Abstract: Flocculent furnace carbon black is produced by contacting a feed hydrocarbon with hot combustion gases to pyrolyze the feed hydrocarbon. The hot combustion products produced by pyrolyzing include flocculent carbon black suspended in gases and are quenched to form a cooled effluent. The effluent is subjected to separation to separate the flocculent carbon black from the gases. The combustion products are cooled by quenching in a manner to maintain a photelometer value of the flocculent carbon black in predetermined range such that when the separated flocculent carbon black is subsequently pelleted a minimum loss of modulus results in the rubber into which the pelleted carbon black is compounded. The flocculent carbon black is pelleted under prescribed pelleting conditions and is dried under prescribed drying conditions to help achieve minimum modulus loss in the end product.

Abstract: A process for preparing porous carbon support materials comprises treating activated carbon or coke, having a particle size of about 5 to about 50 .mu.m, a specific surface area of about 10 to 1,000 m.sup.2 /g, a hardness of at least about 95% attrition resistance, with solvent or solvents, and then heat treating the activated carbon or coke at a temperature of about 2,400-3,000.degree. C. under an inert, gas atmosphere; said solvent or solvents affecting the mineral and organic impurities in the activated carbon or coke such that after said subsequent heat treatment, substantially all of said impurities are removed. A hard, mechanically stable, porous carbon support material consisting essentially of highly purified activated carbon, highly purified coke or a mixture thereof, said support material having a carbon content of at least 99%, a specific surface area of about 1 to about 5 m.sup.2 /g and a particle size of about 5 to about 50 .mu.m, may be prepared in this way.

Abstract: A composition consisting of carbon powder, water and a dispersing agent. The particle size of the carbon powder is less than 100 .mu.m, preferably less than 40 .mu.m. The composition is obtained by preparing a mixture of about 1-20% by weight, preferably about 10% by weight, of carbonaceous powder, water and 0.02-4% by weight of dispersing agent. The dispersing agent is selected preferably from polyelectrolytes, such as alkali metal and ammonium salts of polycarboxylic acids, and polyphosphates. These substances possess the property of charging the powder particles of carbon and the impurity particles in a different degree. This different charging is utilized to separate impurity particles from carbon particles, whereupon the purified composition is suitably dehydrated to attain an increased carbon powder concentration of, for instance, 50-80% by weight.

Abstract: Coke is desulphurized by sequentially heating the coke to desulphurization temperatures, and maintaining the coke at desulphurization temperatures to effect desulphurization thereof, the coke reaching a temperature of at least 1000.degree. C. (preferaby at least 1100.degree. C. and, more preferably at least 1200.degree. C.) during desulphurization, and cooling being effected by direct countercurrent contact with a gas and, all or a portion of the heating being effected by direct countercurrent contact with the gas, with the heat released from the coke during cooling being recuperated by the gas and employed to provide most of the heating to bring the coke to desulphurization temperature. The coke and/or gas is heated between the cooling and heating steps to maintain the gas at a temperature below the coke during cooling and at a temperature above the coke during heating.

Abstract: Finely divided carbon is manufactured by a process including producing a gaseous stream containing carbon monoxide by reacting coal and air in a slagging ash gasifier, separating carbon monoxide from the gaseous mixture, and disproportionating the carbon monoxide to produce finely divided carbon and carbon dioxide, the latter of which is recycled to the gasifier.

Abstract: Green petroleum coke is indirectly dried, then calcined in a cylindric rotary kiln and indirectly cooled utilizing a one-way gas flow in the system. Most of the dust in the vapor from the drying step is directly burned in a steam boiler whose off-gases are used to heat the dryer. Any residual dust in the gas is collected in an electro-filter. This dust together with dust which settles out from the dryer and the kiln is collected and added in controlled amounts to the dried coke before calcining. Hydrocarbons expelled during calcining are partially burned off with a stream of secondary air introduced at the coke exit end of the kiln. Most of the remaining hydrocarbons are burned off before they leave the coke inlet end of the kiln. The calcined coke product contains 0.1% by weight of hydrocarbons. The final off-gas from the process has a residual dust content of less than 100 mg/nm.sup.3.

