no gas distributor plate at all or only a gas distributor plate the total surface area of whose gas orifices is more than 20% of the total surface area of said gas distributor plate.

Abstract: Processes and apparatus are provided that provide high yields of xylenes per unit of aromatic-containing feed while enabling a high purity benzene co-product to be obtained without the need for an extraction or distillation to remove C6 naphthenes. The processes of this invention include a transalkylation section and a disproportionation section in the benzene and toluene-containing feed is directly provided to the transalkylation section and in which a benzene recycle loop in the transalkylation section isolates the disproportionation section from C6 naphthenes.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of producing purified methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) comprising subjecting a feed stream containing MIBK and impurities to a first distillation procedure from which acetone is recovered. The bottom product of the first distillation procedure is fed to a liquid-liquid separator and an organic phase from the said liquid-liquid separator is fed to the top region of a second distillation column to produce an overhead product. The said overhead product is condensed and fed to the said liquid-liquid separator. A bottom product containing MIBK is withdrawn from the second distillation column. This bottom product is fed to a third distillation column, high boiling impurities are withdrawn as a bottom product, and purified MIBK is also withdrawn. The invention also relates to an apparatus used in such a method.

Abstract: A carbamate condensation unit of the submerged type for synthesis urea production plants comprising a tube bundle for the condensation of gaseous compounds, is distinguished in that it further comprises a duct, structurally independent from the tube bundle, for the circulation of part of the condensed gaseous compounds inside the condensation unit.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an atmospheric pressure, reactive separation column packed with a solid acid zeolite catalyst for producing cumene from the reaction of benzene with propylene. Use of this un-pressurized column, where simultaneous reaction and partial separation occur during cumene production, allow separation of un-reacted, excess benzene from other products as they form. This high-yielding, energy-efficient system allows for one-step processing of cumene, with reduced need for product purification. Reacting propylene and benzene in the presence of beta zeolite catalysts generated a selectivity greater than 85% for catalytic separation reactions at a reaction temperature of 115 degrees C and at ambient pressure. Simultaneously, up to 76% of un-reacted benzene was separated from the product; which could be recycled back to the reactor for re-use.

Abstract: The apparatus includes a liquid permeable pouch that defines a cavity for maintaining an anhydrous hydride reactant, wherein the cavity comprises a cross-section such that a point within the cross-section is separated from a perimeter of the liquid permeable pouch by no more than double the permeation distance, and a cartridge configured to receive the liquid permeable pouch and a liquid reactant such that at least a portion of the liquid permeable pouch is submerged in the liquid reactant. The system includes a plurality of pouches formed from two rectangular sheets of liquid permeable material, and each pouch has a width selected such that each point within a cross-section is separated from the sheets by no more than double the permeation distance. The method includes joining the sheets, forming one or more seals to define a cavity, disposing anhydrous hydride within the cavity, and sealing the opening.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition and method for storage and controlled release of hydrogen. In particular, the present invention relates to the use of borohydride based solutions as a hydrogen storage source and a catalyst system to release hydrogen therefrom.

Abstract: A continuous process and apparatus for treating feedstocks containing carbonaceous materials involves heating bodies to heat the feedstock to vaporize and crack hydrocarbons and carbon formed on heating bodies is removed through direct contact to a flame heater.

Abstract: With a method or a device for producing 1,2-dichloroethane or ethylene (di)chloride (EDC) with the use of a circulating reaction medium and a catalyst, whereby ethylene and chlorine are supplied to the reaction medium, the catalytic chlorination of ethylene is achieved in a manner that is particularly gentle to the product by introducing the ethylene or chlorine gas into the reaction medium via microporous gas diffuser elements for producing gas bubbles with a diameter of 0.3 to 3 mm.

Abstract: Membrane separation processes and systems are disclosed that pass a portion of the feed (102) to the permeate side of the membrane (104) to reduce membrane surface area and thus provide economically attractive processes and systems for treating large volume refinery and chemical process streams.

