Abstract: An apparatus and process for desulfurization of hydrocarbon feeds is disclosed in which pure nitrous oxide, or a mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen or air, is used as a gaseous oxidant. Organosulfur compounds are converted to their corresponding oxides sulfones and/or sulfoxides in an oxidation reactor, and oxides are subsequently removed from the oxidation reactor effluent to recover a reduced sulfur-content hydrocarbon product.

Abstract: A biotemplated nanomaterial can include a crystalline perovskite.

Abstract: A system suitable for oxidizing ammonia with oxygen in the presence of catalysts is described. The system includes a reactor equipped with at least one supply line for a reactant gas mixture and at least one discharge line for a process gas; a catalyst comprising at least one transition metal oxide that is not an oxide of a platinum metal; and a device for adjusting a molar ratio of oxygen to ammonia of less than or equal to 1.75 mol/mol in the reactant gas mixture by mixing an oxygen-containing gas stream having an O2 content of <20% by volume with a chosen amount of ammonia. The oxygen-containing gas stream is produced by a device for: diluting an air stream with a gas stream comprising less than 20% by volume oxygen; or depleting oxygen from an oxygen-containing gas mixture, preferably from air; or by a combination thereof.

Abstract: Improved reactors for catalytic, exothermic gas phase reactions with, as seen in the flow direction of a feed gas, which contains at least one oxidant and at least one component to be oxidized, an entry zone (1), a reaction zone (2) comprising at least one catalyst (4) and an exit zone (3) for the product gas are described. The reactors, at least in the area of the entry zone (1), have means, for example insulating jackets (6) and/or devices for the transport of cooling agents, which decrease the transport of heat produced in the reaction zone (2) into the entry zone (1) and thus decrease the risks of pre-ignition of the feed gas mixture employed or of the course of undesired side reactions in the entry zone (1) and/or wherein the inner walls of the reactor, at least in the area of the entry zone (1), are elaborated from inert material. The feed gas enters into the entry zone (1) as a homogeneous gas mixture with respect to its substance composition via one or more feed lines (30).

Abstract: The oxidation of nitrogen oxide (NO) in an oxygen-containing exhaust gas flow from a diesel or other lean-burn engine may be catalyzed using particles of co-precipitated and calcined manganese (Mn), cerium (Ce) and zirconium (Zr) mixed oxides. In preferred embodiments, the molar ratios of Mn, Ce and Zr to the total amount of base metals in the ternary mixed oxide catalyst are in the range of 0.25-0.35, 0.40-0.50 and 0.20-0.25, respectively. Further, this ternary mixed oxide catalyst is less susceptible to sulfur poisoning than previously-disclosed binary mixed oxide catalysts. The ternary mixed oxide catalyst may also be regenerated—and the inhibiting effect of SO2 reversed—by briefly exposing the catalyst to a reducing exhaust gas environment.

Abstract: A catalyst charge for ammonia oxidation, including the Andrussow process, comprises a first stage ammonia oxidation catalyst capable of oxidizing 20 to 99% of designed ammonia throughput, to produce a first stage product gas comprising unreacted ammonia, oxygen and nitrogen oxides, and a second stage ammonia oxidation catalyst capable of completing the oxidation of unreacted ammonia. Low levels of nitrous oxide are produced an extended campaign lengths may be seen.

Abstract: Improved reactors for catalytic, exothermic gas phase reactions with, as seen in the flow direction of a feed gas, which contains at least one oxidant and at least one component to be oxidized, an entry zone (1), a reaction zone (2) comprising at least one catalyst (4) and an exit zone (3) for the product gas are described. The reactors, at least in the area of the entry zone (1), have means, for example insulating jackets (6) and/or devices for the transport of cooling agents, which decrease the transport of heat produced in the reaction zone (2) into the entry zone (1) and thus decrease the risks of pre-ignition of the feed gas mixture employed or of the course of undesired side reactions in the entry zone (1) and/or wherein the inner walls of the reactor, at least in the area of the entry zone (1), are elaborated from inert material. The feed gas enters into the entry zone (1) as a homogeneous gas mixture with respect to its substance composition via one or more feed lines (30).

Abstract: The present invention provides a catalyst for production of nitric oxide from ammonia and oxygen. The catalyst has the composition A((n+1)?x)BxC(n(1?y))DnyO(3n+1)+d, wherein A is a lanthanide (La, Gd, Nd, Sm) or yttrium, B is an alkaline-earth cation (Ca, Sr or Ba), C is Fe and D is Cr, Mn, Ni, Ce, Ti, Co or Mg, wherein A, B, C and D are selected independent of each other. The catalyst has a high selectivity towards nitric oxide and a low ignition temperature in the reactor. Further the present invention relates to a method for the production of gas comprising nitric oxide by the catalyst of the present invention. The produced gas has a very low content of nitrous oxide.

