Abstract: A rotary member rotatable along a circumferential direction includes: carbon fibers wound in the circumferential direction; a matrix resin in which the carbon fibers are embedded; and a structure which includes a plurality of carbon nanotubes having a bent shape with a bent portion, forms a network structure including a contact portion where the carbon nanotubes are in direct contact with each other, and is provided on surfaces of the carbon fibers.

Abstract: A method for fabricating an electron field emission cathode, the field emission cathode including a substrate having a field emission material layer engaged therewith, where the field emission material incorporates a carbon nanotube material and a metal oxide. The field emission material is produced via a sol-gel process to improve field emission characteristics of the field emission cathode and field emission cathode devices implementing such cathodes.

Abstract: A CNS millbase dispersion, comprises a solvent and up to 0.5 wt % of at least one CNS-derived material dispersed in the millbase dispersion and selected from the group consisting of: carbon nanostructures, fragments of carbon nanostructures, fractured carbon nanotubes, and any combination thereof. The carbon nanostructures or fragments of carbon nanostructures include a plurality of multiwall carbon nanotubes that are crosslinked in a polymeric structure by being branched, interdigitated, entangled and/or sharing common walls, and the fractured carbon nanotubes are derived from the carbon nanostructures and are branched and share common walls with one another. A Brookfield viscosity of the dispersion measured at room temperature at 10 rpm is less than 3000 cP.

Abstract: The invention describes carbon fibers which are produced on the basis of different process chains from CO2. These include routes through natural resources such as algal biomass to produce carbon fiber precursors such as PAN from CO2, as well as the purely synthetic route via the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, which is also used to make CO2 carbon fiber precursors. In this way, CO2 from anthropogenic origin is to be converted into a solid aggregate state of carbon fiber, which can be disposed of at the end of its life cycle, after being used as highly valuable building material for industry and man, for the construction of buildings and vehicles. These processes produce by-products such as biodiesel and nutrients that generate added value. The production volumes of the resulting substances should be controllable by combining the methods presented here.

Abstract: The present invention addresses the problem of suitably improving a treatment agent for a carbon fiber precursor in terms of the heat resistance and the effect of suppressing fusion between fibers during the step of flame-resisting treatment. This treatment agent for a carbon fiber precursor is characterized by containing a lubricant, the lubricant comprising a specific sulfur-containing diester compound and a specific sulfur-containing monoester compound.

Abstract: The invention relates to an improved process for forming a stabilised precursor that is suitable for the manufacture of carbon materials, such as carbon fibre. The process can convert a precursor comprising polyacrylonitrile into a stabilised precursor with greater efficiency. The invention also relates to a process for preparing a carbon fibre that utilises the stabilised precursor.

Abstract: A method of manufacture for a carbon/carbon part including a method to remove contamination from an intermediate product of the carbon/carbon part and furnace utilizing a gaseous reducing agent hydrogen gas to reduce the contaminates, thereby causing the contaminates to transition to a gaseous state at relatively lower temperatures. A method to remove contamination from an intermediate product of the carbon/carbon part and furnace utilizing hydrogen gas to reduce the contaminates, thereby causing the contaminates to transition to a gaseous state at relatively lower temperatures.

Abstract: An electrically modulated light source is provided. The electrically modulated light source comprises a carbon nanotube film structure. The electrically modulated light source heats up to a highest temperature and emits thermal radiation in less than 10 milliseconds after a voltage is applied, and the electrically modulated light source cools down to an initial temperature of the electrically modulated light source in less than 10 milliseconds after the voltage is removed. An modulation frequency of the electrically modulated light source is greater than or equal to 150 KHz. A non-dispersive infrared spectrum detection system used the electrically modulated light source, and a method for detecting gas used the electrically modulated light source are also provided.

Abstract: A process of forming a three-dimensional (3D) memory array includes forming a stack having a plurality of conductive layers of carbon-based material separated by dielectric layers. Etching trenches in the stack divides the conductive layers into conductive strips. The resulting structure includes a two-dimensional array of horizontal conductive strips. Memory cells may be distributed along the length of each strip to provide a 3D array. The conductive strips together with additional conductive structure that may have a vertical or horizontal orientation allow the memory cells to be addressed individually. Forming the conductive layers with carbon-based material facilitate etching the trenches to a high aspect ratio. Accordingly, forming the conductive layers of carbon-based material enables the memory array to have more layers or to have a higher area density.

