Abstract: Coal can be freed of ion-exchangeable sodium by contacting it with aqueous solutions of CO.sub.2 or formic or acetic acids at a mine mouth or contacting it with aqueous CO.sub.2 while transporting it in a pipeline.

Abstract: A process for purifying carbon black which contains solid impurities by removing the solid impurities thererom, which process comprises suspending said carbon black uniformly in water to obtain a carbon black aqueous slurry and subjecting the slurry to sieving treatment by an ultrasonic vibration sieving apparatus.

Abstract: A process of separating ash and char and the partial combustion formation fo carbon black from coal wherein coal, fuel and air are introduced at the top of a down draft slagging combustor operating above the melting point of ash so that molten ash aggregates in the combustor and precipitates to the bottom of the combustor. After the molten ash as been precipitated, the remaining carbon black, flue gas and char are conveyed to a char removal chamber where char falls from the flue gas and carbon black. This carbon black and flue gas are then conventionally separated. Oxygen is added to maintain the temperature of the combustor for a sufficient time for the molten ash to aggregate and precipitate. Additionally, a flux such as calcium carbonate can be added to reduce the melting point of the ash.

Abstract: An electrically conductive composition comprises 100 parts by weight of synthetic resin and/or rubber, 5 to 100 parts by weight of a conductivity-affording agent, and 1 to 100 parts by weight of carbon fiber. The agent used is carbon or acetylene black having resistivity of no higher than 0.3 .OMEGA.cm, a hydrochloric acid absorption of 20 to 40 ml/5 g and a specific surface area of 100 to 400 m.sup.2 /g, which is obtained by continuous thermal cracking of acethlene gas by a mixed gas flow of oxygen-containing gas and steam in the presence or absence of unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A fluidized bed disproportionation of carbon monoxide is effected using ferrous metal component-containing catalysts in particulate form. The bed also contains an abradant to continuously remove from the surface of those particles a substantial quantity of the carbonaceous fibers formed on those surfaces. The method produces a carbonaceous material of desired carbon and ferrous metal content. The process allows the use of two beds in series for producing high carbon content products.

Abstract: Method for the treatment of fluidized carbon black with gases in a fluidized bed, wherein the carbon black and the treatment gases are conveyed for introduction in an unique operating procedure into the treating region in a countercurrent stream manner. The mass stream of the carbon black and the treating gases are held constant and the mass streams of the starting carbon black or the treated carbon black is regulated with the help of an optical electrical level sensor means so that the height of the fluidized bed is bed is held on a predetermined level. An apparatus is shown for the carrying out of the fluidized bed countercurrent process which has a novel carbon black product delivery system and is provided with a optical electrical level sensor means for controlling the level of the fluidized bed. The sensor means comprises a hair pin shaped lighting circuit composed of two legs or rods separated by a gap.

Abstract: A process for the removal of pyritic sulfur from shale, coal and other carbonaceous material which comprises reacting a pyritic containing solid with a acidic cerium IV salt solution.

Abstract: Carbon black which has been treated with organic peroxides imparts high scorch resistance to rubber into which it has been compounded.

Abstract: A process for producing carbon black in a reaction system comprising a first zone where a heating fuel material and an oxygen-containing gas are mixed, and a high temperature combustion gas stream is formed, a second zone where a hydrocarbon starting material is mixed to the high temperature combustion gas stream to form carbon black, and a third zone subsequent to and down-stream of the second zone, where the carbon black thus formed, is contacted with an activating agent to activate the carbon black, characterized in that steam is introduced as an activating agent to the third zone.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for dissolving halogen in a bath having an aluminum sulfate/sulfuric acid ratio in the range of about 0.75 to 1.0. The process is useful in extracting fluorine in high yield from spent cell linings recovered from an electrolytic reduction cell for the production of aluminum.

Abstract: Diamond can be easily purified from a powdery mixture of diamond and graphite by heating the mixture together with ammonium nitrate and at least one metal oxide of lead monoxide, trilead tetroxide, magnesium oxide and zinc oxide, to oxidize the graphite powder, and removing the oxidized graphite.