Abstract: The present invention provides a catalyst for production of nitric oxide from ammonia and oxygen. The catalyst has the composition A3-xBxO9-y, wherein A and B are selected from the group Mn, Co, Cr, Fe and Al, x is between 0 and 3 and y is between 0 and 6. The catalyst has a high selectivity towards nitric oxide and a low ignition temperature in the reactor. Further the present invention relates to a method for the production of gas comprising nitric oxide by the catalyst of the present invention. The produced gas has a low content of nitrous oxide.

Abstract: Ammonia oxidation catalyst units comprising a pair of honeycomb-type blocks having interplaced between them a layer of a gas permeable material performing the function of radially mixing the gas flow, said blocks comprising an ammonia oxidation catalysts, and having height of less than 15 cm and the interplaced layer height of 3 to 0.5 cm.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon trap comprises an Ag-zeolite which is heated by a unique steaming regimen.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the catalytic decomposition of N2O to N2 and O2. This process is carried out at a high temperature, generally of between 700 and 1000° C., at a high HSV and in the presence of a catalyst composed of a mixed oxide of zirconium and of cerium existing in the form of a solid solution.

Abstract: A catalyst for oxidation reactions, particularly the oxidation of ammonia comprises oxides of (a) at least one element A selected from rare earths and yttrium, and (b) cobalt and element A being in such proportions that the element A to cobalt atomic ratio is in the range 0.8 to 1.2, at least some of said cobalt and element A oxides being present as a mixed oxide phase with less than 25% of the cobalt (by atoms) being present as free cobalt oxides, is disclosed. The catalyst may be supported on a secondary support in the form of an alkali-free alumina or lanthana wash coat on a primary support in the form of a mesh, gauze, pad, or monolith formed from a high temperature iron/aluminum alloy or a mesh, gauze, pad, monolith, or foam of a ceramic material.

Abstract: In the method of preparing nitric oxide by burning NH3 with oxygen, over a catalyst network in which the reaction product gases contain N2O and are cooled, the N2O is eliminated by oxidation or decomposition by immediately passing the reaction product gases over a thermally stable catalyst.

Abstract: The invention relates to processes for high-temperature catalytic conversion of ammonia in a two-stage catalytic system in which the first stage, in the downstream direction of the flow of gas comprising at least ammonia and oxygen, is a layer of nettings made of alloys comprising platinoids, while the second stage is composed of catalysts that do not comprise noble metals. The field of use of the proposed invention extends to the production of nitric acid and prussic acid, and also hydroxylamine sulfate. The object of the instant invention is to reduce the content and loss of platinoids and to increase the yield of the desired product. This object is attained by passing a reaction gaseous mixture comprising ammonia and an oxygen-containing gas through a two-stage catalytic system in which the first stage in the downstream direction of the flow of gas is a layer of platinoid nettings, and 2-5 spaced layers of a catalyst of a regular honeycomb structure are used in the second stage of the catalytic system.

Abstract: In a process for preparing oxides of nitrogen having a low degree of oxidation by catalytic oxidation of ammonia, ammonia mixed with air and water vapor is oxidized over an oxidation catalyst.

Abstract: A process for producing nitrous oxide comprises reacting ammonia with nitric oxide and/or oxygen in the presence of a catalyst comprising a Group VIB metal oxide, to produce a reaction mixture comprising nitrous oxide, and optionally recovering the nitrous oxide from the effluent mixture.

Abstract: A catalyst unit for use in an exothermic reaction, such as ammonia oxidation, comprises a material effective as a catalyst for said reaction having a shape conforming to a disc or cone having a plurality of radially extending corrugations. The catalyst unit may be disposed across a reactor with a start-up burner disposed above the catalyst unit and mounted for rotation about the axis of the reactor. The burner tube is pivoted and provided with means, for example a follower engaging with the upper surface of the catalyst unit, so that as the burner is rotated about the axis the burner tube pivots to maintain the burner tube a constant distance above the upper surface of the catalyst unit.

