Abstract: A process for carrying out a reaction on an organic feed, for example dimerization, co-dimerization, oligomerization or metathesis of olefins, as described in which the catalyst is a catalytic metal compound dissolved in a non-aqueous ionic medium which is not or is only slightly miscible with hydrocarbons. The reaction is carried out in a system comprising at least two treatment loops each comprising at least one reaction zone and at least one zone for separating the organic and polar phases between which the polar medium containing the catalytic metal compound, and the organic phase circulate. Fresh polar phase is injected into the second loop and used polar phase is eliminated from the first loop. The hydrocarbon to be transformed is injected into the first loop and the products are withdrawn from the second loop. The invention also concerns a unit for carrying out the process.

Abstract: An FCC feed injection arrangement injects feed transversely from the sides of a restricted opening into a stream of FCC catalyst to provide good feed and catalyst contacting in an arrangement that simplifies external pipe configurations and maintenance of the feed injection system. The invention forms a venturi or restricted opening by forming a generally square opening between two parallel extended chords on opposite sides of the riser. A venturi area may be built out of refractory lining or other abrasion-resistant structures. The invention may use horizontally extended pipes that are tangentially positioned apart from each other across from the restricted opening to provide a simple construction for the feed injection arrangement. The pipes are easily inserted and withdrawn from the riser to permit easy maintenance of the nozzles in the highly erosive environment.

Abstract: The raw syngas generated in a partial oxidation gasifier also includes carbon soot which is removed and recovered from the syngas by scrubbing with water. The scrubbing water contains one or more high temperature surfactants which allow greater soot concentrations in the water-scrubbing quench zone of the gasifier. The carbon soot is separated from the scrubbing water with the aid of a scrubbing oil. The separation of the carbon soot from the scrubbing water is enhanced with the aid of one or more surfactants that render the soot particles hydrophobic and oleophilic. The recovered carbon soot is ultimately recycled to the gasifier to recover the energy value of the carbon during the partial oxidation reaction. The overall energy efficiency of the gasification process can be increased by removing all or a significant portion of the water from the soot mixture before recycling the soot.

Abstract: This invention relates to pollution control requirements for fossil fuel burning facilities such as power plants, and, more particularly, to an apparatus for providing a safe and economical supply of ammonia, from a urea feedstock, when ammonia is desired or necessary to initiate, cause and/or supplement the removal of one or more pollutants from an exhaust gas stream.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for oil gasification. In particular, the present invention relates to a method for oil gasification while reducing wastewater and costly purification systems. The method comprises providing feedstock and water to an oil gasification system; receiving flash gas from the oil gasification system at a flash gas condensing section; extracting vapor generated by the flash gas condensing section; returning water produced by the extracting step to the flash gas condensing section; outputting dry flash gas produced by the extracting step; receiving spent wash water at a syngas cooling section from a syngas washing section; and outputting washed syngas from the syngas washing section.

Abstract: A method for lowering the cloud/pour point of a waxy crude oil in locations where size and/or weight of the facility may need to be limited (i.e. arctic zones and offshore). The major components of the system comprise a fractionation/quench tower and a reaction furnace. The furnace has sufficient heat input to initiate thermal cracking of wax and the fractionation tower is operated at a temperature sufficient to flash off light hydrocarbons but also low enough to quench thermal cracking reaction. The feed to the furnace comprises a portion of the bottoms stream from the tower and the furnace output is fed back into the tower bottom to be quenched.

Abstract: A fuel processor system capable of circulating fuel processor system gases, such as reformate, anode exhaust, and/or combustor exhaust, through the fuel processor to provide a number of distinct advantages. The fuel processor system having a plurality of fuel cells discharging an H2-containing anode effluent and an O2-containing cathode effluent. A fuel processor is also provided for converting a hydrogen-containing fuel to H2-containing reformate for fueling the plurality of fuel cells. A catalytic combustor is positioned in series downstream from the plurality of fuel cells and a vaporizer reactor is coupled to the catalytic combustor. A bypass passage is finally provided that interconnects an outlet of at least one of the group consisting of the fuel processor, the plurality of fuel cells, the catalytic combustor, and the vaporizer reactor to the inlet of the fuel processor. The bypass passage is operable to circulate a fuel processor system gas to the inlet of the fuel processor.