Abstract: This invention describes a chemical process for desulfurizing coal, especially adaptable to the treatment of coal-water slurries, at temperatures as low as ambient, comprising treating the coal with aqueous titanous chloride whereby hydrogen sulfide is liberated and the desulfurized coal is separated with the conversion of titanous chloride to titanium oxides.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for grinding graphite comprising:(1) forming a mixture of graphite and a graphite grinding aid;(2) grinding the mixture of graphite and graphite grinding aid to reduce the size of the graphite;(3) forming an aqueous slurry of the graphite particles, graphite grinding aid and water;(4) adding an amount of hydrocarbon oil to the aqueous slurry with agitation to form graphite-oil agglomerates;(5) separating the graphite-oil agglomerates from the grinding aid and water; and(6) removing hydrocarbon oil from the graphite-oil agglomerates to provide graphite particles reduced in size.

Abstract: Low ash pelleted carbon is prepared by contacting pelleted carbon first with hydrochloric acid followed by leaching with hydrofluoric acid.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a process for the discontinuous separation of a solid consisting predominantly of carbon black from its aqueous suspension by filtration. To this end, the disclosure provides for use to be made of a tube pressure filter which is operated under a final pressure of 30 to 100 bars.

Abstract: Carbon black powder is pretreated with acetone or methanol prior to cathode abrication to improve the cathode operating voltage and increase the cathode life of lithium sulfuryl chloride electrochemical cells.

Abstract: According to this invention, a rubber composition is provided, which comprises 100 parts by weight of a rubber component and 25 to 250 parts by weight of carbon black, which carbon black falls within the property range of an electron-microscopic average particle diameter (dn) of above 31 millimicron, an iodine adsorption number of 35 to 60 mg/g and a dibutyl phthalate absorption number (DBP) of 90 to 150 ml/100 g and further has a selected property such that the Dst mode diameter (m.mu.) is below the value (m.mu.) obtained from the following equation:Dst=2.65.times.dn+0.64.times.DBP-27.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for removing carbon black from an aqueous suspension obtained by washing a gas containing carbon black with water. To this end, a gas stream comprising hydrocarbons and at least one inert gas is introduced into a suspension having a solids content of from 0.5 to 4% by weight, at a temperature of from 10.degree. to 80.degree. C. In so doing, the carbon black agglomerates and collects on the surface of the suspension water from which it is separated, for example by skimming it off. The gas stream is produced by passing inert gas over the separated carbon black containing the hydrocarbons and heated to 200.degree. to 400.degree. C., the carbon black being converted into a dry, free-flowing material.

Abstract: A desulfurization process is described which consists of heating an organic hydrocarbon like coal or bitumen in a stream of a gaseous or liquid trapping material for hydrogen sulfide (H.sub.2 S). The organic sulfur in the hydrocarbon decomposes and releases H.sub.2 S which reacts with the trapping material to form a metastable sulfur compound. The resulting gaseous or liquid stream is recovered and decomposed in a subsequent step to form H.sub.2 S and to the original trapping material. The trapping material is recovered and recirculated into the reactor. Ethylene, propylene and other olefins, as well as aldehydes and ketones are found to be excellent trapping materials.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of dechlorinating coal, which comprises treating washery-processed coal having a particle size from 1 to 12 mm with aqueous ammonia having a concentration from 1 to 18 M for from 3 to 25 hours.The invention will be of use in the preparation of coal for coal utilization plants so that the coal is less likely to cause corrosion.

Abstract: This invention relates to carbon black obtained from an aqueous suspension. A practically water-free carbon black is obtained from aqueous suspensions by mixing the suspension with liquid low-boiling hydrocarbons, then expanding the mixture in a vessel to evaporate the hydrocarbons, then drawing off separately the hydrocarbon vapors carrying the carbon black and the remaining liquid aqueous phase from the vessel, and separating the carbon black from the hydrocarbon vapors.

