Abstract: An aluminum borate whisker reinforced and toughened non-metallic matrix composite is provided, which specifically includes a non-metallic material reinforced and toughened with aluminum borate whiskers. The composite exhibits a higher bending strength and fracture toughness and a higher wear resistance. A method for preparing the composite is also provided. The method includes mixing the aluminum borate whiskers and the non-metallic material to form a mixture; and sintering the mixture by a vacuum hot press method, or molding the mixture.

Abstract: A process for preparing a compound of formula (I) HR1R2C—CF2—(C?O)—Y starting with a compound of formula (II) R1R2C?CX—(C?O)—Y or of formula (III) HR1R2C—CX1X2—(C?O)—Y placed in contact with hydrofluoric acid; R1 and R2 being independently selected from H, F, Cl, Br, I, C1-C20-alkyl, C6-C20-aryl and C2-C20-alkenyl, C3-C20-cycloalkenyl and C3-C20-cycloalkyl; X1 and X2 being independently selected from F, Cl, Br and I on condition that X1 and X2 are not simultaneously F; Y being selected from the group of H, C1-C20-alkyl, C1-C20-haloalkyl, C6-C20-aryl, —OH, —OR, —NH2, —NHR, —NR2, —SR, C3-C20-cycloalkyl, C3-C20-cycloalkenyl and C2-C20-alkenyl; R being independently selected from the group of C1-C20-alkyl, C6-C20-aryl and C2-C20-alkenyl, C3-C20-cycloalkenyl and C3-C20-cycloalkyl.

Abstract: A light-emitting device in an aspect of the present invention includes at least one light emitter, a first phosphor, and a second phosphor. The first phosphor emits, in response to light emitted from the at least one light emitter, light having a first peak wavelength in a wavelength region of 400 to 480 nm. The second phosphor emits, in response to light emitted from the at least one light emitter, light having a second peak wavelength in a wavelength region of 480 to 600 nm. The at least one light emitter has a third peak wavelength in a wavelength region of 280 to 315 nm and emits light in the wavelength region of 280 to 315 nm.

Abstract: A negative electrode active material contains a lithium-containing transition metal oxynitride having a crystal structure belonging to the space group Fm3m. An electrochemical device includes a negative electrode which contains a negative electrode active material containing a lithium-containing transition metal oxynitride having a crystal structure belonging to the space group Fm3m; a positive electrode; and an electrolyte.

Abstract: A positive active material for a positive electrode of a battery cell which includes a first component containing Li2MnO3. The first component includes a doping with nitrogen ions N2? which replace a portion of the oxygen ions O2? of component. A positive electrode of a battery cell which includes a positive material, and a battery cell which includes at least one positive electrode, are also described.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for making ADN from GUDN in one single process step. GUDN is reacted with an ammonium source (ammonium-sulfamate, ammonium-sulfate, ammonia) and an ion-change gives ADN from GUDN in one process stage. The advantages are that the process gives pure ADN without potassium contaminants and that a smaller amount of solvent is necessary.

Abstract: Compositions and methods of making compositions are provided for nitride- and/or oxide-modified electrode compositions. In certain embodiments, the nitride- and/or oxide-modified compositions have the general formula M1?zM?zOaF3?xNy. Such compositions may be used as bulk or surface compositions, and used in a battery as the anode or cathode. In other embodiments, the electrode includes a surface coating composition selected from metal nitrides and metal oxides, and a core composition having the formula M1?zM?zOaF3?x, or an oxide fluoride.

Abstract: Provided herein are pharmaceutically acceptable sodium nitrite and pharmaceutical compositions thereof. Also provided herein are methods for determining the total non-volatile organic carbon in a sodium nitrite-containing sample. Further provided herein are methods for producing pharmaceutically acceptable sodium nitrite. Still further provided herein are methods of treatment comprising the administration of pharmaceutically acceptable sodium nitrite.

Abstract: A composite nitride, a method of preparing the composite nitride, an electrode active material including the composite nitride, an electrode including the electrode active material, and a lithium secondary battery including the electrode, the composite nitride including a core material including a bronze-phase titanium oxide; and a nitrogen atom doped on at least part of the core material.

