Abstract: For collection of dust from gases at temperatures up to 900.degree. C. and under presssures up to 20 bars by means of gas-permeable two-dimensional filter elements, an apparatus is proposed which comprises a pressure-resisting cylindrical outer housing, which contains a gas-tight pear-shaped inner housing, which is movably mounted in the outer housing by a means of a heat-insulating carrying structure and is provided with a tubular gas-outlet port and comprises a cambered bottom, which contains cylindrical filter elements. A pressure-confining gas-tight compensator is provided between the tubular gas-outlet port of the inner housing and the outer housing. Because the "pressure-confining" and "supporting" functions are separate, the internal components, which will be subjected to temperatures up to 900.degree. C., can be joined to the pressure-confining wall of the outer housing, which must not be heated above 200.degree. C.

Abstract: Hydrogen gas is generated on demand by reacting hydrochloric acid (haloacid) and a pure metal by flowing the acid upwardly through a bed of metal particles held on a distributor plate within a sliding tray. The tray reciprocates in a retaining vessel. A port in the retaining vessel can be aligned with a drain port in the sliding tray (below the distributor plate) so that the solution in the bed can be shunted directly to an annulus between the retaining vessel and the reactor jacket, thereby eliminating contact of acid and metal and stopping the generation of hydrogen. A coolant may be circulated in the base of the retaining vessel to control the temperature of the acid as it enters the bed, thereby helping to control the reaction rate. A hydrogen generator reactor includes one or more such sliding trays housed within a jacket.

Abstract: An improved pressure vessel which maintains the press-fit between the concentric rings of different material at all temperatures up to the maximum operating temperature by providing an intermediate ring between the inner ring having a coefficient of expansion less than the coefficient of the outer ring wherein the intermediate ring has a coefficient of expansion greater than the outer ring, the radial thickness of the intermediate ring is determined in terms of the radial thicknesses and coefficients of expansion of the inner and outer rings such that upon the pressure vessel operating to the maximum temperature the combined expansions or increases in radial thicknesses of the inner and intermediate rings are equal, or substantially equal to, the expansion or increase in radial thickness of the outer ring.

Abstract: A feeder of oxygen gas containing steam comprising a combustion chamber, an oxygen gas induction tube for inducing oxygen gas to the combustion chamber, a hydrogen gas chamber separated from the combustion chamber by a hydrogen osmotic film between it and the combustion chamber, a hydrogen gas induction chamber which induces the hydrogen gas to the hydrogen gas chamber, an exhaust tube communicated with the hydrogen gas chamber and a heater.

Abstract: A reactor tube 20 for a high-temperature fluid wall reactor has a generally cylindrical shape and is made of a refractory material which permits the tube to be heated to incandescence. The reactor tube in turn radiates energy inwardly to a reaction zone to sustain the desired high-temperature reaction. At least a length of the tube 20 is perforated to permit an inert gas to pass through the tube to form a protective fluid wall for preventing the radially-inward reactant products from contacting the inner surface 84 of the tube. Perforations 78 are located, shaped and dimensioned such that inert gas jets 86 are formed each having a substantially radially-directed momentum sufficient to repel the reactants. The injection of inert gas is controlled so that gas jets overlap to form the protective fluid wall, but the gas jets do not disturb flow within the radially-inward reaction zone. Sections of the reactor tube may remain unperforated, but are protected by the downstream flow of the injected inert gas.

Abstract: A compound-semiconductor single-crystal-manufacturing apparatus comprises a crucible for holding a molten raw material of GaAs and a liquid capsule element of B.sub.2 O.sub.3, a crucible holder, a heat element concentrically surrounding the crucible, and a heat-shielding unit surrounding the heat element, for use in manufacturing a GaAs single crystal by progressively pulling it up from the raw molten material held in the crucible by the liquid encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) process. The heat-shielding unit and crucible holder are formed by molding a sintered aluminum nitride (AlN) element.

Abstract: A packed tube of generally parallel aligned fibers is described, wherein the fibers are packed therein at densities of 60 to 100 percent of the theoretical packing density based on the fiber diameters used based on the selected fiber pitch pattern and preferably at 70 to 100 percent of the theoretical. Glass fibers which can be porous and/or hollow are preferred.

Abstract: A reactor for use in chemical or physical vapor transport film or crystal growth experiments includes a composite reaction tube which is comprised of an open stainless steel tube which is fused to a closed glass tube. The stainless steel portion of the reaction tube supplies mechanical strength and rigidity for sealing purposes while the glass portion of the composite tube permits visual observation of crystal growth within the composite tube.