Abstract: An improved solid carbon reductant comprising partially calcined carbonaceous materials such as petroleum coke, containing relatively low amounts of residual hydrocarbons and a relatively high surface area and thus increased activity as compared to known reductants is provided. This improved reductant is produced by a method comprising heating the carbonaceous material in an oxidizing atmosphere to a temperature of from about 650.degree. C. to about 950.degree. C., preferably from about 800.degree. C. to about 875.degree. C., and most preferably at a temperature about 850.degree. C. In addition, according to the present invention improved chlorination processes are provided using these reductants which result in reduced levels of chlorinated hydrocarbon (C.sub.x Cl.sub.y) production due to reduced residual hydrocarbons. In a preferred embodiment anhydrous aluminum chloride is produced by chlorination of aluminum hexahydrate using the improved reductant.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for removing organic sulphur from coal and the material resulting from the treatment of organic sulphur containing coal with the instant process. The subject process includes the step of mixing coal with ethyl alcohol having less than 4% water. The temperature and pressure of the coal and ethyl alcohol mixture is raised to above the critical temperature and pressure of ethyl alcohol. The coal ethyl alcohol mixture is held at moderate temperature and elevated pressure for a period of about 30 minutes or more. The liquid and solids are separated. The resulting coal solids have substantially less organic sulphur contained therein.

Abstract: The flow rate of quench fluid in a furnace process is manipulated in response to the water content of process air.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for after-oxidation of carbon black powder with oxidants which are gaseous or are dispersed in the gas phase. A closed vertical cylinder is provided at its top with a carbon black input opening and a vent duct and at its bottom with feed ducts for oxidant or flushing air. A stirrer shaft runs along its central axis; stirrer arms are fitted to it at intervals over the height of the cylinder and offset with respect to each other, and sweep over the whole cylinder cross section in predominantly horizontal setting.

Abstract: A process for removing extractables from carbon blacks in a fluidized bed, wherein low extractable carbon blacks are treated under relatively mild temperature conditions (320.degree. C.) with an oxygen containing gas and high extractable carbon blacks are treated first at 100.degree.-320.degree. C. with steam and then at 200.degree.-500.degree. C. with an oxygen containing gas. A definition of classification in the "low extractable" and "high extractable" categories is given.

Abstract: Finely divided ash-containing coal is immersed in an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid or citric acid, and acidic ammonium fluoride to cause the ash to react with the acid and the acidic ammonium fluoride, and the deashed coal is thereafter separated from the solution.

Abstract: Activated agglomerated carbon may be prepared by leaching with a hydrohalic acid followed by displacement of the residual halide with organic carboxylate during subsequent washing with a water-soluble organic carboxylic acid or a water-soluble ammonium salt of an organic carboxylic acid.

Abstract: A method for separating the alkaline ore and spent carbon fractions contained in spent electrolytic cell cathode comprising the steps of:(a) grinding the spent cathode to a suitable particle size;(b) treating the product of step (a) with ultrasonic energy, sulfuric acid, or both, for a period sufficient to achieve a measurable particle size distinction between the alkaline ore and carbon particles; and(c) screening the alkaline ore and carbon particles to achieve separation of the alkaline ore particles which pass through the screen from the carbon particles which are retained on the screen.

Abstract: Delayed coke is desulfurized by first contacting the coke with an active sulfur-bearing gas at a temperature high enough to produce a reaction between the sulfur in the coke and the active sulfur in the gas, and then holding the coke in contact with the gas at said high temperature for approximately one hour. An alternative process provides for desulfurization of delayed coke by modifying the second step of the prior process to dilute or replace the sulfur-bearing gas with an inert gas. In a third alternative, the foregoing process is further modified by lowering the temperature during the second or holding step to maintain the reaction between the sulfur-bearing gas and the coke.