Abstract: In an isomerization process where the isomerization effluent (108) is fractionated in a deisohexanizer (116) to provide an overhead (118) containing dimethylbutanes and a higher boiling fraction (122) containing normal hexane, the higher boiling is contacted with a selectively permeable membrane (124) to provide a retentate containing methylcyclopentane (128). If desired, the normal hexane-containing permeate can be recycled for isomerization. The preferred membranes are sieving membranes having a C6 Permeate Flow Index of at least 0.01 and a C6 Permeate Flow Ratio of at least 1.25:1.

Abstract: In an isomerization process where the isomerization effluent (114) is fractionated in a deisohexanizer (116) to provide a lower boiling fraction (122) containing dimethylbutanes, a higher boiling fraction containing methylpentanes and a bottoms stream (120) containing normal hexane and heavies, the bottoms stream is contacted with a selective permeation membrane (124) to provide a normal hexane-containing permeate (128) suitable for recycle to the isomerization. The energy consumption of the deisohexanizer (116) can be reduced without adversely affecting the octane rating of the overhead (122).

Abstract: In a normal butane isomerization process where the isomerization effluent (108, 114) is fractionated in a deisobutanizer (116) operated such that a lower boiling fraction (118) is provided containing at least 80 mass-% isobutane and a higher boiling fraction (122) containing normal butane and at least 10 mass-% isobutane. The higher boiling fraction (122) is contacted with a selectively permeable membrane (124) to provide a permeate (126) containing normal butane-containing and a retentate (128) containing at least 80 mass-% isobutane. The preferred membranes are sieving membranes having a C4 Permeate Flow Index of at least 0.01 and a C4 Permeate Flow Ratio of at least 1.25:1.

Abstract: This invention is a reactor and a process for the conversion of organic waste material such as municipal trash, sewage, post-consumer refuse, and biomass to commercially salable materials. The invention produces the following: 1. Maximum energy conversion from the organic material 2. High volume consumption of the organic feed material 3. Less pollution of gaseous products than prior art systems 4. Solid residuals for disposal are minimal and non-hazardous. The conversion is accomplished by combining anaerobic gasification and pyrolysis of the feed organic material and making it into synthetic gas. The synthetic gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons (CxHy), hydrogen, and carbon monoxide with small amounts of carbon dioxide and nitrogen. An essential feature of the invention is a hot driver gas, devoid of free oxygen and rich in water, which supplies the entire thermal and chemical energy needed for the reactions.

Abstract: A gasifier 10 includes a first chemical process loop 12 having an exothermic oxidizer reactor 14 and an endothermic reducer reactor 16. CaS is oxidized in air in the oxidizer reactor 14 to form hot CaSO4 which is discharged to the reducer reactor 16. Hot CaSO4 and carbonaceous fuel received in the reducer reactor 16 undergo an endothermic reaction utilizing the heat content of the CaSO4, the carbonaceous fuel stripping the oxygen from the CaSO4 to form CaS and a CO rich syngas. The CaS is discharged to the oxidizer reactor 14 and the syngas is discharged to a second chemical process loop 52. The second chemical process loop 52 has a water-gas shift reactor 54 and a calciner 42. The CO of the syngas reacts with gaseous H2O in the shift reactor 54 to produce H2 and CO2. The CO2 is captured by CaO to form hot CaCO3 in an exothermic reaction.

Abstract: Disclosed is a device for the production of alkylate(s) by sulfuric acid alkylation of at least one isoparaffin such as isobutane with at least one olefin, such as butylenes. The device includes a mixing chamber for preparing a mixture of the isoparaffin with recycled reaction products. It also includes an emulsion chamber for preparing a first hydrocarbons-in-sulfuric acid emulsion, where the mixture prepared in the mixing chamber is injected in multiple parallel jets into a sulfuric acid composition. The device further includes a pre-reaction chamber for preparing a second emulsion, where a given portion of the olefin is injected in jet streams into the first hydrocarbons-in-sulfuric acid emulsion coming from the emulsion chamber.