Abstract: An apparatus and process for the vacuum distillation of volatile organic pollutants contained in various environmental sample matrices, such as sediments, soils, water and fish is connected to a cryogenic concentrating means. The volatile organic pollutants in the sample are first separated from the water vapors in the mixture which emanates from a sample chamber by condensing the water vapors in a precooling trap. The volatile organic compounds are first condensed in a cryogenic concentration trap which is subsequently warmed to transfer the volatile organic vapors to a cryogenic focusing trap cooled to -196.degree. C. A series of manually activated or automatically solenoid activated valves controls passage of the various fluids through a conduit network selectively connecting the various cooling traps and the outlet of a sample chamber to one another. A cooled pump oil trap may be connected into the conduit network to condense pump oil vapors and thus prevent pump oil contamination of the apparatus.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing low cost, high purity solar grade Si wherein a reduction reaction, preferably the reduction of SiF.sub.4, by an alkali metal (Na preferred) is carried out inside a reaction chamber. The chamber wall and bottom surfaces are formed of graphite and configured with drainage channels so as to facilitate the continuous separation of the products of reaction (Si and NaF) and removal of the molten salt by discharging the salt through one or more ports at the bottom of the reaction chamber. Such process is especially useful where it is desirable to discharge the reaction salt products from the reactor and retain silicon within the chamber for later removal.

Abstract: A chemical bath apparatus is disclosed in which an open topped beaker having a heater mounted to the exterior wall thereof is supported in an open topped surrounding housing or shell by a support assembly, the beaker being in spaced relation to the shell. The support assembly includes a sleeve mounted in sealed relation around the heater so as to isolate the same from corrosive fumes and a resilient pad extending over a substantial area of the bottom wall of the beaker for support of substantially the entire weight of the beaker and chemical substance through the bottom wall. Vent openings for convection cooling between the shell and sleeve are also provided.

Abstract: A reaction chamber assembly comprises a tapered pin having a radial chamber in which chemical or digestive reactions are to be carried out, and a collar member having a tapered bore of a taper size corresponding to that of the pin member. A closure mechanism is provided for urging the pin member into the bore so that there is a sealing engagement between the tapered surfaces of the members which acts to seal the chamber. The collar member may have a reinforcing sleeve fitted around it.

Abstract: A reactor is provided for producing methanol by the reaction of synthesis gases containing carbon oxides and hydrogen in contact with a copper containing catalyst positioned in the reactor in catalyst tubes surrounded by boiling water under pressure. The catalyst tubes are made from a metallic material which is catalytically inactive with respect to the methanol synthesis gas and have approximately the same coefficient of thermal expansion as the shell of the reactor. The catalyst tubes are made of a steel composed of mixed austeniticferritic structure and containing 10-30% by weight chromium.

Abstract: Apparatus for synthesizing ammonia from an ammonia feed gas passing to an ammonia synthesis converter from a horizontally disposed heat exchanger. The synthesis converter comprising a shell and catalyst holder positioned within and spaced slightly from the shell to provide an annular passageway therebetween, is close coupled through a channel to a heat exchanger and a conduit extends through the channel and is adapted to be connected to the tube side of the heat exchanger.

Abstract: Apparatus and process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid by the contact process of the type comprising at least one gas-concentrated sulphuric acid contacting unit and a sulphuric acid heat exchanger characterized in that the contacting unit and/or heat exchanger is formed of high silicon content austenitic steel. The steel is also of use in sulphuric acid concentrators. Reduced corrosion rates are provided.

Abstract: A method for growing large, shaped, oriented crystals and an apparatus for cooling the seed crystal so that a portion thereof remains solid throughout the crystal growth process. The critical and time consuming process of seeding crystals under continuous supervision is eliminated. The unmelted portion of the seed crystal is maintained at a temperature below its melting point through a seed temperature control apparatus which utilizes a pool of a substantially liquid metallic material as a heat transfer medium. The pool is contained in a reservoir formed in a thermal energy conductive base member in which the growth vessel is disposed.

Abstract: A process for providing an apparatus for treating hydrocarbons or the like fluids at a high temperature substantially without carbon deposition is described. At least portions of the apparatus which are to be contacted with the high temperature fluid, are made of a specific alloy containing 1-10% by weight of aluminum and, if desired, oxidized before or upon contact with the high temperature fluid to form an aluminum-containing oxide film.