Abstract: The invention discloses a method for converting methane to higher order hydrocarbons. This method includes synthesizing ammonia from natural gas and nitrogen in the presence of a source of hydrogen. The ammonia is converted to nitrous oxide in the presence of a source of oxygen. Methane is coupled in the presence of the nitrous oxide to provide higher hydrocarbons. The invention also discloses a method of balancing reaction heat requirements in a process for converting methane to higher order hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A process for preparation of nitrous oxide, wherein ammonia is reacted with oxygen in the presence of steam using a copper-manganese oxide catalyst having diffraction angles measured by X-ray diffraction analysis of about 36.degree., about 58.degree. and about 64.degree.; a copper-manganese oxide catalyst suitable for the process. The catalyst is highly active and selective, has a long catalyst-lifetime, gives a non-condensable gas comprising nitrogen, oxygen and nitrous oxide which contains nitrous oxide in a high concentration, and is less deteriorative. The catalyst can be used in a process for preparation of nitrous oxide in which formation of NOx as by-products is reduced; and a process for stably recovering nitrous oxide.

Abstract: A catalyst unit (16), in which a quantity of a relatively expensive material such as platinum is replaced by a greater quantity of a relatively inexpensive material such as palladium. Thus, material cost saved by "tailoring" a pack is used to pay for a large quantity of a cheaper material. Although the cheaper material is generally less intrinsically efficient than the expensive material, a sufficient additional amount of the cheaper material can be used to more than compensate for this lack of efficiency. Thus, a catalytic pack of high catalytic efficiency, low material cost, low metal loss and long run duration can be produced.

Abstract: A method for incorporating diverse Varieties of intercalants or templates directly during hydrothermal synthesis of clays such as hectorite or montmorillonite-type layer-silicate clays. For a hectorite layer-silicate clay, refluxing a gel of silica sol, magnesium hydroxide sol and lithium fluoride for two days in the presence of an organic or organometallic intercalant or template results in crystalline products containing either (a) organic dye molecules such as ethyl violet and methyl green, (b) dye molecules such as alcian blue that are based on a Cu(II)-phthalocyannine complex, or (c) transition metal complexes such as Ru(II)phenanthroline and Co(III)sepulchrate or (d) water-soluble porphyrins and metalloporphyrins. Montmorillonite-type clays are made by the method taught by U.S. Pat. No. 3,887,454 issued to Hickson, Jun. 13, 1975; however, a variety of intercalants or templates may be introduced.

Abstract: The present invention relates to processes and apparatus for mixing oxidizable reactants with oxidant and oxidizing oxidizable reactants. When ammonia is used as the reactant, nitric acid can be obtained. Through using particular mixing and oxidizing arrangements, the volume of reactant oxidized can be significantly increased.

Abstract: This invention is a catalytic element for use in the catalytic oxidation of ammonia. The element comprises a foraminous structure fabricated from a material consisting essentially of a metal selected from the group consisting of platinum, rhodium, palladium and alloys of mixtures thereof characterized by (a) a novel configuration whereby the initial product of the formula: curve the flat ratio (C/F) multiplied by mesh count in inches (N) and wire diameter (d.sub.w), for said element is greater than at least about 0.08 and (b) where, for a given hydrogen throughput, the conversion efficiency is a function of the curve to flat ratio (C/F), wire diameter (d.sub.w) and mesh count (N) combination and conversion efficiency is improved by increasing the mesh count (N) for a given wire diameter, increasing the wire diameter (d.sub.w) for a given mesh count, and increasing the curve to flat ratio (C/F) to a ratio of above 1.0. Preferably the initial product of the formula is greater than 0.2, more preferably 0.

Abstract: A process for the recovery of sulphuric acid from a waste acid stream containing ammonium sulphate comprising vaporizing the waste acid and subsequently converting the ammonia and sulphur dioxide generated to nitrogen and sulphur trioxide, respectively. The process provides an economic method for the regeneration of the waste sulphuric acid from a methyl methacrylate production process.

Abstract: Lithia doped cobalt oxide ammonia oxidation catalyst having a lithium to cobalt atomic ratio in the range 0.6 to 1.5.

Abstract: The present invention relates to perovskite mixed metal catalysts useful for the selective oxidation of ammonia to nitric oxide. In one aspect, the invention relates to a perovskite mixed metal catalyst of the general formula: ABO.sub.3 wherein:A is selected from alkali, alkaline earth, rare earth, lanthanide activide metals or mixtures thereof; andB is selected from an element or a combination of elements selected from Groups IB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB or VIII of the Periodic Table. Preferably, the perovskite phase for each catalyst has an equilibrium oxygen partial pressure at 1000.degree. C. of at least (about) 10.sup.-15 bar. A preferred embodiment is a catalyst wherein A is selected from lanthanum, strontium or mixtures thereof, and B is selected from cobalt, nickel, copper manganese or mixtures thereof. A method of preparing the selective perovskite catalyst is disclosed as are details of the process for the oxidation of ammonia to nitric oxide.