Abstract: A continuous preparation of calcium hydroxide slurry can be made on a mobile apparatus that uses an eductor to initially combine metered flows of calcium oxide and water. The calcium hydroxide slurry is retained in a deaerating sump and then pumped into a serpentine centrifugal mixer so that the reaction of the calcium oxide and the water is safely complete. Because the apparatus allows the calcium hydroxide slurry to be recirculated into the deaerating sump, the slaking process can continue even when it is necessary to pause the discharge of slurry to change transport tankers.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing dimethyl ether comprising: a slurry-bed reactor filled with a dimethyl ether synthesis catalyst and a medium oil therefor; a condenser for condensing a gasified medium oil discharged from the reactor; an adsorber for removing a catalyst-deactivation ingredient from the medium oil condensed in the condenser; and recycle means for recycling the medium oil to the slurry-bed reactor.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for wet flue gas desulfurization in a two-circuit washer having two washers for an absorption agent based on suspensions containing calcium compounds, a sump for supplying the absorption agent to the first washer, and a container for at least partial recovery of the absorption agent from the second washer. The absorption agent, while being returned to the container, is actively brought into contact with oxygen to oxidize calcium sulfite to calcium sulfate. The return line has apparatus for actively blowing in oxygen with only a relatively slight overpressure necessary to blow the air into the absorption agent. The absorption agent to be oxidized is already moving because the difference in elevation along the return line from the recovery apparatus to the container, whereby the absorption agent then arrives more or less completely oxidized.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for maintaining the operation of reactors by removing contaminant matter arising from one or more reactants used as a feedstock in such systems, by either intermittent or continuous means, are disclosed.

Abstract: The method for the reformation of fuels, in particular of heating oil (20′) and of another liquid fuel is carried out using an oxygen containing gas (5a, 5b, 21′, 22′).

Abstract: A method for lowering the cloud/pour point of a waxy crude oil in locations where size and/or weight of the facility may need to be limited (i.e. arctic zones and offshore). The major components of the system comprise a fractionation/quench tower and a reaction furnace. The furnace has sufficient heat input to initiate thermal cracking of wax and the fractionation tower is operated at a temperature sufficient to flash off light hydrocarbons but also low enough to quench thermal cracking reaction. The feed to the furnace comprises a portion of the bottoms stream from the tower and the furnace output is fed back into the tower bottom to be quenched.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for catalytic production of carbon nanotubes. Catalytic particles are exposed to different process conditions at successive stages wherein the catalytic particles do not come in contact with reactive (catalytic) gases until preferred process conditions have been attained, thereby controlling the quantity and form of carbon nanotubes produced. The method also contemplates methods and apparatus which recycle and reuse the gases and catalytic particulate materials, thereby maximizing cost efficiency, reducing wastes, reducing the need for additional raw materials, and producing the carbon nanotubes, especially SWNTs, in greater quantities and for lower costs.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for a continuous phase-separated synthesis of particulates, and in particular an apparatus and method for a continuous polymerization which utilizes a reactor vessel having stationary annular baffles through which an aqueous medium is circulated, and to which a monomer and initiator are added. During polymerization, as the fluid circulates through the reactor vessel, the eddies created by the baffles enhance a thorough and even mixing of the fluid.

Abstract: A process and an apparatus are described for treatment of a gas containing hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide, for example a Claus plant tail gas, in which the gas is brought into contact with an organic solvent (1) e.g. polyethylene glycol 400, containing a catalyst e.g. sodium salicylate, in at least one gas-liquid reactor-contactor (2) and a gas (20) substantially no longer containing hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide is recovered. A single-phase solution (4) of solvent and sulphur is extracted from the reactor-contactor and a portion is cooled in at least one cooling zone (8) to obtain a suspension of sulphur crystals in the solvent, the crystallised sulphur is separated from the solvent in a separation zone (10), the sulphur-depleted solvent (14, 15) is recovered and recycled at least in part to the reactor-contactor (2), and the sulphur (13) is recovered.

