Abstract: An apparatus for measuring the amount of oxygen in a sample gas, which is suited for quantifying small amount of oxygen in a sample gas. The apparatus of the present invention comprises a yellow phosphorus vapor-providing section in which yellow phosphorus is retained, by which the vapor of the yellow phosphorus is supplied and by which the amount of the vapor of the yellow phosphorus is controlled. The apparatus further comprises a reaction chamber connected to the yellow phosphorus vapor-providing section, in which the light-emitting reaction between the oxygen in the sample and the vapor of the yellow phosphorus is conducted, and a sample gas-supplying section. The amount of the oxygen in the sample gas is determined by measuring the intensity of the light emitted by the reaction by a light intensity-measuring device.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a multiple holder for test tubes, which receives a plurality of individual test tubes for the simultaneous flow-through of a gas sample with the gas entering the tubes through at least one opened end, from a connection piece which has a flow outlet. The multiple holder of the invention receives commercially available test tubes with fused tips and includes an arrangement to simultaneously open all the test tubes introduced. To achieve this, the multiple holder 1 is designed such that at least one section 6, 6a can be tilted down, as a result of which the tips 8 of all the test tubes 2 introduced can be broken off simultaneously at least at one end.

Abstract: An oxygen detector for use in a double envelope lamp is described. The detector may be formed by nitriding a metal surface to produce a metal piece with a first visual color or state. The surface thickness is sufficient to exclude oxygen during normal assemble, but thin enough to change colors during lamp operation if oxygen is present.

Abstract: A probe for measuring oxygen concentration including an immobilized polypyridine metal complex, which can be used for measurement of oxygen concentration even in a case where the exciting ray to be used and luminescence are visible rays and which can stably be used even when it is directly immersed in a liquid to be examined without a protective membrane, which makes miniaturization of a probe possible.

Abstract: A device for demonstrating the operation of gas contaminant testing apparatus and for training persons to use such apparatus. The device can be portable and allows demonstration of and training on testing apparatus in a location removed from the environment in which the gaseous medium and its gaseous and vaporous contaminants are normally found. The device uses very small contaminant samples for demonstration in order to minimize personnel exposure and inadvertent or deliberate releases to the environment. The device allows the substitutions of, for training and demonstration purposes, a harmless gaseous medium for the actual gaseous medium of interest. In a preferred embodiment, designed for demonstrating the operation of a refrigerant contaminant testing apparatus, air is susbstituted for refrigerant as the gaseous medium in which contaminants are entrained when using the device. In that embodiment, air is caused to flow through a container holding a contaminant sample of interest.

Abstract: Chlorine and hydrogen sulfide contamination in a local atmosphere is removed by drafting a ventilation flow stream of the contaminated atmosphere over an activated carbon adsorber bed. Saturation of the adsorber bed by adsorbed contaminant occurs as a progressive front advancing along the flow stream direction. One or more chlorine and hydrogen sulfide sensitive monitors signal passage of the saturation front at designated bed depth points. Each monitor is exposed to a small air sample flow from the bed at the respectively designated point. Each sample flow is directed serially over two reactive paper filters: the first being impregnated with 0-toluidine to remove Cl.sub.2 and the second being in impregnated with lead acetate to remove H.sub.2 S. Both filters respond to the respective compounds with a color change. Monitor construction and assembly places both filters side-by-side behind transparent chamber windows for manual observation of the color change without disassembly of the monitor unit.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a dosimeter for detecting gaseous or aerosol substances. The dosimeter contains a collecting reagent in a tubular shell made of a membrane permeable for the substance to be detected. The dosimeter is improved so that also substances which cannot be absorbed by the collecting reagent can be made detectable. The dosimeter includes an outer shell wherein at least one additional inner shell is provided extending coaxially to the outer shell. The two shells conjointly define an intermediate space wherein a conversion reagent is accommodated for converting the substance to be detected into a conversion product. The inner shell defines an inner space wherein the collecting reagent is disposed for collecting the conversion product.

