Abstract: Systems and methods of producing chemical compounds are disclosed. An example chemical production system includes a combustion chamber having intake ports for entry of a gas mixture. An igniter ignites the gas mixture in the intake chamber to facilitate a reaction at a high temperature and high pressure. A nozzle restricts exit of the ignited gas mixture from the combustion chamber. An expansion chamber cools the ignited gas. The expansion chamber has an exhaust where the cooled gas exits the expansion chamber. A chemical compound product is formed in the expansion chamber.

Abstract: Disclosed is a clean method for preparing layered double hydroxides (LDHs), in which hydroxides of different metals are used as starting materials for production of LDHs by atom-economical reactions. The atom efficiency of the reaction is 100% in each case because all the atoms of the reactants are converted into the target product since only M2+(OH)2, M3+(OH)3, and CO2 or HnAn? are used, without any NaOH or other materials. Since there is no by-product, filtration or washing process is unnecessary. The consequent reduction in water consumption is also beneficial to the environment.

Abstract: A process for producing potassium nitrate and other metal nitrates from the chlorides, sulfates, oxides of these metals. The process uses nitrogen dioxide as a true fluidizing medium in shallow beds of the aforementioned solids at moderately elevated temperatures in a continuous counter current process to convert the metal chlorides, sulfates, and oxides, into metal nitrates and effluent gas and water vapor. The process may be carried out in a series of true fluidized beds arranged in a vertical configuration so that the solids flow downward due to the fluidized process and the nitrogen dioxide gas flows counter currently in an upward direction producing pure metal nitrates at the bottom and nitrosyl chloride gas and/or water vapor at the top.

Abstract: A cation exchange membrane mediated acid-salt metathetic process. An aqueous salt solution is placed into a first compartment on one side of the membrane together with an organic amine extractant of limited water miscibility, and an aqueous acid solution is placed into a second compartment on the other side of the membrane. Product acid forms in the first compartment and collects in the organic amine extractant from where it is recovered. The process is particularly suitable for the recovery of a carboxylic acid from its salt.

Abstract: The application relates to a process for the preparation of low-chloride aqueous solutions of titanyl nitrate which have a chloride content of less than 200 ppm by treatment with nitric acid and excess nitric acid and/or hydrogen peroxide.

Abstract: Water-insoluble chlorinated hydrocarbons can be largely degraded by mixing with nitric acid and heating to temperatures of 150.degree. C. to 350.degree. C. under pressures of 6 bar to 350 bar.

Abstract: Potassium nitrate is produced by contacting nitric acid with a potassium loaded strong cationic exchange resin. In a preferred embodiment, a solution of potassium nitrate and dilute nitric acid is produced in a continuous liquid solid contacting apparatus. The preferred apparatus is formed of a plurality of resin filled chambers which rotate in and out of periodic fluid communication with fixed feed and discharge ports. The apparatus design allows for continuous supply of a nitric acid solution, potassium chloride regeneration solution, wash solutions, and air streams to ports arranged in zones, so that resin filled chambers pass through the zones to continuously produce a solution containing potassium nitrate and dilute nitric acid. In a preferred embodiment, the solution of potassium nitrate produced is neutralized with potassium hydroxide to convert residual nitric acid to potassium nitrate.

Abstract: A drive-by-wire engine control system in which the engine is set to an idle operating mode when the force applied to the accelerator pedal is zero even though the accelerator pedal is in an off-idle position.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the manufacture of potassium nitrate from potassium chloride and nitric acid. According to the invention, potassium chloride and nitric acid are reacted in an aqueous medium at a temperature in the range of between -25.degree. C. to +10.degree. C. From the brine solution obtained after the separation of the resulting potassium nitrate, nitric acid is extracted by an organic solvent solution containing at least one compound selected from the group consisting of ketones having five to ten carbon atoms, straight or cyclic polyethers having molecular weight in the range of 100 to 1000, polyalkylene glycols slightly miscible in water and having molecular weight in the range of 1000 to 3000, and organic esters of phosphoric acid, phosphonic acid and phosphinic acid, or mixtures thereof, in an organic diluent which does not substantially extract hydrochloric acid. The remaining aqueous solution consists of a substantially nitrate-free brine containing hydrochloric acid.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the manufacture of potassium nitrate with co-production of relatively concentrated aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid.According to the invention, potassium chloride and nitric acid are reacted in the medium of an organic solvent selected from butanols and pentanols. The solution obtained after the separation of the resulting potassium nitrate, containing hydrochloric acid together with nitric acid and said organic solvent, is subsequently washed thus resulting an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid which contains nitric acid. The nitric acid is extracted by an organic solvent selected from organic esters of phosphoric acid, ketones having five to ten carbon atoms and straight or cyclic polyethers having molecular weight in the range of 100 to 1000 and polyalkylene glycols which are slightly miscible in water and having molecular weight in the range of 1000 to 3000, or mixtures thereof, preferably in the presence of an organic diluent.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improved process for preparing cyanogen chloride by reacting chlorine and hydrogen cyanide in a manganous chloride-containing aqueous medium to form gaseous cyanogen chloride and dissolved hydrogen chloride and to the subsequent conversion of the hydrogen chloride to chlorine employing manganese dioxide and nitric acid as cyclic reagents.

Abstract: A system for recycling heat treating salts such as nitrates and nitrites from a rinse bath including means to prevent the excessive build-up of impurities such as carbonates or chlorides which impair heat treat efficiency. For example, carbonates which form in a nitrate-nitrite quench bath and chlorides which are carried by drag-out into a nitrate-nitrite quench bath from a chloride heat treating bath are removed by concentrating the rinse water, removing undesirable components from the concentrate and returning molten rectified salt to the quench.