Abstract: A urea synthesis process starting from ammonia and carbon dioxide carried out under a pressure of 120×10 2 to 400×10 2 KPa and a temperature of 140 to 215° C., in which the reaction takes place in a reactor in which gaseous CO 2 is fed in the bottom of the reactor while liquid ammonia and the recycled ammonium carbamate aqueous solution are fed from the top of the reactor, and going downward the reactor, they meet in countercurrent the rising gaseous CO 2.

Abstract: &bgr;-isophorone is formed by isomerizing &agr;-isophorone in the presence of an isomerizing catalyst (an aliphatic C5-20 polycarboxylic acid) in an isomerizing-reaction unit 1. The &bgr;-isophorone thus formed is oxidized with oxygen in an inert solvent in the presence of an oxidizing catalyst (a complex salt of a transition metal and an N,N′-disalicylidenediamine) in an oxidizing-reaction unit 2, thereby forming ketoisophorone. After removing a low-boiling point component, which is an impurity (non-conjugated cyclic ketone), from the reaction mixture using a distilling unit 3, a high-boiling component (oxidizing catalyst) is separated in a distilling unit 4, and then ketoisophorone is separated from the solvent in the separation unit 5. Thereafter, the solvent containing 0 to 5,000 ppm (weight basis) of the impurities and substantially free from ketoisophorone is recycled to the oxidizing reaction through a recycling line 6.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for producing and burning synthesis gas. Carbonaceous waste material is pyrolytically decomposed in a primary reactor in the presence of steam to produce raw product gas containing H2 and CO. The raw product gas and CO2 is then introduced into a coke containing secondary reactor under pyrolyzing conditions, so that the CO2 and coke react to produce combustible gas having an increased CO content. The combustible gas is mixed with oxygen and CO2 to produce a combustible mixture which is burned as a fuel to produce heat, CO2 and H2O. A portion of the produced CO2 is recovered and used as the source of CO2 gas in the combustible mixture and as a source of CO2 gas for the secondary reactor. Preferably filters and scrubbers are used in a closed loop system to avoid undesirable emissions into the environment.

Abstract: There is provided a plastic waste decomposing apparatus which is capable of quickly and efficiently separating from a liquid phase polymer a vapor component produced from the liquid phase polymer so as to suppress generation of carbon following a decomposition reaction, and further capable of performing the decomposition reaction in the state where the temperature of the whole liquid phase polymer is uniform, so as to efficiently recover the vapor component of a desired molecular weight, so that decomposition of plastic waste can be carried out at a reasonable cost.

Abstract: A mixture of materials having different boiling points is separated into fractions having different boiling points. The separated fraction containing the desired product is stripped using the vapors of a lower boiling fraction. The process of the present invention is particularly useful for recovering a desired isomer or isomer mixture from a technical mixture obtained during production of an aromatic amine such as toluenediamine. Little or no unwanted isomer or by-product is present in the isomer or isomer mixture product of this process.

Abstract: A falling film of water is applied around the periphery of a fluid bed olefin polymerization reactor to cool the wall and reduce the temperature in the fluid bed near the inside surface of the wall. Cooling has the effect of reducing static in the reactor, which in turn ameliorates a sheeting problem and can enhance production by facilitating control of the relation of the reactor temperature and the dew point of recycled gas. The process may be used concurrently with a gas cooling and condensing recycle system wherein at least some of the condensed recycle gas is injected in the vicinity of the internal wall surface.