Abstract: Combustion gases containing free oxygen and a carbonaceous feed are introduced into a carbon black reactor, with the combustion gases being at a temperature sufficient to pyrolyze the feed hydrocarbon to produce combustion products containing particulate carbon black. The combustion products are cooled by quenching to form a gaseous effluent containing particulate carbon black. The effluent is discharged from the reactor to an indirect heat exchange means for further cooling the effluent. Carbon black is introduced into the effluent inlet of the indirect heat exchange means for removing carbon black which has become deposited on surfaces defining the flow path or flow paths for the effluent flowing through the heat exchange means. The effluent after cooling in the indirect heat exchange means is passed to separating means for separating the effluent into a gaseous portion and a particulate carbon black portion. Thereafter, the particulate carbon black portion can be pelleted.

Abstract: A method of deashing coal wherein the coal is wetted with hydrocarbon liquid to form agglomerates and the hydrophilic agglomerates are then separated from a water and ash phase to yield deashed coal agglomerates. The hydrocarbon liquid is then recovered from the coal agglomerates by a vacuum stripping in the absence of oxidizing gases with or without use of super heated steam. Where super heated steam is used the removed hydrocarbon liquid is subsequently separated from the steam by cooling.

Abstract: Aerosols such as a carbon black containing smoke are subjected to an auto-preseparation by passing the aerosol or smoke through loose particles collected and accumulated and only thereafter passing the aerosol or smoke through a separator such as a filter bag. This changes the characteristic of the aerosol in either reducing the total content of solids or increasing the average particle size of the solids in the aerosol or achieving both of these features. Thereby the load on the downstream separator and the capacity of the separator, e.g. a carbon black filter house, is substantially reduced.

Abstract: A process for reducing the sulfur and ash content of coal and the like by treatment in an aqueous slurry with ultrasound followed by subsequent separating steps.

Abstract: Petroleum coke is processed to reduce the sulfur content. Ground coke is contacted with hot hydrogen, under pressurized conditions, for a residence time of about 2 to 60 seconds. The desulfurized coke is suitable for metallurgical or electrode uses.

Abstract: Combustion gases containing free oxygen and a carbonaceous feed are introduced into a carbon black reactor, with the combustion gases being at a temperature sufficient to pyrolyze the feed hydrocarbon to produce combustion products containing particulate carbon black. The combustion products are cooled by quenching to form a gaseous effluent containing particulate carbon black. The effluent is discharged from the reactor to an indirect heat exchange means for further cooling the effluent. Carbon black pellets are introduced into the effluent inlet of the indirect heat exchange means for removing carbon black which has become deposited on surfaces defining the flow path or flow paths for the effluent flowing through the heat exchange means. The effluent after cooling in the indirect heat exchange means is passed to separating means for separating the effluent into a gaseous portion and a particulate carbon black portion. Thereafter, the particulate carbon black portion can be pelleted.

Abstract: Raw petroleum coke is treated with a solvent to extract the soluble matter. The extracted matter is useful as coker feedstock, fuel, pitch binder, pitch precursor, impregnant and carbon black feedstock. The coke residue may be used without further treatment as a fuel or may be calcined for use in Hall aluminum cell anodes.

Abstract: Solid carbonaceous material, especially coal or coal char, is desulfurized by treatment with a limited amount of hydrogen to convert the organic sulfur to sulfide sulfur at an elevated temperature. The thusly formed sulfide sulfur is then removed from the solid carbonaceous material by steam treatment or other means.

Abstract: A carbon black reactor is comprised of a housing which defines a precombustion zone, a reaction zone and a quench zone which are in flow communication. Inlet means open into the precombustion zone or the reaction zone and is operable to introduce make hydrocarbon into the reactor. Also, inlet means open into the precombustion zone and is operable for the introduction of hot combustion gases into the precombustion zone. The make hydrocarbon is pyrolyzed by contact with the hot combustion gases as same flow along the reaction zone. After a predetermined time as determined by the length of flow along the reaction zone, the effluent produced by the pyrolysis of the make hydrocarbon by contact with the combustion gases is quenched to stop the reaction.