Abstract: This invention is a catalyst and method of oxidizing ammonia by contacting the ammonia and air with catalyst of cobalt oxide, wherein the improvement comprises using activated alumina in conjunction with the cobalt oxide catalyst.

Abstract: To make non-pressure nitrogenous fertilizer solutions, nitrogen oxides are prepared in a continuous process by burning ammonia in contact with a cobalt oxide catalyst started by an electric arc without pre-heating the gases. This burning forms nitrogen oxides which are reacted under negative pressure in a two-stage system. Nitric acid is formed in the first stage from a portion of the oxides by oxidizing them to nitrogen dioxide and reacting the nitrogen dioxide with water. In the second stage, the remaining nitrogen oxides are reacted at a pH between 8.0 and 8.4 in a gas-liquid contacting apparatus with an ammonium hydroxide reaction liquid, formed by mixing ammonia and water. The ammonium nitrite solution formed in the second stage is mixed with the nitric acid at a pH below 0.2, resulting in a solution of acidic ammonium nitrate to be flowed to the fields with irrigation water.

Abstract: Nonmetallic catalyst compositions for oxidation of ammonia have the formula of Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 -MAl.sub.2 O.sub.4 -Bi.sub.2 O.sub.3 -Ce.sub.2 O.sub.3. Herein, M represents Mg, Mn, Ca, Sr or Ba. MAl.sub.2 O.sub.4 is a spinel and has a role of carrier as well as that of assistant catalyst. Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 acts as main catalyst, Bi.sub.2 O.sub.3 as assistant catalyst and Ce.sub.2 O.sub.3 as stabilizer to extend the effective temperature range of the function of catalyst compositions. In the formula, the ratio of each component is as follows:Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 : 10-40 wt % of spinelBi.sub.2 O.sub.3 : 3.5-6 wt % of spinelCe.sub.2 O.sub.3 : 0.5-2 wt % of spinel.

Abstract: A process for preparing an improved cobalt oxide catalyst for ammonia oxidation comprising decomposing a cobalt compound such as basic cobalt carbonate by heating to form cobalt oxide, then saturating the cobalt oxide with cobalt nitrate solution and reheating to give an active, durable cobalt oxide catalyst. In ammonia oxidation processes, the durable catalyst of this invention has a long catalyst life and gives improved conversion of ammonia to nitric oxide. Additionally, the catalyst of this invention is capable of performing at higher operating rates than known catalysts. Optimum yields are obtained when the catalyst is prepared from compounds derived from electrolytic grade cobalt.

Abstract: A process for the fixation of nitrogen comprising, combining a gaseous nitrogen and oxygen at a total pressure of above 100 atmospheres with a solid oxide which can produce a nitrate, in the presence of an oxide of silicon catalyst for the acceleration of a reaction between nitrogen and oxygen to produce nitrogen oxides, initially heating the combination to a temperature of between 600.degree. C. to 800.degree. C. and below the dissociation pressure of the nitrate to start an exothermic reaction for producing nitrogen oxides from the nitrogen and oxygen and for producing nitrate from the solid oxide and to establish an equilibrium between the nitrogen, oxygen, nitrogen oxides, solid oxide and nitrate. The reacting combination in equilibrium is then cooled and either the nitrate or the nitrogen oxides are removed from the reaction as products.

Abstract: A process for the fixation of nitrogen comprising, combining a gaseous nitrogen and oxygen at a total temperature of about 100 atmospheres with a solid oxide which can produce a nitrate, in the presence of a catalyst for the acceleration of a reaction between nitrogen and oxygen to produce nitrogen oxides, initially heating the combination of a temperature of between 600.degree. C. to 800.degree. C. and below the dissociation pressure of the nitrate to start an exothermic reaction for producing nitrogen oxides from the nitrogen and oxygen and for producing nitrate from the solid oxide and to establish an equilibrium between the nitrogen, oxygen, nitrogen oxides, solid oxide and nitrate. The reacting combination in equilibrium is then cooled and either the nitrate or the nitrogen oxides are removed from the reaction as products.

Abstract: A process for the oxidation of ammonia to nitrous oxide in the presence of elemental nitrogen with minimal oxidation thereof which comprises combining the ammonia with a predetermined amount of oxygen containing gas to give at least 1% stoichiometric excess of oxygen for the oxidation of ammonia to nitrous oxide and passing the resulting mixture over a ceramic catalyst of the following empirical formula at a temperature between about 100.degree. C and about 400.degree. C.;w.sub.k X.sub.n J(1-K-n).sup.ZO (3.+-.m)WhereinW is Zirconium, Tin or Thorium or mixtures thereof;X is an alkaline earth metal or mixture thereof;J is scandium, yttrium, a rare-earth element or mixture thereof;Z is a metal of the first transition series or a mixture thereof, at least 0.01% of said metal having an oxidation state other than +3;k is a number having a value between 0 and about 0.1;m is a number having a value of from 0 to about 0.26; andn is a number having a value from 0 to about 0.