Abstract: A method for producing polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber, the method comprising: (i) mixing PAN with an ionic liquid in which the PAN is soluble to produce a PAN composite melt in which the PAN is dissolved in the ionic liquid; (ii) melt spinning the PAN composite melt to produce the PAN fiber; and (iii) washing the PAN fiber with a solvent in which the ionic liquid is soluble to substantially remove the ionic liquid from the PAN fiber. Also described herein is a method for producing carbon fiber from the PAN fiber as produced above, the method comprising oxidatively stabilizing the PAN fiber produced in step (iii), followed by carbonizing the stabilized PAN fiber to produce the carbon fiber. The initially produced PAN fiber, stabilized PAN fiber, resulting carbon fiber, and articles made thereof are also described.

Abstract: Systems comprising a carbon fiber reactor for fabricating carbon fiber, the reactor comprising a receptacle for containing a carbon-metal melt, and a plurality of nozzles through which a plurality of menisci are formed by the carbon-metal melt for contact with a carbon seed to fabricate the carbon fiber; and a heater for heating the carbon-metal melt.

Abstract: In one aspect, there is provided a process for converting gaseous carbon dioxide, comprising: emplacing a reaction zone material, including gaseous carbon dioxide, gaseous carbon monoxide, and an operative reagent, within a reaction zone, such that gaseous carbon dioxide, gaseous carbon monoxide, and an operative reagent are disposed within the reaction zone, with effect that a reactive process is effected, such that a product material is produced; wherein: the ratio of total number of moles of gaseous carbon dioxide, disposed within the reaction zone material, to total number of moles of gaseous carbon monoxide, disposed within the reaction zone material, is at least 1:4; the operative reagent is at least one of metallic iron, metallic nickel, and metallic magnesium; and the product material includes solid carbon-comprising material.

Abstract: A dispersion liquid of the present invention includes: a carbon nanohorn aggregate obtained by aggregating a plurality of single-walled carbon nanohorns in a fibrous form; and a solvent.

Abstract: A nanocarbon separation device includes a separation tank which is configured to accommodate a dispersion liquid including a nanocarbon, a first electrode that is provided at an upper part in the separation tank, a second electrode that is provided at a lower part in the separation tank, and a plurality of electrode tubes that extend in the separation tank in a height direction of the separation tank. The second electrode is disposed at a lower end of the electrode tubes.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides scalable nanotube fabrics and methods for controlling or otherwise adjusting the nanotube length distribution of a nanotube application solution in order to realize scalable nanotube fabrics. In one aspect of the present disclosure, one or more filtering operations are used to remove relatively long nanotube elements from a nanotube solution until nanotube length distribution of the nanotube solution conforms to a preselected or desired nanotube length distribution profile. In another aspect of the present disclosure, a sono-chemical cutting process is used to break up relatively long nanotube elements within a nanotube application solution into relatively short nanotube elements to realize a pre-selected or desired nanotube length distribution profile.

Abstract: The sheet mask includes multiple battery parts arranged such that electric currents flow along mimic muscles or flows of lymph. This allows an active ingredient to penetrate into in-body tissues more effectively and also allows the mimic muscles and the lymphatic vessels to be electrically stimulated. Forming the battery parts by using materials with low environmental load allows easy disposal of the sheet mask in everyday life.

Abstract: Pitch production systems utilizing coal tar or decant oil for coal or petroleum based pitch are disclosed. Total pitch production yields are increased by heat treating distillate fractions from the pitch production process. A heat treatment system and process are disclosed in embodiments. The heaviest distillates having the highest molecular weights are subjected to heat treatment, though other embodiments contemplate heat treating a variety of combined distillate fractions. The heat treatment systems require heat soaking the distillate(s) at elevated temperatures of 459-535° C. at a near-constant temperature with near-uniform flow. A fraction of the heat-treated distillate may be reintroduced to the pitch production system as part of a continuous process.