Abstract: Partial conversion hydrocracking process comprising the steps of (a) hydrotreating a hydrocarbon feedstock with a hydrogenrich gas to produce a hydrotreated effluent stream comprising a liquid/vapour mixture and separating the liquid/vapour mixture into a liquid phase and a vapour phase, and (b) separating the liquid phase into a controlled liquid portion and an excess liquid portion, and (c) combining the vapour phase with the excess liquid portion to form a vapour plus liquid portion, and (d) separating an FCC feed-containing fraction from the controlled liquid portion and simultaneously hydrocracking the vapour plus liquid portion to produce a dieselcontaining fraction, or hydrocracking the controlled liquid portion to produce a diesel-containing fraction and simultaneously separating a FCC feed-containing fraction from the vapour plus liquid portion. The invention also includes an apparatus for carrying out the partial conversion hydrocracking process.

Abstract: This invention provides an airlift loop reactor without the need for external gases, which comprises main reactor (1), gas circulation line (2), gas punip (3), jacket (4), gas inlet (5), gas outlet (6), flow guider (7), gas flowmeter (8), feed inlet (9) and discharge opening (10). It is characterized by: connecting the gas outlet (6) on top of the airlift loop reactor to the gas inlet (5) at the bottom of the reactor, and installing the gas pump (3) in gas circulation line (2), hence directly using the internal gases as the circulation impetus, so that gases are directed by the gas circulation line (2) back to the bottom of the reactor after flowing out from the top of the reactor and then re-ejected into the reactor by the gas pump (3) and used as circulation impetus again. Compared to common airlift loop reactors which use external gases as the impetus; the airlift loop reactor of the present invention effectively reduces the cost of using external gases and hence diminishes production costs.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and apparatus for treating flue gas containing sulfur dioxide using a scrubber, and more particularly relates to recovering gypsum and magnesium hydroxide products from the scrubber blowdown. The gypsum and magnesium hydroxide products are created using two separate precipitation reactions. Gypsum is crystallized when magnesium sulfate reacts with calcium chloride. Magnesium hydroxide is precipitated when magnesium chloride from the gypsum crystallization process reacts with calcium hydroxide. The process produces a high quality gypsum with a controllable pH and particle size distribution, as well as high quality magnesium hydroxide.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for efficiently forming a gaseous material from a solid starting material. The produced gaseous material includes a CGE HHV having a high percentage of an original HHV of the starting material. The gaseous product may be used to form a plurality of materials for various purposes.

Abstract: A gas re-use system for carbon fiber manufacturing processes based on hydrocarbon thermal decomposition. The system permits re-use of the output gas from the carbon fiber manufacturing process, a process based on the use of an industrial gas as the main raw material. The system can comprise a feedback pipeline provided with force and filtering means to raise the pressure from the reaction furnace output manifold to its input. There are also return and bleed lines operated separately to assure suitable pressure ranges at the same time both in the reaction furnace input area and extraction area.

Abstract: A system, process, and apparatus are provided for the efficient continuous production of hydrates. Gas separated from a well fluid is fed into a hydrate reactor that is submerged under the sea at a predetermined depth. The hydrates generated in the hydrate reactor are then transferred to a marine vessel for shipping.

Abstract: Oxygen and hydrogen produced in an electrolysis process are used with a carbon-to-liquid hydrocarbon production process to improve the conversion of carbon in coal to synthesis gas products subsequently converted to liquid hydrocarbons. Carbon-containing tail gases and pollutants in a coal-to-liquid hydrocarbon production process may also be recycled to a coal gasification process to improve the conversion of carbon to liquid hydrocarbons and to reduce carbon-based pollutants from the coal-to-liquid hydrocarbon production process.

Abstract: Olefins having at least 6 carbon atoms are bydroformylated in the presence of a homogenous catalyst in a continuous process in which a) a vertical tall cylindrical reactor (1) whose interior space is divided by means of internals (2). into at least two reaction chambers which extend essentially in the longitudinal direction of the reactor is used, b) at least one olefin is introduced into the reactor together with synthesis gas at the lower end of the first reaction chamber, c) a partially reacted reaction mixture is conveyed from the upper end of a reaction chamber to the lower end of a next reaction chamber; and d) the hydroformylated olefin is taken off at the upper end of the last reaction chamber. The process allows a high conversion at a given reactor volume.