Abstract: A personal dosimeter for measuring the average concentration of undesirable contaminants gases such as nitrogen oxide includes a gas permeable web-like wafer formed of a material inert to polyamine. The wafer has a surface area having a numerical value at least one thousand times the value of the axial width of the wafer. The wafer is soaked in an absorptive medium not containing the ambient contaminant gas to be measured. The wafer, so soaked, is inserted within a gaseous impermeable housing from which the wafer may be selectively release and re-inserted. During an interval of release of the wafer, it is exposed for a predetermined interval of time to the ambient atmosphere. After re-insertion, the dosimeter is taken to an analysis site at which the wafer is removed and the molar concentration of products reaction with the atmospheric contaminant is measured.

Abstract: A sensor for monitoring a condition such as a chemical concentration includes two luminescent materials having differing absorption bands and differing sensitivities to the condition to be monitored. Light in the two absorption bands is applied in alternating sequence so as to elicit emissions from the two luminescent materials in alternating sequence. These emissions are compared to one another and the relationship between them, such as the ratio of their intensities, indicates the condition. The luminescent materials may be porphyrins or derivatives thereof.

Abstract: The analyte sensing system utilizes a sensor indicator which may be a perlyene derivative, coronene, or naphtho [8,1,2-abc] coronene in an analyte permeable silicone matrix. The matrix is irradiated with light of a specific wavelength, and fluorescence emissions of the dye indicator is measured over two different emission spectra having different sensitivities to the analyte. The emission spectrum which is less sensitive to quenching by the analyte can be used as a reference for determining the analyte concentration based upon a ratio of the intensities of the different emission spectra.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an arrangement for measuring the concentration of gaseous or vaporous components of a gas mixture by using optically distinguishable reaction zones from gas test tubes which contain a substance reacting with the component to be detected. The change of the reaction zone is determined by means of direct observation and/or by means of an opto-electronic scanning device. This arrangement is improved in accordance with the invention in that the reacting substance is accommodated at least in one channel formed in a carrier. The channel has a cross section in the reaction zone which is less than 1 mm.sup.2.

Abstract: A process for the detection of carbonyl sulfide in a gas such as carbon dioxide is provided. The process comprises providing a known volume of gas to be analyzed and removing any hydrogen sulfide from the gas as by passage through a lead acetate column. The carbonyl sulfide is then converted to hydrogen sulfide. Preferably, this is accomplished by passage of the gas through acidified water and subsequent reaction by contact with an alumina hydrolysis catalyst. The converted H.sub.2 S is then detected and measured. The amount of hydrogen sulfide detected represents an equimolar amount of carbonyl sulfide present in the original volume of gas.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a testing and measuring device for colorimetrically detecting hydride gases on a carrier which is impregnated with a solution of glycol and with a salt as an indicator. This measuring device is improved in that its long-term stability is increased and the detection of especially the smallest quantities is made possible by a clearly recognizable color change. For this purpose, only a salt, palladium chloride or palladium tetramine chloride, is present in the solution in addition to the glycol.

Abstract: A device for detecting an electrical abnormality in an electrical device filled with insulating gas. A surface on a light reflecting prism placed within the electrical device carries a color indicator material. The color indicator material changes color when acidic gas is present. This gas is formed when an electrical abnormality such as a short circuit occurs in the presence of the insulator gas. A light source provides light to the prism which reflects light back having a color which varies according to the color of the color indicator material. The color of the reflected light is analyzed to determine if an electrical abnormality is present.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for testing for the presence and concentration of contaminants in a refrigerant. A sample of the refrigerant is withdrawn from a closed refrigeration, air conditioning or similar system and passed through a testing tube. Various sections of the tube contain provisions for the removal of oil entrained in the sample, for the removal of water contamination from the sample and for providing visual indications of the presence and concentration of a plurality of contaminants that may be present in the refrigerant.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an arrangement for detecting gaseous components in air wherein an air pumping device pumps a sample quantity through the testing tube. The air pumping device includes a receiver for the testing tube and the charge in the testing tube is evaluated. The arrangement is improved in that the detection of different components with the corresponding testing tubes is conducted automatically in that the data characteristic for the measurement is automatically considered and processed to a display of the measured values. For this purpose, the testing tube is provided at its outer periphery with a machine-readable memory whose data is detected by a read unit when the testing tube is introduced into the receiver of the pumping device. The data from the machine-readable memory is conducted to an evaluation unit.