Abstract: Mineralization occurs during weathering of silicate materials/rocks rich in CA+ and Mg+, particularly peridotite which composes Earth's upper mantle. The carbon mineralization mantle peridotite is the base activated carbon for nanostructured-carbon-base-material. The nanostructured-carbon-base-material using mantle peridotite carbon mineralization based activated carbon nanotubes is a new catalyst for batteries and fuel-cell use that doesn't use precious metal such as platinum and that performs as effectively as many well-known, expensive precious-metal catalysts. The nanostructured-carbon-base-material using mantle peridotite carbon mineralization based activated carbon nanotubes makes possible the creation of economical lithium-air batteries that could power electric vehicles. The carbon nanotubes have useful qualities such as slim, strong, lightweight, high electronic conductivity, has metallic/semiconductive properties that are useful in (1) electronics i.e.

Abstract: A graphene nano-steam generator and a beauty instrument are provided. The graphene nano-steam generator includes a coarse steam channel, a nano-steam channel and a high-voltage power supply device. The coarse steam channel is connected to a coarse steam manufacturing device and the nano-steam channel. The coarse steam channel is provided with a steam sieving device, and an end of the coarse steam channel is provided with a first electrode and a second electrode. The high-voltage power supply device is coupled to the first electrode and the second electrode. The high-voltage power supply device supplies high-voltage electricity to the first electrode and the second electrode, and forms a high-voltage arc discharge between the first electrode and the second electrode, thus the coarse steam molecular group flowing through is ionized by the high-voltage arc to generate a large amount of active nano-scale steam to be flowed out from the nano-steam channel.

Abstract: A nanocarbon separation device includes a first porous structure configured to hold a solution containing a surfactant, a second porous structure configured to hold a dispersion medium, a holding part provided between the first porous structure and the second porous structure and configured to hold the dispersion liquid containing the nanocarbons and the surfactant and having a smaller content of the surfactant than that of the solution, a separation tank in which the first porous structure, the holding part and the second porous structure are disposed and accommodated in an order of the first porous structure, the holding part and the second porous structure, a first electrode provided on a lower section of the first porous structure, and a second electrode provided on an upper section of the second porous structure.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing a carbon nanotube fiber aggregate and provides a carbon nanotube fiber aggregate having an improved level of alignment through ultrasonic wave application and low speed recovery.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods and devices for production of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) which have high structural uniformity and low levels of impurities. The device includes, for example, a module for depositing catalyst on a substrate, a module for forming CNTs, a module for separating CNTs from the substrate, a module for collecting the CNTs and a module for continuously and sequentially advancing the substrate through the above modules. The method includes, for example, the steps of depositing catalyst on a moving substrate, forming carbon nanotubes on the substrate, separating carbon nanotubes from the substrate and collecting the carbon nanotubes from the surface, where the substrate moves sequentially through the depositing, forming, separating and collecting steps.

Abstract: In order to provide an apparatus for industrially producing a fibrous carbon nanohorn aggregate (CNB), the apparatus comprises: a target holding unit holding a carbon target in sheet form containing a metal catalyst such as Fe; a light source irradiating a laser beam on a surface of the carbon target; a movement unit moving one of the target held by the target holding unit and the light source relative to the other to move the irradiation position of the laser beam on the surface of the target; a production chamber configured to irradiate the carbon target with the laser beam in an atmosphere of non-oxidizing gas to produce a product including the fibrous carbon nanohorn aggregate; a collection mechanism collecting carbon vapor evaporated from the target by irradiation of the laser beam to collect nanocarbon including the fibrous carbon nanohorn aggregate; and a control unit controlling an operation of the movement unit or the light source so that the power density of the laser beam irradiated to the surface

Abstract: Disclosed in the present disclosure are a self-fused graphene fiber and a method of preparing the same. Dried graphene oxide fibers are soaked in a solvent to swell and then the fibers are pulled out and coalesced. After being dried, the graphene oxide fibers are fused together, and then are further reduced to obtain a self-fused graphene fiber. The entire self-fusion process can be quickly finished within one minute without adding any additional binder. The operation is simple and time-saving. The process is environmentally friendly; the bond strength is high, and the excellent properties such as outstanding mechanical strength and electrical conductivity of the graphene fibers themselves can be maintained. The present disclosure has great research and application value for further preparation of two-dimensional graphene fabrics or three-dimensional network bulks with excellent performance.

