Abstract: A process for preparing butadiene from n-butenes, comprising the steps of: A) providing an input gas stream comprising n-butenes; B) feeding the input gas stream comprising n-butenes and a gas containing at least oxygen into at least one oxidative dehydrogenation zone and oxidatively dehydrogenating n-butenes to butadiene, giving a product gas stream; Ca) cooling the product gas stream by contacting with a circulating cooling medium in at least one cooling zone; Cb) compressing the cooled product gas stream in at least one compression stage, giving at least one aqueous condensate stream c1 and one gas stream c2; D) removing uncondensable and low-boiling gas constituents comprising oxygen and low-boiling hydrocarbons as gas stream d2 from the gas stream c2 by absorbing the C4 hydrocarbons in an absorbent, giving an absorbent stream laden with C4 hydrocarbons and the gas stream d2, and then desorbing the C4 hydrocarbons from the laden absorbent stream, giving a C4 product gas stream d1; E) separating the C4

Abstract: A method of reacting amine compounds with halons and perhalogenated compounds, resulting in the conversion of these ozone-depleting species into non-volatile salts and a variety of other amine derivatives is disclosed.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present invention includes: a recycle line that brings a part of salt-enriched membrane separation concentrated water 26 back to the rear flow side of a pretreatment apparatus 12; a water discharge line that discharges the remained concentrated water into a sea area; and a control apparatus 31 that controls to adjust the ratio between the discharging amount of the discharging membrane separation concentrated water to be discharged into a sea area and the supplying amount of supplying seawater. A pH is set to be equal to or less than 7.3 by adding acid 21. The salt 18 is obtained from the dryer 19, and produced water (fresh water) 29 is obtained by combining evaporated water 28 supplied from the evaporator 16 with the permeated water 24 supplied from the reverse osmosis membrane apparatus 25.

Abstract: Alkaline or neutral viscoelastic cleaning compositions are disclosed which use non polymer thickening agents. According to the invention, cleaning compositions have been developed using viscoelastic surfactants in a neutral, acidic or alkaline cleaning formulations. These provide the dual benefit of thickening as well as an additional cleaning, thereby improving performance. Applicants have also identified several pseudo linking agents which when, used with viscoelastic surfactants provide viscoelasticity in alkaline cleaning compositions.

Abstract: A manual contact device including an antimicrobial contact surface, wherein the antimicrobial contact surface includes sodium chloride. A method for reducing a transfer of microorganisms by manual contact with a manual contact device, including providing the manual contact device with an antimicrobial contact surface, wherein the antimicrobial contact surface includes sodium chloride.

Abstract: A process for removing a solvent from a source solution, said process comprising a) contacting the source solution with one side of a selectively permeable membrane, b) contacting a draw solution having a higher osmotic pressure (higher solute concentration) than the source solution with the opposite side of the membrane, such that solvent from the source solution passes across the membrane to dilute the draw solution by direct osmosis, c) removing solvent from the diluted draw solution to regenerate the draw solution, and d) recycling the regenerated draw solution to step a), characterized in that a portion of the draw solution is discarded or treated before and/or after the draw solution is regenerated in step c) so as to reduce the concentration of any solute species present in the draw solution from the source solution.

Abstract: There is provided a low sodium sea salt and a method for producing the same. A first amount of natural seawater containing sodium, chloride, potassium, magnesium, sulfate and other trace minerals is introduced into a containment structure which is periodically exposed to the sun. Preferably, the containment structure is located outdoors in an arid climate with direct exposure to sunlight. An amount of water is evaporated forming a brine. An amount of sodium chloride is crystallized and an amount of the crystallized sodium chloride is removed so that the remaining brine includes substantial amounts of potassium, magnesium and sulfate. A second amount of natural seawater is combined with the remaining brine forming a diluted brine. An amount of water is evaporated from the diluted brine. Sodium chloride, potassium sulfate and magnesium sulfate is crystallized forming a low sodium sea salt whereby the sodium chloride is no more than 70 weight percent.

Abstract: Embodiments provided herein include methods and apparatuses for purification and recycling of hydrofracture water used in natural gas drilling and production. Embodiments include removal of dissolved solids by precipitation with sodium sulfate and by evaporation using, for example, a multiple effect evaporator.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for making pure salt comprises recapturing post-drilling flowback water from hydro-fracturing; removing oil from the flowback water; filtering the flowback water using an ultra filter with a pore size of about 0.1 microns or less to remove solid particulates and large organic molecules, such as benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene, from the water; concentrating the flowback water to produce a brine that contains from about 15 wt % to about 40 wt % of salt relative to the total weight of the flowback brine; performing one or more chemical precipitation process using an effective amount of reagents to precipitate out the desired high quality commercial products, such as, barium sulfate, strontium carbonate, calcium carbonate; and crystallizing the chemically treated and concentrated flowback brine to produce greater than 99.5% pure salt products, such as sodium and calcium chloride.