Abstract: Low sulfur calcined coke is produced from high sulfur raw coke without substantially lowering its bulk density by heating the coke at a first temperature such that no more than about 70 wt.% of the volatile matter is removed therefrom and then heating the partially devolatilized coke at a higher temperature sufficient to effect calcination and desulfurization.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the continuous high temperature treatment of sulfur-containing carbonaceous particles in an electrothermally heated fluidized bed is disclosed. In one aspect of the invention, a fluidizing stream is passed through carbonaceous particles introduced into a fluidizing zone at a velocity sufficient to fluidize said carbonaceous particles. The carbonaceous particles are heated in a fluidized state, and controllably fed into and discharged from the fluidizing zone at a rate sufficient to assure that the sulfur content of the particles are reduced below 0.5%. In another aspect of the invention, at least a portion of the carbonaceous material is transformed from a relatively amorphous molecular state, into a graphite crystalline state.

Abstract: Delayed coke especially manufactured for use in graphite can be effectively desulfurized by calcining in a hydrocarbon fuel-fired calciner in the temperature range of 2700.degree. F. to 2900.degree. F. without adversely affecting the strength of the coke or the coefficient of thermal expansion of the graphitized coke.

Abstract: An electrode especially adapted for the electrolytic production of hydrogen peroxide is made by heating activated carbon powder to a temperature above 900.degree. C. and mixing it with a binder and a hydrophobic additive, an electrically conductive network being embedded in the mixture. According to the invention, the activated carbon is heated to incandescence in a hydrogen atmosphere.

Abstract: The amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the surface of a carbon black can be reduced below 2 ppb by heat treating the carbon black in a fluidized bed. Dried furnace carbon black pellets are charged in a fluid bed unit and preheated. The pellets are then fluidized with air, with the temperature of the bed between 1150.degree. F and 1850.degree. F for 5 to 40 minutes. The carbon black is then quenched and recovered.

Abstract: A method for introducing ash-free solid carbon into a reaction vessel while under pressure or vacuum conditions and the conversion of said carbon to a metal carbide for the production of acetylene for use as such and as a precursor in the preparation of other organic compounds. The technique is also used for de-ashing and desulfurizing coal or char and is a method for extracting carbon from any charable substance, including wastes. It is, in addition, used as a method of exploiting the gases evolved from underground carbonaceous deposit fires.

Abstract: The chlorine overvoltage of carbon and graphite electrodes is considerably and permanently decreased by treatment of the electrodes with nitric acid. The treatment also causes an apparently permanent decrease in the amount of oxygen produced at the electrode coincident with the chlorine generation.

Abstract: Raw sewage sludge is combined with a solution of sodium aluminate. Municipal solid waste is then treated with the sludge-aluminate mixture. The treated waste is then carbonized in a furnace.

Abstract: A process for reducing the sulfur content of char by means of a basic molten bath of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salt of a hydroxyaryl or an alcohol.

Abstract: A process for purification of coal comprises forming an aqueous leaching solution containing nitric and hydrofluric acid. Impurities are removed by contacting coal having a mesh size not greater than 8 (Tyler Series) with the leaching solution for a period of 15 to 120 minutes at a temperature of 20.degree. to 100.degree. C. During the contacting of coal with leaching solution, a gaseous material such as air can be bubbled therethrough to provide additional mixing action and oxidant material. Thereafter, the solution is removed and the leached coal washed with water.

Abstract: An improved process for treating spent Kraft wood pulping liquors by coking the liquors after reducing the pH thereof with SO.sub.2 and recovering the sulfur contained in the resulting coke by contact with hydrogen preheated to temperatures in the range of 750.degree. to 2000.degree. F to produce H.sub.2 S. The H.sub.2 S and lime are added to the coker effluent to form new kraft cooking liquor.