Abstract: A reinforced thin-film device (100, 200, 500) including a substrate (101) having a top surface for supporting an epilayer; a mask layer (103) patterned with a plurality of nanosize cavities (102, 102?) disposed on said substrate (101) to form a needle pad; a thin-film (105) of lattice-mismatched semiconductor disposed on said mask layer (103), wherein said thin-film (105) comprises a plurality of in parallel spaced semiconductor needles (104, 204) of said lattice-mismatched semiconductor embedded in said thin-film (105), wherein said plurality of semiconductor needles (104, 204) are substantially vertically disposed in the axial direction toward said substrate (101) in said plurality of nanosize cavities (102, 102?) of said mask layer (103), and where a lattice-mismatched semiconductor epilayer (106) is provided on said thin-film supported thereby.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a solid catalyst for propylene polymerization and a method of producing a propylene polymer or copolymer using the solid catalyst for propylene polymerization, and provides a solid catalyst which prepares a dialkoxymagnesium carrier and is formed of a carrier produced through a reaction of the carrier with a metal halide, a titanium halide, an organic electron donor, etc., and a method of producing a propylene polymer or copolymer through copolymerization of propylene-alpha olefin using the solid catalyst, wherein the dialkoxymagnesium carrier has an uniform particle size range of 10 to 100 ?m and a spherical particle shape by adjusting injection amounts, injection numbers, and reaction temperatures of metal magnesium, alcohol and a reaction initiator during a reaction process of metal magnesium and alcohol.

Abstract: A method for making carbon fiber in which the tensile strength of carbon fiber is increased without dehumidifying the ambient air that enters every oxidation oven in a multiple oxidation oven system. A positive effect on tensile strength is provided when ambient air entering only the first oven in a series of oxidation ovens is dehumidified. In addition, the ambient air entering the last oven is not dehumidified when one or more of the preceding oxidation ovens is operated with dehumidified air.

Abstract: Provided is a method of producing a multivalent metal-ion battery comprising an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte in ionic contact with the anode and the cathode to support reversible deposition and dissolution of a multivalent metal, selected from Ni, Zn, Be, Mg, Ca, Ba, La, Ti, Ta, Zr, Nb, Mn, V, Co, Fe, Cd, Cr, Ga, In, or a combination thereof, at the anode, wherein the anode contains the multivalent metal or its alloy as an anode active material and the cathode comprises a cathode active layer of graphitic carbon particles or fibers that are coated with a protective material. Such a metal-ion battery delivers a high energy density, high power density, and long cycle life.

Abstract: A heat treatment apparatus for high-quality graphene synthesis comprises an upper roll chamber, a deposition chamber connected to the upper roll chamber to deposit graphene on a catalytic metal film, and a lower roll chamber mounted on a lower portion of the deposition chamber. The upper roll chamber includes a supply roller and the lower roll chamber includes a lower direction shifting roller shifting a direction of the catalytic metal film supplied from the supply roller. In the deposition chamber, a catalytic metal film at a supply side transferred from the supply roller to the lower direction shifting roller and a catalytic metal film at a discharge side transferred from the lower direction shifting roller to a winding roller are passed, and a heater portion is mounted around the catalytic metal film at the supply side and the catalytic metal film at the discharge side.

Abstract: A novel carbon formation reactor for forming carbon from a carbon-bearing fluidic stream, and method of using the same, is described. The reactor uses a catalyst bearing surface placed within a heated zone in a carbon-bearing fluidic stream to form carbon, which can then be removed from the reactor, with the process repeatable to achieve high extraction efficiencies.

Abstract: A charging apparatus for a lithium-ion secondary battery in which a cathode, an anode, and an electrolyte are housed in a battery case, includes an electrode shape changing unit that physically changes the shape of at least one electrode of the cathode and the anode at the time of charging or discharging the lithium-ion secondary battery so as to expand at least a part of a void which is formed in the electrode and which is to be penetrated by the electrolyte, and restores the physically changed shape of the electrode after charging or discharging the lithium-ion secondary battery.