Abstract: An epitaxy bell of transparent fused silica is provided with a flanged, thick-walled tubular piece of transparent fused silica on the side on which a process gas is exhausted. The wall thickness of the constricted portion of the bell is increased toward the transparent fused silica tubular piece.

Abstract: In a reactor for gasification of solid carbonaceous materials in a fluidized bed under elevated pressure and at high temperatures using a hot gasification agent, a feed device for the gasification agent is installed in the lower part of the reactor chamber and traverses this chamber in the form of a bridge, which has an arch joined to the walls of the reactor chamber, said arch consisting of refractory brick and supporting a section of metal pipe. The latter is shielded from the outside by the arch and by a top-mounted structure of refractory material. On the inside, the metal pipe is also provided with a tubular lining of refractory material. Metal pipe, lining, and arch have openings for passage of the gasification agent. The size and shape of the openings are selected to assure passage of the gasification agent even if the parts undergo changes in length as a result of the effects of temperature.

Abstract: An aromatic polycarboxylic acid is produced by oxidation of an alkyl-substituted aromatic aldehyde or carboxyLic acid with molecular oxygen in water as a solvent in the presence of bromine ions or further together with heavy metal ions as a catalyst in a reactor using a zirconium material whose surface is coated with an oxide layer as a material of construction. The oxidation can be carried out in high yield without corrosion of the material of construction.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for deriving hydrogen from superheated steam. Superheated steam is passed into chamber between opposing chamber walls. One of chamber walls is formed of a reactant such as iron which reacts exothermally with the superheated steam to liberate free hydrogen and to produce an oxidized compound such as ferric oxide. The other chamber wall is formed as a thin diffusion membrane permeable to hydrogen but relatively impermeable to steam and oxygen and hydrogen is extracted from the chamber by diffusion therethrough. The membrane is preferably made of palladium or a palladium-silver alloy to further decompose the superheated steam and enhance extraction of hydrogen. The reactant wall is heated at its side remote from the chamber in a reducing atmosphere to cause dissociation of the oxidized compound and removal of oxygen so as continuously to regenerate the reactant.

Abstract: A multi-firing exploding film system for enhancing a chemical and/or physical reaction which is capable of being fired several times without replacing the explodible element. The explodible element is formed of an explodible material, e.g. metal or semi-conductor material which is deposited as a film on the interior of a reactor. A pulse power supply is electrically connected to the film and is cyclically actuated to repeatably fire the explodible element upon demand. The present system basically functions as a continuous vaporization-deposition-revaporization process wherein at least a portion is vaporized upon each firing and is then recondensed onto the interior of the reactor before the next firing.

Abstract: An automatic apparatus for loading and feeding crucibles to and removing crucibles from a combustion furnace in which metals are burned for analyzing them. The apparatus has a part for automatically transporting crucibles to a sample weighing position one by one, a sample weighing device at the sample weighing position, and a supply device for placing the desired quantity of metal to be analyzed into crucibles at the sample weighing position. A storage device for automatically storing crucibles containing samples therein extends from the sample weighing position, and a device takes crucibles out of the storage device one by one and a further device automatically takes the crucibles from said taking out device and introduces them into a combustion furnace and removes the crucibles from the combustion furnace. A device then automatically dumps the crucibles removed from the combustion furnace after the completion of analysis.

Abstract: In the thermal cracking of or heating of hydrocarbons, for example naphtha, a carbonization reaction incidentally takes place due to the fact that Ni, Fe and Co contained in, for example, the conduits of the thermal cracking apparatus have a catalytically carbonizing action. The aim of the present invention is to effectively suppress carbon deposition promoted by these elements, to provide for the incorporation of an inhibitor element, e.g. Li, Na, Ba, Be, Ca, Mg or their oxides, into the heat-resistant alloy, and to form on the surface of this alloy a carbon deposition suppressing layer which comprises an inhibitor element.

Abstract: An elongate straight column for use as a reactor in an analytical instrument. The column contains inert packed material which provides for the necessary flow path length for a fluid stream entering the reactor. Fittings are incorporated onto the ends of the column in such a manner that their width is no larger than the width of the column. The column configuration for a reactor allows more versatility in the type of temperature regulator mechanisms used to heat and cool the reactor.