Abstract: Sour gas containing hydrogen sulphide has hydrogen sulphide absorbed therefrom in an absorbent in a vessel 4. A hydrogen sulphide rich gas stream is formed by desorbing hydrogen sulphide from the absorbent in a vessel 12. The resulting hydrogen sulphide rich gas stream is partially burned in a furnace 32. Resulting sulphur dioxide reacts therein with residual hydrogen sulphide to form sulphur vapor which is extracted in a condenser 44. Residual sulphur dioxide and sulphur vapor are reduced to hydrogen sulphide in catalyst stage 54 of a reactor 50. Water vapor is removed from the resulting reduced gas stream by direct contact with water in a quench tower 60. At least part of the resulting water vapor depleted gas stream is sent to the vessel 4 with the incoming sour gas stream.

Abstract: A method for the simultaneous modernization of a plant for ammonia synthesis and a plant for urea synthesis, provides—inter alia—the arrangement of a carbamate synthesis section and a carbamate decomposition section, in order to obtain a predetermined amount of carbamate in aqueous solution and of hydrogen and nitrogen in gaseous phase which are fed to the existing sections for urea synthesis, respectively ammonia synthesis. Thanks to this method of modernization it is possible to remarkably increase the production capacity and at the same time to reduce the energy consumption of the urea and ammonia plants without being forced to replace or anyway overload the existing sections of decarbonation, methanation and compression, in general.

Abstract: Provided is a novel method of and system for recovering and recirculating a deuterium-containing gas. According to the inventive method, a deuterium-containing feed gas is introduced into a chamber. An exhaust gas containing deuterium is removed from the chamber. The deuterium concentration of the exhaust gas is adjusted to a predetermined value, thereby producing a concentration-adjusted gas stream. Finally, the concentration-adjusted gas stream is introduced into the chamber as the deuterium-containing feed gas. The invention makes the use of deuterium, for example, in the mass production of semiconductor devices, commercially feasible.

Abstract: This invention provides a PCB decomposition reactor which can decompose PCB efficiently. In this PCB decomposition reactor, an injector for injecting a mixture of water and sodium hydroxide into a reaction vessel is connected to the lower part of the reaction vessel. An outlet pipe for withdrawing the fluid treated within the reaction vessel is connected to the sidewall of the reaction vessel. The other end of the outlet pipe is connected to a cyclone for separating sodium carbonate from the treated fluid. A discharge pipe is connected to the top of the cyclone, so that the treated fluid from which the precipitated sodium carbonate has been removed is discharged therethrough. A downcomer for the separated fluid is connected to the bottom of the cyclone, so that the precipitated sodium carbonate and some fluid containing it are discharged therethrough. The lower end of the downcomer is connected to an injector, which has connected thereto a feed pipe for feeding a mixture of PCB and mineral oil.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a reactive distillation process and system for the alkylation of liquid aromatic compounds with a liquid olefin or olefin/paraffin mixture. The aromatic compound may have from about 6 to about 30 carbons and the olefin may have from about 8 to 30 carbons. The system has a reactor configuration utilizing an alkylation catalyst, a reboiler with product takeoff, and a feed inlet above the catalyst bed. The system may also include a means for in-situ mixing of the aromatic compound and olefin or olefin/paraffin mixture, an overhead condenser and/or a water takeoff.

Abstract: A process for the production of elemental sulphur by reacting hydrogen sulphide with sulphur dioxide in a liquid reaction medium comprising an organic solvent for the two compounds, e.g., ethylene glycol, and containing at least one soluble catalytic basic compound, e.g., sodium salicylate, comprises bringing a gas mixture containing sulphur dioxide and hydrogen sulphide into contact with a co-current of the solvent containing the catalytic basic compound.

Abstract: In a process for urea production, substantially pure ammonia and carbon dioxide are reacted in a main reaction space from which outgoes a reaction mixture subjected to stripping to obtain a partially purified mixture sent to a urea recovery section. From this section, a dilute carbamate solution is obtained which is recycled to an auxiliary reaction space in which the residual carbamate is converted into urea. This process achieves high average conversion yield with reduced energy consumption.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reducing mercury in industrial gases such as the flue gas produced by the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal adds hydrogen sulfide to the flue gas in or just before a scrubber of the industrial process which contains the wet scrubber. The method and apparatus of the present invention is applicable to installations employing either wet or dry scrubber flue gas desulfurization systems. The present invention uses kraft green liquor as a source for hydrogen sulfide and/or the injection of mineral acids into the green liquor to release vaporous hydrogen sulfide in order to form mercury sulfide solids.