Abstract: A method for producing a carbon material, the method including a step of performing a carbonization treatment by heating an organic polymer material to a temperature higher than 400° C. in a non-oxidizing atmosphere containing a gaseous substance (A) composed of at least one of acetylene and an acetylene derivative.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for the production of low ash activated charcoal from a carbon-containing raw material such as peat, in which method a damp mass of raw material is subjected to a hydrothermal carbonization process, in which the mass is heated to a temperature of 150 to 350 C and the process pressure increased to 10 to 40 bar, and the carbonized material obtained from the hydrothermal carbonization process is activated by heating it to a temperature above 400° C. The present invention further relates to the use of carbonized material obtained from the hydrothermal carbonization process for the production of activated charcoal.

Abstract: A biosensor electrode, comprising: a porous metal structure; and a carbon nanotube structure comprising a plurality of carbon nanotubes, the carbon nanotube structure is fixed on a surface of the porous metal structure, wherein the porous metal structure and the carbon nanotube structure are shrunk together to form a plurality of wrinkled parts.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of producing hollow carbon capsules which can simply and effectively produce hollow carbon capsule by using polymer particles as soft templates and using a spray-drying method.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a functionalized pre-treated carbon nanotube. Atomic Layer deposition is utilized to functionalize a pre-treated carbon nanotube. The functionalized pre-treated carbon nanotube may be used in a chemiresistor, including for methane detection.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for producing a carbon nanotube fiber. The apparatus includes: a vertical reactor having a reaction zone; a concentric double-pipe inlet tube disposed on top of the reaction zone and consisting of an inner pipe through which a spinning feedstock including a spinning solution and a first gas is introduced into the reaction zone and an outer pipe defining a concentric annular portion surrounding the inner pipe and through which a second gas is introduced into the reaction zone; heating means for heating the reaction zone; and a discharge unit disposed under the bottom of the reaction zone to discharge a carbon nanotube fiber therethrough. The spinning feedstock entering the reaction zone through the inner pipe of the inlet tube is carbonized and graphitized while flowing from the top to the bottom of the reaction zone to form a carbon nanotube fiber consisting of a continuous sock (or aggregates) of carbon nanotubes.

Abstract: A catalyst composition for the production of carbon nanotubes (CNT) with controlled morphology is disclosed. The catalyst is represented by formula [(MxMny)Moz][binary metal oxide](100?(x+y+z)), where x is in the range 1 to 25 wt %, y is in the range 0.1 to 20 wt %, and z is in the range 0.0 to 10 wt %. Further M represents either iron or cobalt or nickel along with manganese and molybdenum supported on binary metal oxides comprising of boron, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, calcium, barium, and combination thereof. The CNT morphology can be tailor-made with the plural combination of nature of metal and promoters in appropriate proportions. The process yields the CNT with bulk density in the range of 0.01 to 0.20 g/cc, diameter in the range of 5 to 30 nm and purity greater than 95 wt %.

Abstract: A process for producing activated carbon includes carbonizing an organic material to produce a charcoal, heating the charcoal in a chamber in the presence of oxygen at a temperature in the range of 400 to 500° C. for a duration of time sufficient to produce the activated carbon, and removing the charcoal from the heat once the activated carbon is formed.

Abstract: A resin-impregnated fiber bundle that can provide a molded article with a high surface impact strength is prepared by impregnating and integrating 100 parts by mass of a bundle of a fiber material (A) with 25 to 300 parts by mass of a thermoplastic resin (B). The fiber bundle has a flattened shape with a lateral cross-sectional shape having a major axis and a minor axis (length of the major axis>length of the minor axis). An average length (D1) of the major axis is 0.5 to 2.0 mm. An average flatness ratio (D1/D2), determined from the average length (D1) of the major axis and an average length (D2) of the minor axis, is 1.2 to 8.01. The fiber bundle has a length (L) of 11 to 50 mm, a ratio (L/D1) between L and D1 is 10 to 50, and a bulk density is 0.1 to 0.4 g/cm3.

Abstract: Inter-allotropic transformations of carbon are provided using moderate conditions including alternating voltage pulses and modest temperature elevation. By controlling the pulse magnitude, small-diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes are transformed into larger-diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes of different morphologies, and multi-layered graphene nanoribbons.