Abstract: A gas measuring and warning device includes a test tube which is traversed by the gas to be detected and with a photoelectric sampling means which contains an imaging optical system by which the test tube reaction image is projected onto the photo-sensitive row of the sensor elements. The imaging optical system contains a cylindrical lens having a cylinder axis which is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the test tube and to a row of sensor elements. Advantageously an achromatic lens as well as of an interference filter and of a pulse light source as used.

Abstract: A method of estimating a cumulative exposure to a component of a gas which comprises contacting a liquid reagent held by surface tension in a reservoir with a body of the gas through a conduit into which substantially only diffusional migration of the component from the body of gas occurs.

Abstract: A colorimetric test tube having a colorimetric indication which includes a simple detection system for testing gases dissolved in liquids. The test tube has an indicator for the colorimetric indication of gaseous substances to be detected and it has an opening covered against the environment to be tested with a hydrophobic membrane which is permeable to the substances whose presence is to be detected and which can be used for indicating the presence of gases dissolved in liquids. The membrane is advantageously sealed with a covering which dissolves upon immersion of the test tube in a liquid.

Abstract: A detector for rapid response, quantitative determination of carbon dioxide in a gas comprising one or more components, each of which comprises a carrier with a surface to be exposed to the gas, said surface including ane indicating element of a predetermined sensitivity which gives a rapid response signal when exposed to a given concentration of carbon dioxide, the response signals produced when the component or components are exposed to the gas providing a rapid and progresssive quantitative determination of the concentration of carbon dioxide or any change with time of said concentration in the gas.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for generating an anaerobic or microaerophlic atmosphere. A package consisting of a foil envelope has internal compartments for a hydrogen generating material, for a catalyst and for receiving water. The catalyst compartment is provided with a flash arrestor. Water, on being added to the envelope, reacts with the hydrogen generating material. The liberated hydrogen then reacts catalytically with oxygen in the atmosphere external to the package.

Abstract: The invention relates to a detector device for determining components of a sample such as a gaseous sample. The determination is made with reagents which are present in two component quantities separate from each other in the storage condition of the detector device. The component quantities are brought into contact with each other to establish the use condition of the detector device. A simple production and reliable operation of such detector devices is obtained if at least one of the component quantities is contained in a plurality of particles during the storage condition with each particle having a reagent-containing core and an encapsulation surrounding the core. The encapsulation is made of a material which is solid at normal temperature and melts at a higher temperature which is unharmful to the remaining components of the detector device. The detector device is transferred from the storage condition to the use condition by removing the encapsulation by heating.

Abstract: A colorimetric gas diffusion testing tube is disclosed that is to be opened at one end and that contains a granular indicator layer. The testing tube detects a gas that does not directly change the color of the indicator layer. When the tube is viewed from the end which is to be opened, the indicator layer that is adjacent the opening end is inert to the gas that is to be detected. The indicator layer is followed by a porous reagent layer for converting this gas into the substances that change the color of the indicator layer.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a gas measuring device having a pretreatment device for converting the gas to be detected into a substance indicatable via a colorimetric indicator. The gas measuring device simplifies the detection of fluorine and includes a pretreatment device which has a chloride compound containing a metal of the first or second main groups of the periodic system and is exposed to the fluorine and has a chlorine indicator.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and materials for the detection of ketone and aldehyde analytes in fluid samples by means of reacting analyte containing samples with a matrix comprising a hydrazine compound coupled to an H.sup.+ ion exchange resin to produce a hydrazone reaction product with a characteristic color. Methods are also provided for ascertaining the fat catabolism effects of a weight loss dietary regimen comprising determining the breath acetone concentration of the subject by means of contacting said breath with a device comprising an H.sup.+ ion exchange resin to which a hydrazine compound has been coupled and correlating the breath acetone concentration to a standard reflecting the effect on breath acetone of fixed rates of fat metabolism.