Abstract: Embodiments of a layered-substrate comprising a substrate and a layer disposed thereon, wherein the layered-substrate is able to withstand fracture when assembled with a device that is dropped from a height of at least 100 cm onto a drop surface, are disclosed. The layered-substrate may exhibit a hardness of at least about 10 GPa or at least about 20 GPa. The substrate may include an amorphous substrate or a crystalline substrate. Examples of amorphous substrates include glass, which is optionally chemically strengthened. Examples of crystalline substrates include single crystal substrates (e.g. sapphire) and glass ceramics. Articles and/or devices including such layered-substrate and methods for making such devices are also disclosed.

Abstract: A golden rigid decorative member in which scratch resistance and abrasion resistance are significantly improved and deterioration of appearance quality due to a flaw, abrasion, or the like is suppressed, and which has a pale color with a high quality feel is stably provided. A single layer or several layers of a coating including a reaction compound of an alloy of Ti and one or two or more metals selected from Nb, Ta, and V, and of one or two non-metallic elements mainly including nitrogen and selected from carbon and oxygen are stacked on a base.

Abstract: Provided is a rigid decorative member that has high film hardness, is excellent in scratch resistance performance and abrasion resistance performance, and has excellent color brightness and color saturation. The rigid decorative member of the present invention is a rigid decorative member wherein a reaction compound film of an alloy of Cr and a metal selected from one or two or more of Mo, W, Nb, Ta, Ti, Hf, Zr, and V, and of a non-metallic element selected from one or two or more of nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen is formed on a substrate. There is provided the rigid decorative member significantly improved in scratch resistance and abrasion resistance and having a color tone with a high quality feel; and there is further supplied a product of which the color tones of brightness and color saturation can be freely controlled.

Abstract: Provided are a macroporous titanium compound monolith and a production method thereof, the macroporous titanium compound monolith having a framework that is composed of a titanium compound other than titanium dioxide, having controlled macropores, and having electron conductivity, the titanium compound being oxygen-deficient titanium oxide, titanium oxynitride, or titanium nitride.

Abstract: A transparent ceramic material and the use thereof, wherein the transparent ceramic has an RIT>75%, measured on a 2 mm-thick, polished disk with light with a wave length of 600 nm, and average particle sizes in the range of >10 to =<100 micrometer, preferably >10 to 50 micrometer, more preferably >10 to 20 micrometer. The transparent ceramic material is, for example, Mg—Al spinel, ALON, aluminum oxide, yttrium aluminum garnet, yttrium oxide or zirconium oxide.

Abstract: An apparatus for friction reduction and biofouling prevention is invented, which consists of an anodic electro-catalytic layer and a cathodic electro-catalytic layer installed on the submerged surface of a carrier. There is an insulating filling between the anodic layer and the cathodic layer. The layered coatings are applied with the use of electric arc spraying technique. A first DC power supply unit is connected to the anodic layer and the cathodic layer. The anodic layer, the cathodic layer, the DC power supply unit, and water together form the conducting path for water electro-catalysis. Hydrogen and oxygen gases are produced to form a thin gas film on the submerged surface to reduce friction and prevent biofouling on the carrier. Alternatively, the apparatus produces hydroxyl radicals to kill marine microorganisms and reduce the risk of biofouling and biocorrosion.

Abstract: Embodiments of this disclosure pertain to articles that exhibit scratch-resistance and improved optical properties. In some examples, the article exhibits a color shift of about 2 or less, when viewed at an incident illumination angle in the range from about 0 degrees to about 60 degrees from normal under an illuminant. In one or more embodiments, the articles include a substrate, and an optical film disposed on the substrate. The optical film includes a scratch-resistant layer and an optical interference layer. The optical interference layer may include one or more sub-layers that exhibit different refractive indices. In one example, the optical interference layer includes a first low refractive index sub-layer and a second a second high refractive index sub-layer. In some instances, the optical interference layer may include a third sub-layer.

Abstract: Embodiments of this disclosure pertain to articles that exhibit scratch-resistance and improved optical properties. In some examples, the article exhibits a color shift of about 2 or less, when viewed at an incident illumination angle in the range from about 0 degrees to about 60 degrees from normal under an illuminant. In one or more embodiments, the articles include a substrate, and an optical film disposed on the substrate. The optical film includes a scratch-resistant layer and an optical interference layer. The optical interference layer may include one or more sub-layers that exhibit different refractive indices. In one example, the optical interference layer includes a first low refractive index sub-layer and a second a second high refractive index sub-layer. In some instances, the optical interference layer may include a third sub-layer.