Abstract: In an example of a method for enhancing the performance of a silicon-based negative electrode, the silicon-based negative electrode is pre-lithiated in an electrolyte including a lithium salt dissolved in a solvent mixture of dimethoxyethane (DME) and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC). The DME and FEC are present in a volume to volume ratio ranging from 10 to 1 to 1 to 10. The pre-lithiation forms a stable solid electrolyte interface layer on an exposed surface of the negative electrode.

Abstract: An article comprises a body having a coating. The coating comprises a Y-O-F coating or other yttrium-based oxy-fluoride coating generated either by performing a fluorination process on a yttrium-based oxide coating or an oxidation process on a yttrium-based fluorine coating.

Abstract: Provided is aluminum secondary battery comprising an anode, a cathode, a porous separator electronically separating the anode and the cathode, and an electrolyte in ionic contact with the anode and the cathode to support reversible deposition and dissolution of aluminum at the anode, wherein the anode contains aluminum metal or an aluminum metal alloy as an anode active material and the cathode comprises a layer of graphitic carbon particles or fibers, preferably selected from meso-phase carbon particles, meso carbon micro-beads (MCMB), coke particles or needles, soft carbon particles, hard carbon particles, amorphous graphite containing graphite micro-crystallites, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon nano-fibers, carbon fibers, graphite nano-fibers, graphite fibers, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: Provided is a surface-treated carbon nanotube having few surface fractures, not reducing the molecular weight of the resin to be mixed and having excellent extrudability. In the surface-treated carbon nanotube, the thermal reduction amount at 600° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere is 0.2 to 40%, the surface oxygen concentration measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is 1.5 to 40 atm % and the surface sulfur concentration is less than 0.1 atm %.

Abstract: A microelectronic device includes a heat spreader layer on an electrode of a component and a metal interconnect on the heat spreader layer. The heat spreader layer is disposed above a top surface of a substrate of the semiconductor device. The heat spreader layer is 100 nanometers to 3 microns thick, has an in-plane thermal conductivity of at least 150 watts/meter-° K, and an electrical resistivity less than 100 micro-ohm-centimeters.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide preparation methods for a semiconductor layer and a TFT, a TFT and an array substrate. The preparation method for a semiconductor layer includes forming a silicon dioxide film on a substrate; forming sidewalls at two ends of the semiconductor layer to be formed by patterning process; performing amination treatment on the sidewalls so that an aminosiloxane monolayer self-assembly is formed on the surface of the sidewalls; carboxylating a carbon nanotube solution and making the carboxylated carbon nanotube solution on the surface of the substrate with the sidewalls formed to form a carbon nanotube film; removing portions of the carbon nanotube film other than the portion between the sidewalls to form a semiconductor layer.

Abstract: Graphene oxide is synthesized by chemical treatment of graphite using only H2SO4, KMnO4, H2O2 and/or H2O as reagents. Graphene oxide films obtained using the method disclosed herein were characterized using various analytical techniques. These analytical techniques confirmed the creation of single to few layer graphene oxide with relatively large lateral size distribution using the method disclosed herein.

Abstract: A method of producing a carbon nanostructure is provided that enables production of a high-quality carbon nanostructure with a high yield. The method of producing a carbon nanostructure includes supplying a feedstock gas to a catalyst and growing a carbon nanostructure by chemical vapor deposition. A gas X that is derived from the feedstock gas and that comes into contact with the catalyst contains a hydrocarbon A having at least one cyclopentadiene skeleton and a hydrocarbon B having at least one acetylene skeleton. A total volume concentration [A] of the hydrocarbon A is at least 0.06%.

Abstract: A method of producing a carbon nanotube-containing composition is a method of producing a carbon nanotube-containing composition for synthesizing carbon nanotube aggregates by introducing a ferrocene derivative, a sulfur compound, a carbon source, and a carrier gas into a gas phase flowing in a heating furnace within a temperature range of higher than 1,200° C. to 1,800° C. The carbon source substantially consists of benzene or toluene. The carrier gas includes hydrogen at 10% by volume to 85% by volume. The carrier gas has a linear velocity of 500 cm/min to 2,200 cm/min.