Abstract: An apparatus and process for removing acidic gases, such as sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride, from flue gases produced by processing operations of the type carried out in utility and industrial plants. The apparatus is generally a gas-liquid contactor whose operation uses an ammonium sulfate-containing scrubbing solution to absorb acidic gases from flue gases, and into which oxygen and ammonia are then injected to react with the absorbed sulfur dioxide to produce ammonium sulfate as a valuable byproduct. The oxygen and ammonia are not introduced together into the scrubbing solution, but instead are introduced sequentially and in a manner so that the oxidation first occurs in a relatively low pH solution as a result of the absorbed acidic gases. The ammonia is then added to the solution in a manner that inhibits or prevents intermixing of the ammonia with the majority of the solution, but is present in the solution when recycled for further absorption of acidic gases.

Abstract: This invention relates to a gas refining system wherein sulfur compounds contained in a high-temperature and high-pressure reducing gas obtained by the pressure gasification of coal or heavy oil or the like are adsorbed and removed in the form of a sulfide by an adsorbent, the adsorbent having the sulfide formed thereon is regenerated by roasting it with an oxygen-containing gas, and the regeneration gas containing sulfur dioxide formed by the roasting reaction is introduced into a reactor (50) where, by use of gas blowing means, the regeneration gas and an oxygen-containing gas are blown into a calcium compound-containing slurry fed to the reactor (50), and thereby brought into gas-liquid contact with the slurry to effect the absorption of sulfur dioxide and the precipitation of gypsum within the reactor (50), characterized in that the gas refining system is provided with temperature control means for selectively controlling the temperature of the slurry within the reactor (50) so as to fall within at least

Abstract: An exhaust gas purification system of an internal combustion engine having a bypass exhaust gas passage, openable through a switch-over valve, branched from an exhaust pipe at a location downstream of a catalytic converter and again merged into the exhaust pipe at a downstream point, an adsorbent installed in the bypass exhaust gas passage which adsorbs unburned component of the exhaust gas, and an EGR pipe which recirculates the exhaust gas including the unburned components at a location upstream of the catalytic converter, wherein the EGR pipe is made of metal such as stainless steel and is connected to the bypass exhaust gas passage such that the recirculation pipe is brought into thermal contact with the exhaust pipe, thereby enabling to effectively prevent blocking or corrosion of the EGR pipe or switch-over valve from occurring. The inner wall of the recirculation pipe is formed with liquid repellent and oil repellent film so as to overcome moisture-related problems more effectively.

Abstract: A method of combustion in a pressurized, fluidized bed and in the freeboard thereof. The combustion method is further characterized by the recirculation of solid sulfur absorbing materials. A gas channel, designed so as to prevent fluidizing gas from entering the channel from below, is provided such that it opens to the freeboard and to a separating member which separates particulate matter from the combustion gasses.

Abstract: For the production of polyurethane moldings by the shot process from isocyanate and polyol components, the production is improved in that, in addition to the conditioning already known for the line system, at least one of the commercially available but modified metering pumps is also conditioned in that some of the reaction component made available flows in circulation through the intermediate space between the enclosed metering component and housing of the pump.

Abstract: A process for carrying out a reaction on an organic feed (for example dimerisation, co-dimerisation, oligomerisation or metathesis of olefins) is described in which the catalyst is a catalytic metal compound dissolved in a non-aqueous ionic medium which is not or is only slightly miscible with hydrocarbons. The reaction is carried out in a system comprising at least two treatment loops each comprising at least one reaction zone and at least one zone for separating the organic and polar phases between which the polar medium containing the catalytic metal compound, and the organic phase circulate, in a counter-current, Fresh polar phase is injected into the second loop and used polar phase is eliminated from the first loop. The hydrocarbon to be transformed is injected into the first loop and the products are withdrawn from the second loop. The invention also concerns a unit for carrying out the process.