Abstract: A plurality of mesoporous metal nitride materials may be formed by a method that includes treating with ammonia (or a related bonded nitrogen and hydrogen containing reducing material) a mixed metal oxide material that comprises at least one first metal that forms an unstable product with ammonia and at least one second metal that forms a stable product with ammonia to form the metal nitride materials that include the second metal but not the first metal. The method contemplates forming metal nitride materials, as well as metal oxynitride materials. A related method that uses a non-bonded nitrogen and hydrogen containing reducing material may yield a mesoporous metal oxide. In particular the at least one metal that forms an unstable product with ammonia comprises zinc metal.

Abstract: A engineered composition and method of delivery of said composition providing effective therapy for the treatment of ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease.

Abstract: A method for reprocessing spent nuclear fuel from a light water reactor includes the step of reacting spent nuclear fuel in a voloxidation vessel with an oxidizing gas having nitrogen dioxide and oxygen for a period sufficient to generate a solid oxidation product of the spent nuclear fuel. The reacting step includes the step of reacting, in a first zone of the voloxidation vessel, spent nuclear fuel with the oxidizing gas at a temperature ranging from 200-450° C. to form an oxidized reaction product, and regenerating nitrogen dioxide, in a second zone of the voloxidation vessel, by reacting oxidizing gas comprising nitrogen monoxide and oxygen at a temperature ranging from 0-80° C. The first zone and the second zone can be separate. A voloxidation system is also disclosed.

Abstract: An etching resist has a first heat-generating layer, a second heat-generating layer, and a metal compound layer including a metallic oxynitride layer containing a metallic oxynitride. The first heat-generating layer, the metallic oxynitride layer, and the second heat-generating layer are directly or indirectly laminated such that the metallic oxynitride layer is positioned between the first heat-generating layer and the second heat-generating layer.

Abstract: Ammonia oxidizers are disclosed that can include gas distributors and distribution rings to improve the distribution of the flow of a gas feedstream across a catalyst bed in the ammonia oxidizer. The gas distributors include circular plates that have holes through which the gas feedstream is distributed across the catalyst bed. In some examples, the gas distributors also have a sidewall. The distribution rings are attached to the inner wall of the ammonia oxidizer at a predetermined distance below the gas distributor.

Abstract: Systems and methods of producing chemical compounds are disclosed. An example chemical production system includes an intake chamber having intake ports for entry of a gas mixture. An igniter ignites the gas mixture in the intake chamber. A nozzle restricts exit of the ignited gas mixture from the intake chamber. An expansion chamber cools the ignited gas with a cooling agent. The expansion chamber has an exhaust where the cooled gas exits the expansion chamber. A chemical compound product is formed in the expansion chamber.

Abstract: The present invention generally comprises a semiconductor film and the reactive sputtering process used to deposit the semiconductor film. The sputtering target may comprise pure zinc (i.e., 99.995 atomic percent or greater), which may be doped with aluminum (about 1 atomic percent to about 20 atomic percent) or other doping metals. The zinc target may be reactively sputtered by introducing nitrogen and oxygen to the chamber. The amount of nitrogen may be significantly greater than the amount of oxygen and argon gas. The amount of oxygen may be based upon a turning point of the film structure, the film transmittance, a DC voltage change, or the film conductivity based upon measurements obtained from deposition without the nitrogen containing gas. The reactive sputtering may occur at temperatures from about room temperature up to several hundred degrees Celsius. After deposition, the semiconductor film may be annealed to further improve the film mobility.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for preparing nitride nanomaterials, including: providing a first precursor and a second precursor, in which the first precursor is a transition metal precursor, a group IIIA precursor, a group IVA precursor or a mixture thereof, and a second precursor is a nitrogen-containing aromatic compound; and heating the first precursor with the second precursor to form a nitride nanomaterial. Accordingly, the present invention provides a simpler, nontoxic, more widely applied and low-cost method for preparing nitride nanomaterials.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of a bis(sulphonato)imide salt of formula: (III) (SO3?)—N?—(SO3)3C+??(III) where C+ represents a monovalent cation, comprising the reaction of amidosulphuric acid of formula: (OH)—SO2—NH2??(I) with a halosulphonic acid of formula: (OH)—SO2—X??(II) where X represents a halogen atom, and comprising a reaction with a base which is a salt formed with the cation C+. The invention also relates to a process for the preparation of bis(fluorosulphonyl)imide acid of formula: F—(SO2)—NH—(SO2)—F??(V) and to a process for the preparation of lithium bis(fluorosulphonyl)imide salt of formula: F—(SO2)—N?—(SO2)—F Li+.