Abstract: The molecular concentration of a constituent such as oxygen of an anesthetic agent in a gas is measured by contacting the gas with the surface of a solid body, momentarily heating the surface so that the constituent reacts at the surface to alter a property of the surface such as reflectivity, and determining the degree or rate of alteration occasioned by the heating step. The momentary heating operation may be performed by light from a laser focused on to a small localized region. The body surface can include a thin film of a material such as a metal reactive with the gas constituent of interest at elevated temperatures. The preferred methods provide extraordinarily rapid response, and also form a permanent record of each measurement. Where the gas is at substantially constant pressure, the measured molecular concentration can be interpreted as an indication of the proportion of the constituent in the gas.

Abstract: In a preferred embodiment, refrigerant together with oil, water and any other contaminants is drawn off from a high pressure refrigeration system. The drawn off refrigerant is reduced in pressure and serially, the oil is removed, the water is removed and the amount of water and acid present is determined.

Abstract: The invention relates to a colorimetric gas measuring device having a porous substrate accessible to the air sample to be investigated. The substrate includes a conversion zone which converts a component to be detected into a substance which leads to a coloration of an indicator in a detection zone. The gas measuring device makes possible a simple and inexpensive quantitative detection of chlorosilanes. For this purpose, the conversion zone includes silica gel and the detection zone includes a carrier impregnated with an acid indicator.

Abstract: A diffusion sampler includes a vessel which has at least one inlet opening exposed to the gas to be investigated and which has a moderating zone. In its interior, the vessel has a collecting region provided with a collecting medium as well as a conversion region for converting the gas into substances which can be taken up by the collecting medium. The diffusion sample is improved in that its detection sensitivity is increased and that the collecting region as well as the converting region are provided with large areas in a manner adapted to the geometry of the vessel so that a smaller and more manipulable configuration is obtained. In addition, long-term dosimetry is made possible. For this purpose, the moderating zone is configured as a permeable barrier from which the converting region as well as the collecting region extend and determine the diffusion path in the entire interior of the vessel with each region being applied to a carrier.

Abstract: The invention relates to a dosimeter wherein the substances to be detected color a chemical sensor layer. The degree of coloration of the chemical sensor layer is measured by a photometric diffusion-reflectance measuring device. This dosimeter is improved with respect to a measurement occurring during the time that the contaminant substance is effective. The foregoing is accomplished with the dosimeter of the invention in that the dosimeter has a measuring chamber which receives a diffusion element and with a light impermeable wall portion which closes off the diffusion element while at the same time being permeable to the substance to be detected. A light source and a photosensor are arranged in the measuring chamber.

Abstract: A system for detecting analytes in air or aqueous systems includes a permeation absorption preconcentrator sampler for the analytes and analyte detectors. The preconcentrator has an inner fluid-permeable container into which a charge of analyte-sorbing liquid is intermittently injected, and a fluid-impermeable outer container. The sample is passed through the outer container and around the inner container for trapping and preconcentrating the analyte in the sorbing liquid. The analyte can be detected photometrically by injecting with the sorbing material a reagent which reacts with the analyte to produce a characteristic color or fluorescence which is detected by illuminating the contents of the inner container with a light source and measuring the absorbed or emitted light, or by producing a characteristic chemiluminescence which can be detected by a suitable light sensor. The analyte can also be detected amperometrically.