Abstract: This invention relates to methods and reactor devices for controlling the oxidation of hydrocarbons to dibasic acids, in the presence of a catalyst and a monobasic acid, by removing the catalyst from the reaction mixture, outside the oxidation zone, after the oxidation has taken place at least partially. Initially, the catalyst is partially precipitated and removed by reducing the water level in the reaction mixture and/or subjecting the reaction mixture to a temperature, at which or over which catalyst precipitates. After the initial partial precipitation of the catalyst, the mother liquor remaining is subjected to a thermal treatment during which at least the major part of the monobasic acid is removed leaving behind molten dibasic acids, in which the remaining catalyst precipitates substantially in its totality, and it is removed. The precipitated catalyst in the two precipitation stages may be recycled in miscellaneous ways.

Abstract: The preparation of 1,2-dichloroethane (EDC) is carried out by feeding ethylene and chlorine into circulating EDC (direct chlorination) such that the reaction mixture boils and the heat of the reaction is led away from the gas space.

Abstract: An apparatus for treating a gas containing hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide, comprising a liquid-gas reactor-contactor (2), means (3) for supplying gas to be treated and means (1) for supplying an organic solvent containing a catalyst, means (25) for recovering sulphur an doutlet means (20) for a gaseous effluent containing sulphur in vapour form, the apparatus being characterized in that it comprises at least one means (7) for contacting and cooling the gaseous effluent, delivering a three-phase effluent, having an inlet connected to the effluent outlet means (20) and to means (6, 13) for recycling a cooling solvent, means (30) for separating said three-phase effluent connected to the cooling means, adapted to separate purified gas from sulphur and comprising means (17) for evacuating purified gas, means (15) for extracting sulphur and means (14) for recovering solvent connected to the means (6, 13) for recycling the cooling solvent.

Abstract: A wet flue gas desulfurizer wherein sulfur dioxide is absorbed into a slurry and an oxygen-containing gas is blown into the slurry to oxidize sulfites present in the slurry is characterized in that a slurry oxidation tank is equipped with a return pipeline for returning a portion of the slurry to a position at or near the bottom of the slurry oxidation tank, and the oxygen-containing gas is blown in at the discharge end of the return pipeline so as to divide the oxygen-containing gas finely by the action of the slurry returned through the return pipeline.

Abstract: A singlet-delta oxygen generator 10 comprises a chamber 14 in which a gas stream 22 of singlet-delta oxygen, O.sub.2 (.sup.1 .DELTA.), is generated; a water vapor trap 40 to remove water vapor from the gas stream, and a liquid separator 60 downstream of the water vapor trap to separate liquid from the gas stream subsequent to removal of the water vapor. The water vapor trap comprises a liquid droplet dispersing device 42 which forms a droplet field 44 of cold liquid droplets in the chamber. The cold liquid droplets interact with and condense water vapor in the gas stream. The cold liquid is preferably hydrogen peroxide. The liquid separator comprises a baffle 62 arrangement which forms a tortuous flow path for the gas stream. Liquid in the gas stream is unable to traverse the baffles and is separated from the liquid, to produce an essentially dry gas stream for introduction into a gain generator 34 downstream of the singlet-delta oxygen generator.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reclamation of glycol based liquids used in gas dehydration. A first step involves providing an thermal oxidizer and a reboiler. A second step involves providing a dual stream valve having a first outlet, a second outlet and means for adjusting the relative flow through the first outlet and the second outlet. A third step involves placing the dual stream valve on an exhaust gas outlet of the thermal oxidizer and coupling the first outlet to an exhaust stack and the second outlet to the reboiler. The fourth step involves diverting through the second outlet of the dual stream valve such exhaust gases flowing through the exhaust gas outlet of the thermal oxidizer as may be required to provide heat necessary to operate the reboiler.