Abstract: The method for producing the optical semiconductor of the present disclosure includes a mixing step of producing a mixture containing a reduction inhibitor and a niobium compound that contains at least oxygen in its composition; a nitriding step of nitriding the mixture by the reaction between the mixture and a nitrogen compound gas; and a washing step of isolating niobium oxynitride from the material obtained through the nitriding step by dissolving chemical species other than niobium oxynitride with a washing liquid. The optical semiconductor of the present disclosure substantially consists of niobium oxynitride having a crystal structure of baddeleyite and having a composition represented by the composition formula, NbON.

Abstract: Gas sweetening solutions are described that are capable of removing hydrogen sulfide from gas streams. These gas sweetening solutions increase the size of produced sulfur particles and thereby improve efficiency of their separation, while simultaneously reducing corrosive effects of the sweetening solutions. The gas sweetening solutions comprise at least one chelating agent, cationic iron and a mixture of nitrite salt and phosphate species.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for preparing polycrystalline aluminum oxynitride having enhanced transparency, and preparing polycrystalline aluminum oxynitride by sintering a powder mixture of Al2O3 and AlN under atmospheric pressure, wherein the content of AlN is set to 17 to 26 mol %, a first sintering is performed at 1,575° C. to 1,675° C. so as to enable raw-material powders to have a relative density of 95% or higher, and a second sintering is performed so as to enable the raw-material powders to have a higher relative density.

Abstract: A method for reprocessing spent nuclear fuel from a light water reactor includes the step of reacting spent nuclear fuel in a voloxidation vessel with an oxidizing gas having nitrogen dioxide and oxygen for a period sufficient to generate a solid oxidation product of the spent nuclear fuel. The reacting step includes the step of reacting, in a first zone of the voloxidation vessel, spent nuclear fuel with the oxidizing gas at a temperature ranging from 200-450° C. to form an oxidized reaction product, and regenerating nitrogen dioxide, in a second zone of the voloxidation vessel, by reacting oxidizing gas comprising nitrogen monoxide and oxygen at a temperature ranging from 0-80° C. The first zone and the second zone can be separate. A voloxidation system is also disclosed.

Abstract: Provided herein are pharmaceutically acceptable sodium nitrite and pharmaceutical compositions thereof. Also provided herein are methods for determining the total non-volatile organic carbon in a sodium nitrite-containing sample. Further provided herein are methods for producing pharmaceutically acceptable sodium nitrite. Still further provided herein are methods of treatment comprising the administration of pharmaceutically acceptable sodium nitrite.

Abstract: Food packaging inserts comprising a myoglobin blooming agent that promote or preserve the desirable appearance of food products, food packages, and methods of food packing comprising the same, are provided.

Abstract: A biotemplated nanomaterial can include a crystalline perovskite.

Abstract: The NbON film of the present invention is a NbON film in which a photocurrent is generated by light irradiation. The NbON film of the present invention is desirably a single-phase film. The hydrogen generation device (600) of the present invention includes: an optical semiconductor electrode (620) including a conductor (621) and the NbON film (622) of the present invention disposed on the conductor (621); a counter electrode (630) connected electrically to the conductor (621); a water-containing electrolyte (640) disposed in contact with a surface of the NbON film (622) and a surface of the counter electrode (630); and a container (610) containing the optical semiconductor electrode (620), the counter electrode (630), and the electrolyte (640). In this device, hydrogen is generated by irradiating the NbON film (622) with light.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of producing an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid or ester, preferably an ?, ? ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid or ester. The method includes contacting formaldehyde or a suitable source thereof with a carboxylic acid or ester in the presence of a catalyst and optionally in the presence of an alcohol. The catalyst comprises a nitrided metal oxide having at least two types of metal cations, M1 and M2, wherein M1 is selected from the metals of group 2, 3, 4, 13 (called also IIIA) or 14 (called also IVA) of the periodic table and M2 is selected from the metals of groups 5 or 15 (called also VA) of the periodic table. The invention extends to a catalyst system.