Abstract: An indicator sheet for an autoclave test pack wherein a pair of porous masses (10) are held in close superimposed relationship by means of a clamp (13) with the indicator sheet (12) sandwiched between them. The indicator sheet (12) has printed thereon a pattern of markings (14) formed from one or more substances which are adapted under steam sterilizing conditions to provide an indication of the presence of air and/or excessive moisture such that each is evident and individually identifiable.

Abstract: A dosimeter for detection of noxious substances which are collected on a plaque-like substrate carrier, which is closed off against the outside by a diffusion membrane fitted to it, is improved so that a uniform fit can be achieved over the entire surface of the membrane. For this, the substrate carrier is curved outwardly.

Abstract: According to the invention, cyanide concentrations of approximately 0.001 to 5 mg cyanide/1 are colorimetrically determined in a continuous manner by means of the known cyanidepicric acid color reaction. The solution containing free cyanide and/or cyanide releasable from cyanocomplexes is converted in a system enclosed in a gas-tight manner in the presence of chelate complexing agents, picric acid and alkaline buffer systems in 1-60 minutes at 50.degree.-120.degree. C. to the color complex and the absorbency is measured spectrophotometrically. The method avoids the extraction step which was previously necessary under 0.2 mg CN/1, avoids errors due to HCN gas evolution losses, is easy to manage, not prone to trouble and suitable for the continuous monitoring of waste-water streams or for controlling cyanide detoxification methods.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a chemically sensitive component including an optical filter that reversibly changes color or transparency in response to a gas or vapor to be determined or detected. The optical filter comprises a mixture of a basic or acid color former or dye of the triphenyl methane system and a complementary acid or basic compound which may be embedded in a matrix and/or applied as a coating to a carrier. The optical filter's change in color or transparency can be measured photoelectronically, e.g., with a luminescent diode as a light source and a photodiode or a phototransistor as a light detector.

Abstract: An optical sensor which is a gas permeable silicone polymeric matrix having at least one optical indicator therein for providing an optical signal in response to excitation light. The optical indicator essentially comprises a mixture of non-polar derivatives of a polynuclear aromatic compound.

Abstract: A wearable, air-sampling device includes a head frame comparable to an eyeglass head frame which has a forehead engaging cross piece and an ear-engaging piece on each side extending rearwardly from the forehead engaging portion which are adapted to engage over respective ears of the wearer and which includes a detachable gas-tester holder mounted on the frame at some visible location, for example, between the eye portions of the forehead piece or over each eye of even on a temple piece.

Abstract: A biological test pack adapted for use in testing the efficacy of an ethylene oxide sterilization process is described. The test pack is a clear plastic tray containing an sterilization sensitive ink which has been imprinted on a card which faces out of the bottom of the plastic tray. In addition, the tray contains a plastic syringe which holds a biological indicator. On top of the plastic syringe, absorbent paper is placed. The entire pack has a Tyvek sheet which seals it until it is used. The plastic tray is molded into a shape for holding the various items in particularly desirable locations. Accordingly, a disposable test pack which is uniformly manufactured and which should yield consistent results, is described. It can be used either as a general purpose routine test pack or as a validation challenge test pack.

Abstract: A system for the detection of trace components in a gas by a process involving the ionization of such trace components and intermittently adding to the gas, a reactant gas which converts some of the components to more readily ionizable forms.

Abstract: Articles comprise transition metal double-complex salts which contain arenyl isonitrile ligands derivatized with long aliphatic chains, the cation being a tetrakis isonitrile platinum ion and the anion being a tetracyanopalladate ion. These double-complex salts exhibit novel vapochromic effects and are useful as personal and badge monitors, threshold monitors, optical waveguide sensors, chemical field effect transistors, and in related monitoring applications.

Abstract: A test tube with several reagent layers affecting the detection reaction, which are separated from one another by means of a permeable interlayer, is improved so that an undesired exchange of reaction products or reagents between the layers is prevented during the measurement process and also during the dwell time, i.e. before and after the measurement. To this end, the interlayer is provided with a valve unit that opens only during the flow.