Abstract: An arrangement for the controlled production of an essentially linear array of hydrocarbon feed injection jets reduces required clearances and elevation while facilitating modification of the contacting locating a feed distributor containing a linear array of jets at a standpipe junction point to provide choke point for particle flow control. The flow properties of the extended particle layer are controlled by adjusting the density of the particles above the choke point created by the upper part of the standpipe inside diameter and the top of the distributor. Steam or another fluidization medium may be added to the particles directly above the distributor for this purpose. This invention can also modify the particle or feed injection characteristics by changing the projection of the distributor into the standpipe to adjust the flow area over the choke point and by the use of bottom slides or baffles to change the flow area size and configuration.

Abstract: A pollution control and fuel energy saving device for use in boilers and furnaces which includes a container for a catalyst. The catalyst contains Aegle marmelos and Ocimum basilicum. The device may contain a backup container that is used to maintain the level of the catalyst in the container.

Abstract: A method for scrubbing flue gases of furnaces includes subjecting the flue gases with addition of activated carbon particles to wet scrubbing in a wet scrubbing device. Activated carbon particles are mixed with particles of at least one compound selected from slaked lime and limestone to produce a particle mixture that is introduced into the flue gases upstream of a flue gas heat exchanger that is positioned upstream of the wet scrubbing device.

Abstract: Catalyst particles are contacted with a liquid and a gas in a vertically extending cylindrical vessel. The particles and liquid are placed in the vessel into which the gas and liquid are continuously fed from the bottom thereof so that an upwardly flowing mixture comprising the particles, liquid and gas is formed. The mixture is introduced into a gas separating zone disposed adjacent to an upper portion of the vessel to separate the mixture by gravity into a gas phase, a supernatant liquid phase and a phase rich in the catalyst particles. The gas and supernatant phases are continuously withdrawn from the separating zone while the catalyst particles-rich phase is continuously recycled to the bottom of the vessel by gravity.

Abstract: A wet-type flue gas desulfurization method and plant making use of a solid desulfurizing agent in which exhaust gas exhausted from a combustion apparatus such as a boiler is brought into contact with absorbing liquid to absorb sulfur oxide from the exhaust gas into the absorbing liquid followed by neutralization of the absorbing liquid containing the sulfur oxide thus absorbed. The solid desulfurizing agent is selectively retained in an absorbing liquid neutralizing zone and the absorbing liquid, containing water as a main constituent and solid products formed from the absorbed sulfur oxide, is selectively removed from the neutralizing zone. In the neutralizing zone the upward flow of the absorbing liquid, optionally augmented by an upward flow of air or water, forms a fluidized bed of limestone particles, thereby preventing coating of the limestone by gypsum and thereby retaining reactivity of limestone.

Abstract: A safe and efficient hydrothermal reaction apparatus for converting waste plastic into oil is described herein. The apparatus comprises a receiver tank for containing therein a mixture of plastic and water; a high-pressure injection pump in communication with the receiver tank through a flow passage change-over valve, the flow passage change-over valve being in communication with a water injection passage; a reactor device including a curved piping in communication with the injection pump, the curved piping being provided with a heating means; and an effluent tank in communication with the reactor device through a pressure reducing valve. The flow rate of the mixture injected into the reaction device may be controlled by regulating the pressure reducing valve.

Abstract: Systems and methods for heating, reacting, and/or treating a stream containing oxidizable matter. Recycle reactor is used alone or in conjunction with plug-flow reactor. Density differences in the recycle reactor facilitate flow within the recycle reactor without substantial external heat exchange.

Abstract: The invention concerns a process for optimal operation of a slurry bubble column containing a suspension of solid particles in a liquid, characterized in that a gas phase containing the reactant(s) required for the production of the desired products is injected in the form of bubbles close to the lower extremity of the reactor and at least a portion of the liquid fraction and optionally of the solid fraction of the suspension is recirculated, drawn off from close to one extremity of the reactor and reintroduced close to the other extremity of the reactor, with a liquid flow rate U.sub.l in the reactor which is at least equal to and preferably greater than the sedimentation rate U.sub.s of the solid particles. The invention also concerns an apparatus for optimal operation of the process. Finally, the invention concerns the use of the process and apparatus in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.