Abstract: A system for processing supercritical and subcritical fluid capable of bringing the inside of at least one processing container (1) formed in a flow passage into a supercritical or subcritical high pressure field, wherein thermal operation is applied to process fluid to apply thermal expansion to the fluid to produce a pressure difference between the processing container (1) and the outside, whereby a specified temperature and the high pressure field suitable for the processing of the supercritical or subcritical fluid can be provided in the processing container (1).

Abstract: The invention provides a recirculating reactor for converting a substrate to a product. The reactor comprises a reaction chamber and a recirculation system, said recirculation system comprising a separator. The reaction chamber contains a catalyst, and comprises a chamber body, a chamber inlet and a chamber outlet. The recirculation system is adapted for recirculating liquid from the chamber outlet to the chamber inlet, and the separator is used for separating a by-product from the liquid.

Abstract: A treatment apparatus for organic waste including a reaction vessel for introducing and decomposing organic waste and pulling out decomposed organic waste as a treated fluid. The reaction vessel includes an internal vessel made of corrosion-resistant material, an external vessel made of pressure-resistant material provided for surrounding the internal vessel via a gap, and an interconnection pipe for interconnecting the gap and the internal vessel outside the external vessel, thereby to control inside the gap and inside the internal vessel to practically equal pressure. The internal vessel has a heating zone for heating the introduced organic waste to a temperature higher than a critical point of water, a reaction zone for holding and decomposing the organic waste at a temperature higher than the critical point of water, and a cooling zone for cooling the treated fluid containing a decomposition product of the organic waste to lower than 100° C.

Abstract: In the present invention, there is provided a process and an apparatus for hydrogenating hydrocarbon fuels. A receptacle is partly filled an aqueous solution containing sodium hydroxide. A hydrocarbon fuel is then introduced inside the receptacle atop the aqueous solution. Aluminum is introduced in the aqueous solution, thereby producing hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas is bubbled through the hydrocarbon fuel for hydrogenating the fuel.

Abstract: A batch reaction system for simultaneously conducting reactions in at least two separate reactors (CSTR reactors), is provided wherein the at least two batch reactors, containing mixing means and a fluid inlet, a fluid feed common conduit is present for feed fluid to the reactors, which is connected to the inlet of each reactor of a fluid inlet conduits, and further includes a fluid discharge common conduit which is connected to the outlet of each reactor wherein in each fluid inlet conduit and/or in each fluid outlet conduit a non-return valve is arranged to prevent contamination but can provide simultaneous reactions wherein the reactors can be easily isolated from one another during reaction.

Abstract: A reactor and heat exchanger assembly is provided with the heat exchanger integrally affixed to the reactor exit head and adapted to immediately cool reactor gases from the reactor.

Abstract: A process for hydroformylating olefinically unsaturated compounds by means of a cobalt-based catalyst is carried out in a non-aqueous ionic liquid which is a liquid at a temperature below 90° C. and comprises at least one ammonium and/or phosphonium and/or sulfonium cation Q+ and at least one anion A?; catalyst recycling is improved by using a ligand selected from the group consisting of Lewis bases and employing a depressurization step between the pressurized reaction step and the step for separating the phases by decanting. At the end of said depressurization step, the organic phase is separated in the decanting step and the non-aqueous ionic liquid containing the catalyst can be re-used.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition and method for storage and controlled release of hydrogen. In particular, the present invention relates to the use of borohydride based solutions as a hydrogen storage source and a catalyst system to release hydrogen therefrom.

Abstract: Enabling a transalkylation process to handle both C10 alkylaromatics and unextracted toluene permits the following improvements to be realized. No longer extracting toluene allows a reformate-splitter column to be eliminated. The extraction unit can be moved to the overhead of a benzene column that is also closely integrated with the transalkylation unit. No longer requiring a rigorous split between C9 and C10 alkylaromatics allows a heavy aromatics column to be eliminated. Such an enabled transalkylation process requires stabilization of a transalkylation catalyst through the introduction of a metal function. These improvements result in an aromatics complex apparatus with savings on inside battery limits curve costs and an improvement on the return on investment in such a complex.