Abstract: An indicator for the documentation of chlorine by discoloration of potassium iodide applied on a support is to be improved so that it is sufficiently sensitive for the documentation of the low chlorine concentrations and also has, for the documentation of high concentrations, a stable dicoloration. To this end it is provided that the indicator comprises an addition of manganese chloride.

Abstract: A gaseous contaminant dosimeter apparatus for collecting, for subsequent analysis, a gaseous contaminant in proportion to its average concentration in the ambient atmosphere over a predetermined collection period. The gaseous contaminant dosimeter apparatus includes a closed chamber containing a medium capable of chemically or physically combining with the selected gaseous contaminant, and porous diffusive material formed from a material through which the contaminant may diffuse at a rate that is proportional to its atmospheric concentration and substantially unaffected by convective movements of the ambient atmosphere, is mounted in fluid impeding relation with the chamber. The diffusive material includes at least two layers of microporous membrane material having a multiplicity of pores which individually have effective cross-sectional dimensions that are smaller than the mean free path length of the contaminant, the membrane material being mounted on the opposite sides of a porous support substrate.

Abstract: An apparatus for sensing characteristics of a substance, such as blood, including a membrane support having first and second recesses and first and second dissimilar membranes extending over the first and second recesses, respectively. The membrane support has a groove between the recesses, and edge portions of the membranes extend into the groove on the side thereof adjacent the first recess. A retaining bar is received within the groove, and the membranes are tightly held between the retaining bar and the wall of the groove to form a smooth, essentially continuous surface. The membrane support forms a portion of a flow passage so that blood can flow along the membranes. First and second sensors are mounted on the sides of the first and second membranes opposite the flow passage for sensing characteristics of the blood. The first and second sensors engage the first and second membranes, respectively, to tension the membranes.

Abstract: A colorimetric gas dosimeter, which contains a granular indicator substance in a closed, transparent, hollow unit that can be opened on one side, is provided in such a way that the diffusion cross section for the hazardous substance molecules is independent of the degree of discoloration of the indicator substance and the detection sensitivity is thereby increased. This is achieved by sub-dividing the hollow unit into several chambers extending along its longitudinal axis, at least one of which is filled with the granular indicator, and is located adjacent to an indicator free chamber and is separated from this by a separating wall permeable to gas.

Abstract: A test tube for combustible gases is intended to be provided with protective devices, so that, in proving the presence of combustible gases, it cannot become an ignition source. To that end, a flame arrester is arranged in front of and/or behind the test material.

Abstract: Chemiluminescence is detected in a luminol solution free of metal ions flowing through a porous material to indicate the presence of certain nitrogen-containing gases. Continuous monitoring of atmosphoric gases is possible through use of the described methods and related apparatus.

Abstract: A test vial for the detection of gas components in air, containing a packing changing along the longitudinal axis of the test vial is improved in such a manner that, at a constant flow resistance, a sensitivity for the hazardous substance to be detected is obtained, which varies along the test vial. The provision is made that the packing consists of a combination of applied indicator and carrier substance at ratios varying along the longitudinal axis.

Abstract: The presence of certain chemicals on the emitting surface of the surface-derivatized photoluminescent semiconductor alters the characteristics of radiation emitted from said surface. This alteration is used to indicate the presence of those chemicals in the environment.

Abstract: A device for indicating the presence of a gas includes a closed housing having an interior wall with a color indicator disk on one side wall and an opposite wall having an opening with an inflow pipe for the inflow of the gas to be detected. The interior of the housing forms a flat measuring chamber having the side wall with the detector disk of a size comparable to the length and diameter of the inflow pipe so as to form a diffusion area across which a mass transport of the gas to be detected takes place, that is, largely independent of air currents. The color indicated disk advantageously has a circular periphery and the inflow pipe is of cylindrical section and it is smaller than one-fifth the diameter of the measuring chamber having the disk. Advantageously, the length of the pipe section is less than the thickness of the measuring chamber.