Abstract: An ammonia gas analyzer and a sulfuric acid converter utilized in the ammonia gas analyzer in which a sample gas is maintained at a relatively high temperature prior to entering the sulfuric acid converter to thereby prevent acidic sulfuric acid sulfates and/or ammonia sulfates from crystallizing and being deposited on the walls of the device. The ammonia gas analyzer includes gas sampling means, a gas measuring channel connected to the gas sampling means, a comparison gas channel connected parallel to the measuring gas channel with the measuring gas channel including an NH.sub.3 /NO converter for converting NH.sub.3 in a sample gas into NO and means for measuring a concentration of NH.sub.3 on the basis of variations of an amount of NO in the measuring gas channel with respect to that in the comparison gas channel.

Abstract: A gas generator outlet manufactured of different metals, each possessing ferent thermal capability, welded together with a tapered internal insulation system. The generator outlet is designed to contain a high-pressure gas having a flame temperature of 3000.degree. F. The external surface of the gas generator outlet remains at or below 600.degree. F. while the outlet interfaces with a metal manifold having a temperature of approximately 3000.degree. F.

Abstract: An apparatus, for the rapid heating and subsequent reaction of carbonaceous material and hydrogen, comprising a cylindrical reactor shell; a first inlet conduit, coaxial with the shell, terminating inside the shell and having the terminal discharge end covered with a metal that resists carbide formation which leads to plugging; a second inlet conduit whose discharge end is in proximity to the discharge end of the first conduit; and suitable insulation means between the first and second conduits.

Abstract: An apparatus for preparing test samples for chemical analytical testing has an electric coil adapted to receive a crucible and connected to a source of electricity. The crucible is formed by an outer vessel of a noble metal and by an inner vessel formed of a rigid refractory material that is a good conductor of heat and that is not wettable by the sample. Normally platinum or a platinum alloy is used for the outer vessel and vitreous carbon is used for the inner vessel. The apparatus further comprises a high-frequency electricity supply for supplying electricity to the coil and thereby heating the crucible and the sample therein, a casting receptacle at a lower station below the upper station and adapted to receive the melted sample, a dissolving receptacle at the lower station, and a bath of a solvent for the sample in the dissolving receptacle.

Abstract: Digester for producing organic material having a reaction chamber through which organic material is allowed to flow from an inlet opening to an outlet opening, having means for heating the organic material in the reaction chamber, and having means for collecting the fuel gas which is generated within the reaction chamber. The reaction chamber is located in a housing which has a continuous concrete wall within which is located a core of thermal insulating material to form a continuous insulating envelope around the reaction chamber.

Abstract: Bell of translucent fused silica having an inner layer of transparent fused silica for the precipitation of polysilicon. The thickness of the transparent fused silica layer increases continuously towards the open end of the bell while the total wall thickness of the bell is kept constant. The thickness increase of the transparent fused silica layer begins preferably beyond the center of the total length of the bell. The thickness of the transparent fused silica layer increases by at least half of the thickness which it has in the top part of the bell.

Abstract: The process of continuously producing an alkali metal superoxide comprises the reaction of an aerosol of hydrogen peroxide and an alkali metal hydroxide in an inert gas. The reacting aerosol is of the solid/gaseous type or of the liquid/gaseous type. The reaction is preferably carried out in an apparatus comprising a reaction chamber, inlet ducts for the reactants and a dry gas, and an outlet duct conducting the reacted aerosol to means for separating the resulting solid alkali metal superoxide from the gaseous phase.

Abstract: The invention relates to the manufacture of reactors for Oxo synthesis which are constructed of steel having a Brinell hardness of less than 300 and containing 1 to 6% chromium and 0.4 to 0.7% molybdenum.

Abstract: A vessel system (10) comprises an outer shell (14) of carbon fibers held in a binder, a coolant circulation mechanism (16) and control mechanism (42) and an inner shell (46) comprised of a refractory material and is of light weight and capable of withstanding the extreme temperature and pressure environment of, for example, a coal gasification process. The control mechanism (42) can be computer controlled and can be used to monitor and modulate the coolant which is provided through the circulation mechanism (16) for cooling and protecting the carbon fiber and outer shell (14). The control mechanism (42) is also used to locate any isolated hot spots which may occur through the local disintegration of the inner refractory shell (46).