Abstract: Nitrous oxide (laughing gas) is produced by continuous decomposition of ammonium and nitrate ions fed into an aqueous, strongly acid reaction liquor containing chloride ion as catalyst. N.sub.2 O and water are continuously removed.Preferred parameters areHydrogen ion 3 - 7 M, preferably, 4 - 6M, say 5-5.7M; chloride ion 0.05 - 0.45 M, preferably 0.05-0.3M, say 0.1-0.2M; nitrate ion 4-16M, preferably 8.5 - 15M, say 12-14.5M; ammonium ion 1M or more, preferably 4.5 - 9M, say 7 - 9M. temperature: above 80.degree. C, preferably 105.degree.-120.degree. C.The temperature is so maintained that the reaction liquor boils at the reaction temperature, the excess water being continuously removed by fractional distillation. The N.sub.2 O which is withdrawn overhead, is scrubbed with caustic alkali to remove chlorine contamination in the form of hypochlorite byproduct.The process offers a high degree of safety, flexibility and ease of control and can be carried out with inexpensive technical grades of ammonium nitrate.

Abstract: The invention concerns catalytic substances for the oxidation of ammonia, for the production of nitric acid, comprising cobalt oxide as the main component. Such substances, besides cobalt oxide, also contain additives formed of aluminum oxide and possibly oxides of thorium, cerium, zinc and cadmium, the amount of aluminum oxide added being from 5% to 15% by weight of the finished substances and the amount of the other oxides being from 0 to 25% by weight of the finished substances; these substances are in particular shaped by pelleting or extrusion, dried and then calcined at temperatures of the order of from 900.degree. to 1000.degree. C. The advantages of these catalytic substances lie in a high degree of activity and a high level of strength, which are maintained during use thereof.

Abstract: A method is provided for producing a selected metal nitride utilizing a salt bath. The selected metal is introduced into the salt bath in the presence of gaseous nitrogen and at least a certain amount of a halide of the selected metal. The salt bath is maintained at a temperature above its melting point for time sufficient to form a precipitate of the desired amount of a nitride of the selected metal. In accordance with a preferred embodment, the pressure is thereafter reduced to less than atmospheric and the temperature increased above the boiling point of the salt for a time sufficient to volatilize the molten salt which is removed to leave a precipitate of the selected metal nitride. The method is particularly applicable to the production of the mononitrides of uranium, plutonium, thorium, and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: There are provided oxidation catalysts having a specific surface ranging m 12 to 100 m.sup.2 /g and containing as their main constituent either an oxide of cobalt or an oxide of bismuth. The catalysts further contain a promoter in the form of a rare earth oxide or thorium oxide, and they may also contain at least one oxide of manganese, iron, magnesium, chromium or niobium. Such catalytic compositions can be used for the oxidation of ammonia in a solid bed or in a fluidized bed.

Abstract: A catalyst bed for a reactor for oxidising ammonia in the presence of a particulate catalyst which either comprises a first layer occupying part of the cross-section of the reactor and a second layer downstream of the first layer and shaped to occupy more than the part of the cross-section not occupied by the first layer, or is disposed between two perforate septa each in the form of a wall of a solid figure parallel to, or tapering outwards or inwards in, the direction of gas flow.

Abstract: This invention relates to the catalytic oxidation of ammonia. The catalytic compounds are complex catalysts with limited porosities, with specific surface areas between 0.02 and 2 m2/g, containing an active material bonded by ceramic-type bonds to the elements of a refractory carrier made of refractory oxides such as magnesia, zirconia, silica.Such compounds are suitable for the oxidation of ammonia over fixed beds or fluidized beds.

Abstract: Catalysts suitable for the oxidation of ammonia to nitrogen oxides which are suitable to produce nitric acid are prepared by doping cobalt oxide, preferably Co.sub.3 O.sub.4 with 0.1-10 atoms %, preferably 0.5-3 atom % of lithium. In a given case, there is added a mold assist agent to form tablets, spheres, extruded pressed strands or honeycombs. The product is calcined in air or an oxygen stream at 300.degree.-700.degree.C, preferably 400.degree.-600.degree.C and subsequently tempered at 700.degree.-900.degree.C in a reactive gas mixture of air and 8-10 vol. % ammonia to increase the form stability.