Abstract: In accordance with the purpose(s) of the present disclosure, as embodied and broadly described herein, embodiments of the present disclosure, in one aspect, relate to materials that can be used for gas (e.g., CO2) capture, methods of making materials, methods of capturing gas (e.g., CO2), and the like, and the like.

Abstract: Disclosed is a superconducting compound which has a structure obtained by partially substituting oxygen ions of a compound, which is represented by the following chemical formula; LnTMOPh [wherein Ln represents at least one element selected from Y and rare earth metal elements (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu), TM represents at least one element selected from transition metal elements (Fe, Ru, Os, Ni, Pd and Pt), and Pn represents at least one element selected from pnictide elements (N, P, As and Sb)] and has a ZrCuSiAs-type crystal structure (space group P4/nmm), with at least one kind of monovalent anion (F?, Cl? or Br?). The superconducting compound alternatively has a structure obtained by partially substituting Ln ions of the compound with at least one kind of tetravalent metal ion (Ti4+, Zr4+, Hf4+, C4+, Si4+, Ge4+, Sn4+ or Pb4+) or a structure obtained by partially substituting Ln ions of the compound with at least one kind of divalent metal ion (Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ or Ba2+).

Abstract: This invention relates to partially ordered and ordered oxynitride perovskites of the general formula ABO2N that are polar insulators. A comprises one or more cations or set of cations that sit in sites derived from the A-site in the perovskite structure. B comprises one or more cations or set of cations that sit in sites derived from the B-site in the perovskite structure. C comprises oxygen, O, with optionally some nitrogen, N, and D comprises N, with optionally some O. The total valence of the cations A+B is equal to the total valence of the anions 2 C+D. Also disclosed are methods of producing such oxynitride perovskites and uses of such oxynitride perovskites.

Abstract: This invention relates to partially ordered and ordered oxynitride perovskites of the general formula ABO2N that are polar insulators. A comprises one or more cations or set of cations that sit in sites derived from the A-site in the perovskite structure. B comprises one or more cations or set of cations that sit in sites derived from the B-site in the perovskite structure. C comprises oxygen, O, with optionally some nitrogen, N, and D comprises N, with optionally some O. The total valence of the cations A+B is equal to the total valence of the anions 2 C+D. Also disclosed are methods of producing such oxynitride perovskites and uses of such oxynitride perovskites.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel tricyanoborates of the general formula Catn+[B(CN)3(XR1)]—n, wherein R1 is C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C6-10 aryl or benzyl; X is oxygen or sulfur; and Catn+ is a cation with n being 1 or 2, which is selected from the group consisting of an inorganic cation and an organic cation; and also their preparation and use.

Abstract: The method for producing the optical semiconductor of the present disclosure includes a mixing step of producing a mixture containing a reduction inhibitor and a niobium compound that contains at least oxygen in its composition; a nitriding step of nitriding the mixture by the reaction between the mixture and a nitrogen compound gas; and a washing step of isolating niobium oxynitride from the material obtained through the nitriding step by dissolving chemical species other than niobium oxynitride with a washing liquid. The optical semiconductor of the present disclosure substantially consists of niobium oxynitride having a crystal structure of baddeleyite and having a composition represented by the composition formula, NbON.

Abstract: A method of making aluminum oxynitride includes introducing a mixture having aluminum oxide and carbon into a chamber, agitating the mixture within the chamber, and heating the mixture to make aluminum oxynitride.

Abstract: A method for preparing a phosphor includes: dissolving at least one metal as a raw material of a desired phosphor in liquid ammonia to form a metal-amide type precursor; gathering the metal-amide type precursor; and firing the precursor to form a desired phosphor.