Abstract: Means are described for suppressing spontaneous diamond nucleation in the vicinity of diamond seed material located in reaction vessel construction used in the growth of diamond by the process disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,297,407--Wentorf, Jr.In assembly of the reaction vessel a portion of the lower surface of the plug of catalyst-solvent metal is disposed in contact with the diamond seed material. Preferably all of the balance of the lower surface area of the catalyst-solvent plug adjacent the seed material is covered with a disc or layer of a material different from the catalyst-solvent metal employed and selected from a list of specific materials that suppress diamond nucleation.

Abstract: A continuous process is disclosed which comprises introducing a sulfonatable or sulfatable organic liquid onto a rotating reaction surface as a thin film, rotating the reaction surface at a velocity such that the thin film is continuously moved toward the periphery of the reaction surface, dividing the reaction surface into a plurality of areas, depositing within each area a controlled quantity of gaseous sulfur trioxide over the liquid film, maintaining the pressure during the reaction at subatmospheric levels, controlling the temperature of the reaction surface, moving the reaction product by centrifugal action to the periphery of the reaction surface and continuously collecting the reaction product.An apparatus for carrying out such a process is also disclosed.

Abstract: A methanation reactor to be used preferably in an integrated urea-ammonia process for methanizing carbon oxides is disclosed in which the catalyst bed and an underlying heat exchanger of the tube-bundle type make up a unit mounted centrally of the reactor casing with a gap left between the reactor casing inside wall and centrally mounted unit. Fresh gases to be methanized enter the gap, then into the heat exchanger from below and flow upwards to the catalyst bed and thereafter flow down to the exchanger again. Incoming gases sweep the exchanger tubes from the outside, while the reacted gases flow in the interior of the tubes of the exchanging boundle. Particular blanket and a gland-seal system is provided to minimize the escape of gaseous fluids from the reactor.

Abstract: Reaction vessel construction is described for suppressing spontaneous diamond nucleation and simultaneously reducing the flaw content in the main body of diamond grown from diamond seed material by the process broadly disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,297,407 to Wentorf, Jr.In the reaction vessel construction the body of catalyst-solvent metal is formed with at least one small tip projecting from the underside thereof. A single diamond seed is placed in contact with this (or each) tip. The underside of the plug of catalyst-solvent metal is in contact with a nucleation-suppressing disc, or layer, of a material different from the catalyst-solvent and selected from a specific group of materials. In each case the tip of catalyst-solvent metal projects through a hole in the disc or layer to make contact with the diamond seed material.

Abstract: By introducing the reaction gas mixture of hydrocarbons and ammonia at increased velocity through an inlet tube with one or more openings in a customary reaction tube in the hydrocyanic acid-methane-ammonia (BMA) process the yield of HCN is increased considerably.

Abstract: An impermeable cooled closing plug adapted for closing the end of a semiconductor manufacture processing tube is made of a material selected from the group consisting of quartz, silicon and silicon carbide, which materials have low heat conductivity and high chemical stability. The cooling effects of a cooling liquid supplied to the entrance flange of a processing tube are isolated from the tube closing plug by virtue of the low heat conductivity, thus preventing unwanted condensation effects at the entrance of the tube.

Abstract: Capacitive electrical heating of a fluidized bed enables the individual solid particles within the bed to constitute the hottest portion thereof. This effect is achieved by applying an A. C. voltage potential between dielectric coated electrodes, one of which is advantageously the wall of the fluidized bed rejection zone, sufficient to create electrical currents in said particles so as to dissipate heat therein. In the decomposition of silane or halosilanes in a fluidized bed reaction zone, such heating enhances the desired deposition of silicon product on the surface of the seed particles within the fluidized bed and minimizes undesired coating of silicon on the wall of the reaction zone and the homogeneous formation of fine silicon powder within said zone.

Abstract: Reaction vessel construction is provided whereby in the practice of the invention disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,297,407 - Wentorf, Jr. diamond seed material is isolated from the main supply of catalyst-solvent metal by an inert barrier insoluble in the catalyst-solvent bath. One or more restricted diamond growth paths (e.g. small diameter wires of catalyst-solvent) are provided through the inert barrier interconnecting diamond seed material and the main supply of catalyst-solvent metal. In this way the diamond seed material cannot be eroded or destroyed by exposure to the bath of catalyst-solvent metal and a controllable limit can be placed on the size of the single diamond seed crystal ultimately presented to the bath via any given growth path.

Abstract: A plenum chamber for a fluidized catalytic cracking unit has the radially outer wall CdD provided with its upper portion Cd of upwardly divergent form and provided with a thermal insulation, and has its lower portion dD of cylindrical form. The radially inner wall AbB is cylindrical and the floor of the plenum chamber may be either flat or of upwardly convergent conical or spherical form.