Abstract: Nitrated hydrocarbons, such as nitroparaffins, are reduced to amines by use of palladium on a carbon catalyst characterized by low ash and low halide.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of a composition comprised mainly of carbon and containing only a small amount of ash, nitrogen and sulfur, said process comprising:A. drying a hydrous soot with hot flue gas of about 600.degree. C in a direct current-operated dryer to form a dried soot having a water content of about 5 to about 20 percent by weight;B. carbonizing said dried soot in a vertical flue oven by heating at a flue temperature of about 900.degree. to about 1300.degree. C for about 25 to about 40 hours; andC. drying, comminuting and classifying the resulting composition.The composition is useful as a coking agent, filter aid, and in the production of carbon and graphite products.

Abstract: A grain coke is packed in a vertical furnace between a pair of opposite electrodes for passing current through the coke, thus heating the same to a temperature of above 1400.degree. C, preferably 1500.degree. C for more than 10 minutes. Coke is loaded into the furnace from an upper portion and heat treated coke is cooled and then discharged from the bottom. Inert or reducing gas may be introduced into the lower portion of the furnace and discharged from the upper portion thereby cooling heat treated coke and preheating loaded coke.

Abstract: Sulfur-bearing coke is desulfurized by heating it and reacting it with dilute sulfur vapor to form carbon disulfide. The reaction will proceed utilizing air-polluting sulfur components in the coke, thereby removing such components to provide a relatively non-polluting coke as a fuel.

Abstract: Mineral matter, including pyrite, is removed from coal by treatment of the coal with aqueous alkali at a temperature of about 175.degree. to 350.degree. C, followed by acidification with strong acid.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for eliminating carbon from nuclear fuel elements in the reprocessing thereof in a closed system wherein such carbon is caused to combine with hydrogen to form methane in an attack zone, and the methane is then caused to flow from the attack zone to a regeneration zone where it is cracked into carbon and hydrogen.

Abstract: Carbon black is recovered from vulcanized waste rubber such as automobile tires or other articles by reacting pieces of the rubber with an aromatic oil solvent in a stirred reactor at 500.degree.-700.degree.F temperature and about 25-100 psig pressure for 0.5-2 hours residence time. The resulting solids-liquid mixture is processed to remove solids, and the resulting solid product is then dried, screened and chemically treated to recover the carbon black in dry powder form. The remaining solvent oil is also recovered and a portion reused in the process.

Abstract: Deposits in a carbon black reactor are reduced by passing feed oil, quench water and/or liquid fuel to the reactor through a magnetic field prior to introduction into the reactor.

Abstract: A diamond synthesis run containing synthetic diamonds, graphite and catalyst from a high pressure temperature diamond process is treated with bromine to remove substantially all of the graphite. After bromination, the run is subjected to electrolysis to remove the catalyst metals leaving the diamond product for recovery. Some of the diamonds may have a layer of graphite which is exfoliated by further treatment with liquid bromine.

Abstract: The invention relates to the process for recovery of carbon black of controlled quality from scrap-rubber vulcanizates. Scrap rubber is selected on the basis of the quality of the carbon black used in the preparation of the rubber from which the scrap is obtained. The scrap is continuously pyrolized to produce a product composed largely of the carbon black originally present in the scrap. The recovered carbon black is ground and may be used as a reinforcing agent as such, or optionally it may be pelletized to facilitate handling.

Abstract: A method of treating municipal waste which contains cellulose comprises combining the waste with an alkali metal meta-aluminate, such as sodium aluminate, to form a carbonizing mixture and then heating the carbonizing mixture, in air, to carbonize the waste material.