Abstract: Carbon dioxide and air reactivity reactions occurring during carbon electrode use, can be minimized by the use of quench water treated with phosphoric acid following calcination of the coke used to make the electrode.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for obtaining carbon black from aqueous suspension. A practically water-free carbon black is obtained from aqueous suspensions by mixing the suspension with liquid low-boiling hydrocarbons, then expanding the mixture in a vessel to evaporate the hydrocarbons, then drawing off separately the hydrocarbon vapors carrying the carbon black and the remaining liquid aqueous phase from the vessel, and separating the carbon black from the hydrocarbon vapors.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the removal of metals, especially of iron and/or nickel and/or vanadium or their compounds, from carbon black. To this end, the invention provides for an aqueous carbon black suspension to be heated to a temperature of about 30.degree. to 90.degree. C., for chlorine to be passed therethrough with agitation. The chlorine gas is used in a stoichiometric excess, based on the metal content of the aqueous carbon black suspension. Next, the carbon black is separated from the aqueous suspension and dried.

Abstract: Reject material which has been removed from a thermal black process by a screen and impinged on a plate in the bag filter, can be upgraded by removing material which has been reduced in size by being sucked into the bag filter, and adding that material to the product stream. The material of reduced size is removed by a vibrating screen. Some 50 to 60% of the reject material can be upgraded by this process.

Abstract: At least one of sulfur dioxide and a gaseous hydrosulfide is contacted with at least one of a sulfur-containing salt and a gaseous basic nitrogen compound to produce a solid, sulfur-containing composition.

Abstract: Low sulfur calcined coke having an adequate density value for industrial consumers is produced from high sulfur raw coke by treating the coke in three heating stages under controlled conditions, one of the stages being in the presence of added hydrogen.

Abstract: A method of removing water from activated carbon is disclosed. Briefly, the method comprises (a) passing liquid 1,2-dichloroethane through a bed of activated carbon until a bulk water phase ceases to exit the bed or until from about 60 to about 80 weight percent of the water present in a water-saturated bed has been removed and (b) passing vapor phase 1,2-dichloroethane through the bed of activated carbon to remove substantially all of the remaining water.

Abstract: The invention is a process for economically recovering carbon black, oil and fuel gas from used tires. Used tires are physically fragmented. The fragments are pyrolized at slightly subatmospheric pressure in a reactor while process char is being recycled to increase heat transfer and avoid coke on heat transfer surfaces. Entrained char is separated from the vapor phase products of the pyrolysis, and the vapor phase products of the pyrolysis are then fractionated into oil and fuel gas. A preferred embodiment condenses reactor vapors in two stages at two temperature levels to separate dust from an oil-dust mixture, without water in the first stage and light oil in the second stage. The fuel gas can be compressed and burnt to provide process heat. The entrained char dust and some heavy oil is returned to the reactor. Solid phase pyrolysis products are stripped of trash and milled to carbon black.

Abstract: The tail gas generated by the carbon black process can be used as a source of fuel for drying carbon black without adversely affecting the product properties of the end product if the dried carbon black is heat treated using a fuel free of sulfur and nitrogen compounds.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for removing zinc from solid carbon black, preferably obtained from the pyrolysis of rubber, said carbon black containing at least 3%, by weight, of zinc, calculated as ZnO, said method including the steps of contacting the carbon black at a temperature of at least 750.degree. C. with a gas selected from chlorine and hydrogen chloride to form gaseous zinc chloride from the zinc contained in said carbon black, and separating the gaseous zinc chloride from the solid carbon black.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing oxygen-free combustion gases, comprising a combustion chamber provided with a cooling jacket or shell and wherein liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons are burnt with combustion air and subsequently cooled through spray cooling by water introduced through nozzles into the rear portion of the combustion chamber, whereupon secondary cooling and scrubbing take place within a secondary cooling zone subsequent to the plenum chamber of said combustion chamber and provided with a plurality of gas outlet ports. That spray heads are arranged in the region of said gas outlet port(s), to produce a spray stream or jet directed to said outlet ports. A chamber is connected to said outlet port which chamber is surrounded by a wall provided with at least one gas outlet port, with the stream or jet of said spray heads being aligned with said gas outlet ports.