Abstract: Fluid permeable wall members through which an auxiliary fluid is passed against pressure exerted by a fluid to be contained, which wall member is composed of inorganic fibres, may be used to contain hot fluids or fluids otherwise having a deleterious effect on the wall members. Vacuum formed shapes composed of refractory inorganic fibres may be used to contain fluids having temperatures of over 2500.degree. C. such as gases which have been heated by electrical discharge means for use in the vapor phase manufacture of oxides of titanium, iron, aluminium, silicon or zirconium and offer low capital costs combined with resistance to thermal shock.

Abstract: The entrainment of reaction medium in the vapor phase is decreased in a chlorine dioxide generator producing a gaseous mixture of chlorine dioxide, chlorine and steam from a boiling reaction medium and wherein generator liquor is recycled with make up chemicals by providing a tangential entry of recycled liquor to the generator in the vapor space above the liquid level in the generator and a helically-arranged baffle projecting inwardly from the generator wall at least in the height of the generator corresponding to the tangential entry opening into the vapor space. The baffle is arranged to be above the trajectory of the recycled liquor as it enters the generator. Decreased liquor entrainment enables the generator diameter to be decreased, with consequentially decreased capital costs.

Abstract: A method and related apparatus are provided for producing on a semi-continuous basis polycrystalline silicon and melt replenishment for a crystal growth crucible. The silicon is deposited in low density form on the inner walls of a multi-walled reaction chamber by delivering gaseous HSiCL.sub.3, SiH.sub.4, or the like, and reducing gas if needed, through the chamber which is heated to the reaction temperature of the feed gas. After a certain amount of silicon has been produced, the chamber temperature is raised sufficiently to melt down the silicon which is then used to replenish a crystal growth crucible. The operations are then cyclically repeated.The apparatus includes a reaction chamber having a multi-walled configuration to maximize the interior surface area on which the silicon is deposited. A drain trap such as a U-shaped tube, or the like, is connected to the bottom of the reaction chamber and provided with heating elements.

Abstract: A methanation reactor, to be used preferably in an integrated urea-ammonia process for methanizing carbon oxides is disclosed, in which the catalyst bed and an underlying heat exchanger of the tube-bundle type make up a unit mounted centrally of the reactor casing with a gap left between the reactor casing inside wall and said centrally mounted unit. Fresh gases to be methanized enter the gap, then the heat exchanger from below and flow upwards to the catalyst bed, whereafter they flow down to the exchanger again. Incoming gases sweep the exchanger tubes from the outside, while the reacted gases flow in the interior of the tubes of the heat exchanging bundle. Insulation blankets and gland seals are provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for the production of phosphoric acid by subjecting yellow phosphorus to combustion inside a combustion tower, the apparatus comprising a cone-shaped shell with a flat bottom of acidproof material forming the combustion tower, the cone ratio of the shell being 1:10 to 1:12. An upwardly-directed off-gas outlet is secured to the lower portion of the shell and a plurality of downwardly directed spray nozzles is arranged so as to open through the middle portion of the shell into the interior of the combustion tower. An acid-receiving cup with an overflow weir is positioned near the upper end of the shell, the acid-receiving cup surrounding the combustion tower concentrically, being gas-tightly connected to, and supporting, a self-supporting cone-shaped tower cover having a passageway passed centrally through it. The overflow weir is formed of a tubular-annular structure disposed completely horizontally inside the acid-receiving cup.

Abstract: A high-temperature, fluid-wall chemical reactor can be equipped with a variable profile, counterflow heat exchanger and a reaction product control system. The heat exchanger includes two tubular walls, positioned concentric of one another, and a spiral baffle disposed between the two walls to define a spiral, annular coolant channel. The walls and baffle are made of a refractory material. The heat exchanger has an inlet and an outlet to permit a coolant to be circulated through the coolant channel. The reaction product control system includes a reaction product analyzer and means for withdrawing and transferring samples of reaction product exiting the reactor. The reaction product analyzer can receive samples of reaction product and generate a signal corresponding to deviations between the chemical composition of the product and a preselected composition.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for producing vinyl chloride monomer characterized by conjoint chlorination and dehydrochlorination reactions carried out in the presence of fluidized solids which provide efficient heat transfer within and between the two reaction zones.