Abstract: In accordance with a preferred embodiment of this invention, a low-sulfur, low-ash, graphitic carbon, which is useful in metallurgical and electrical applications, is formed. The first step is dissolving coke or coal in an iron melt containing about 4% silicon, then lowering the temperature of the melt to near the iron-carbon eutectic melting temperature, thereby causing a purified carbon-iron mixture to precipitate and float to the surface. This mixture may be directly used as a metallurgical carbon raiser to control the carbon content of iron melts. The purified carbon may also be separated from the iron by magnetic and/or flotation techniques; further refinement of the graphite may be accomplished by treatment with mineral acids.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the simultaneous desulfurization and calcination of "green coke.

Abstract: Carbon black is produced in a generally vertically extending reactor in which a feed oil is introduced at the top. Combustion gases are introduced into an upper region of the reactor to supply sufficient heat to decompose the oil to form carbon black. Grit is removed from the carbon black by passing a stream of air upwardly through the carbon black, either in the reactor or in a separate chamber. The reactor can be of such configuration as to cause a reversal in the direction of flow of the carbon black to facilitate grit removal.

Abstract: In a staged calcination process a sulfur-containing green coke is converted to a low-sulfur-content coke and two off-gas streams, one which contains sulfur dioxide and another which contains hydrogen sulfide. In one stage the green coke is calcined and partially desulfurized under oxidative conditions at a temperature in the range 1000.degree. to 3000.degree.F. In a second stage, the calcination and desulfurization is continued by heating the coke from 2000.degree. to 4000.degree.F under substantially reducing conditions. Preferably the reaction times and conditions in the stages are adjusted to result in the production of two mols of hydrogen sulfide per mol of sulfur dioxide. Portions of the two off-gas streams are mixed and reacted to form elemental sulfur.

Abstract: Aqueous dispersions of particulate vinyl polymers, such as acrylic polymers, particularly those prepared by emulsion polymerization, which undesirably may be caused to coagulate or agglomerate to form larger particles when subjected to purification procedures, and which contain contaminants in the aqueous and polymeric phases, are purified and deodorized by contact with adsorbent carbon particles, such as petroleum coke, at a temperature above the T.sub.g of the dispersed polymer particles.

Abstract: A nitrogenous ingredient is eliminated from solid fuel, for example, coal, by treating in a treating chamber, the coal with a treating gas having a predetermined temperature and composition at a temperature of 650.degree. to 1200.degree.C, the treating gas being prepared by uniformly mixing, in a conditioning chamber located upstream from the treating chamber, a predetermined amount of steam or water and hydrogen gas or a mixture gas containing at least 30% by volume of hydrogen gas together with an inert burnt gas containing at most 2% by volume of oxygen gas.

Abstract: Oxide and hydride impurities of a liquid metal such as sodium are removed from a cold trap by heating to a temperature at which the metal hydroxide is stable in a molten state. The partial pressure of hydrogen within the system is measured to determine if excess hydride or oxide is present. Excess hydride is removed by venting hydrogen gas while excess oxide can be converted to molten hydroxide through the addition of hydrogen. The resulting, molten hydroxide is drained from the trap which is then returned to service at cold trap temperatures within the liquid-metal system.

Abstract: Coke is desulfurized by calcining coke at a temperature of 1600.degree. - 2200.degree. F. in admixture with sodium carbonate, followed by direct contact with phosgene or a mixture of carbon monoxide and chlorine at a temperature of 1200.degree. - 1800.degree. F. to produce coke having sulfur contents of less than 0.5 percent.

Abstract: Kish graphite can be separated from fume in kish graphite-fume mixtures and can be recovered as a clean usable product by screening the kish graphite-fume mixtures to separate the mixtures into a screen overflow and screen underflow. The screen overflow is mixed with a solution of a washing agent and a surface active agent. The mixture is stirred to thoroughly "wet" the surfaces of the kish graphite. The mixture is filtered. The kish graphite is recovered as a filter cake. The effluent which consists of the washing agent, the surface active agent and fume, is passed to waste. The kish graphite retains its integrity through the separation, recovery, and cleaning steps.