Abstract: An angiogenesis regulating composition used to treat/prevent an angiogenic disease in a subject, that contains in an effective amount at least one of nitrate, nitrite, and a compound convertible into nitrate or nitrite after the compound is absorbed into the subject, and an angiogenesis regulation method administering to a subject a composition containing as an active ingredient at least one of nitrate. nitrite, and a compound convertible into nitrate or nitrite after the compound is absorbed into the subject, provide a composition effective in treating and preventing angiogenic diseases, that can medically control angiogenic diseases, and medically regulate angiogenesis in ophthalmologic diseases in particular, and allows treatment without inhibiting physiological neovascularization, with a limited side effect and significantly safely, and an angiogenesis regulation method using the same.

Abstract: A method of preparing salt of dinitramidic acid, comprising nitration of an initial compound with a nitrating acid mixture to form dinitramidic acid in a reaction mixture. A positive ion is added to the reaction mixture and forms with the dinitramide ion an ion pair complex which precipitates in the acidic reaction mixture, and the precipitate is separated from the mixture. The remaining spent acid can be reprocessed for recovery of acid for preparation of a new nitrating acid mixture. The preferred positive ion is the guanylurea ion which gives a precipitate of guanylurea dinitramide. The precipitate can be used as starting material for preparation of other dinitramide salts, such as KDN and ADN. The guanylurea ion can be formed in situ in the process by cyanoguanidine being reacted with the reaction mixture.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of manufacturing a dielectric film having a high permittivity. An embodiment of the present invention is a method of manufacturing, on a substrate, a dielectric film including a metallic oxynitride containing an element A made of Hf or a mixture of Hf and Zr, an element B made of Al, and N and O. The manufacturing method includes: a step of forming a metallic oxynitride whose mole fractions of the element A, the element B, and N expressed as B/(A+B+N) has a range of 0.015?(B/(A+B+N))?0.095 and N/(A+B+N) has a range of 0.045?(N/(A+B+N)) and a mole fraction O/A of the element A and O has a range expressed as 1.0<(O/A)<2.0, and having a noncrystalline structure; and a step of performing an annealing treatment at 700° C. or higher on the metallic oxynitride having a noncrystalline structure to form a metallic oxynitride including a crystalline phase with a cubical crystal incorporation percentage of 80% or higher.

Abstract: Catalysts of the invention are not corroded in acidic electrolytes or at high potential and have excellent durability and high oxygen reducing ability. The catalysts include a niobium oxycarbonitride represented by a compositional formula NbCxNyOz (wherein x, y and z represent a ratio of the numbers of the atoms, 0.05?x<0.7, 0.01?y<0.7, 0.4?z<2.5, 1.0<x+y+z<2.56, and 4.0?4x+3y+2z).

Abstract: A quaternary oxide includes a dopant metal, a dopant nonmetal, titanium, and oxygen. The atomic ratio of titanium, oxygen and dopant nonmetal may be 1:0.5-1.99:0.01-1.5. Quaternary oxides may be used in catalytic compositions, in coatings for disinfecting surfaces and in coatings for self-cleaning surfaces. A method of making a quaternary oxide includes combining ingredients including a titanium source, a dopant nonmetal source, a dopant metal salt, and a polar organic solvent to form a reaction mixture; and heating the reaction mixture.

Abstract: The present invention provides a water-based method for producing Aluminum oxynitride (AION) green bodies characterized by a density of at least 99% as measured according to ASTM C20-92 and/or at least 60% as measured by green density measurements The method comprises steps selected from (a) ball-milling Alumina powder and deflocculant in water for a period of time t, said t is between about 10 hours and about 24 hours, (b) homogeneously dispersing AIN in said ball-milled product for a period of time t1, said t1 is between about 0.5 hours and about 4 hours, (c) vacuum drying said product, thereby providing dense green bodies, and, (d) sintering said dense green bodies at temperature T1 in nitrogen for several time durations t2, said t2 is between about 0.5 hours and about 10 hours, said Tï is between about 1700 degrees C. and about 2100 degrees C.

Abstract: Nanoplatelet forms of metal hydroxide and metal oxide are provided, as well as methods for preparing same. The nanoplatelets are suitable for use as fire retardants and as agents for chemical or biological decontamination.