Abstract: Disclosed is method for separating solute from an aqueous solution comprising providing a first aqueous solution substantially saturated with solute, contacting the first aqueous solution with a clathrate former under conditions sufficient to form clathrates and to precipitate the solute from the first aqueous solution, separating solute from the clathrates by removing a first stream comprising clathrates and solute, and removing a second stream comprising solute, decomposing the clathrates into the clathrate former and a second aqueous solution, the second aqueous solution comprising solute in a concentration less than the concentration of solute in the first aqueous solution, and recycling the second aqueous solution by contacting said solution with a source for the solute to form a third substantially saturated aqueous solution for use as, or in combination with, the first aqueous solution, wherein the method is continuous.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a antisolvent solidification process wherein a liquid medium comprising at least one organic or inorganic compound which is to be solidified is forced through a membrane into one or more antisolvents, or wherein one or more antisolvents are forced through a membrane into a liquid medium comprising at least one organic or inorganic compound which is to be solidified, yielding a composition comprising solid particles comprising said organic and/or inorganic compound(s).

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to methods and systems relating to the selection of substrates comprising crystalline templates for the controlled crystallization of molecular species. In some embodiments, the methods and systems allow for the controlled crystallization of a molecular species in a selected polymorphic form. In some embodiments, the molecular species is a small organic molecule (e.g., pharmaceutically active agent).

Abstract: A method for converting depleted uranium tetrafluoride (UF4) to triuranium octaoxide (U3O8), and producing sulfur tetrafluoride, using a two step process. The first step uses heat and a mixture of the uranium tetrafluoride and an alkaline compound, either an alkaline oxide or an alkaline hydroxide, to produce U3O8 and a water-soluble metal halide. The second step uses heat, sulfur and a halogen to produce sulfur tetrafluoride and triuranium octaoxide.

Abstract: A process for formulating high purity potassium chloride from a carnallite source. The process takes advantage of solubility differences and saturation levels in a multiple salt system generated upon dissolution of carnallite. In the system, the sodium chloride is kept in solution and the magnesium chloride present in the system is controlled to be in a concentration range of between 12% and 25% by weight. This avoids co-precipitation of sodium chloride with the potassium chloride during crystallization and therefore prevents the sodium chloride from contaminating the potassium chloride. The result is high grade potassium chloride.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for making pure salt comprises recapturing post-drilling flowback water from hydro-fracturing; removing oil from the flowback water; filtering the flowback water using an ultra filter with a pore size of about 0.1 microns or less to remove solid particulates and large organic molecules, such as benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene, from the water; concentrating the flowback water to produce a brine that contains from about 15 wt % to about 40 wt % of salt relative to the total weight of the flowback brine; performing one or more chemical precipitation process using an effective amount of reagents to precipitate out the desired high quality commercial products, such as, barium sulfate, strontium carbonate, calcium carbonate; and crystallizing the chemically treated and concentrated flowback brine to produce greater than 99.5% pure salt products, such as sodium and calcium chloride.

Abstract: A three-step process for the preparation of analytical grade sodium chloride from rock salt was developed.

Abstract: The invention covers the combination of utilizing the selectivity of an adsorbent to remove species from a liquid containing mixtures of ions and then subjecting the loaded resin to a chromatographic displacement utilizing the most selectively adsorbed species to displace the undesired co-adsorbing impurities. The technique can be used even when the most selectively adsorbed species is present as a minor constituent in the feed solution.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for making pure salt comprises recapturing post-drilling flowback water from hydro-fracturing; removing oil from the flowback water; filtering the flowback water using an ultra filter with a pore size of about 0.1 microns or less to remove solid particulates and large organic molecules, such as benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene, from the water; concentrating the flowback water to produce a brine that contains from about 15 wt % to about 40 wt % of salt relative to the total weight of the flowback brine; performing one or more chemical precipitation process using an effective amount of reagents to precipitate out the desired high quality commercial products, such as, barium sulfate, strontium carbonate, calcium carbonate; and crystallizing the chemically treated and concentrated flowback brine to produce greater than 99.5% pure salt products, such as sodium and calcium chloride.

Abstract: A chiral liquid crystal precursor composition which comprises at least one salt that changes a position of the selective reflection band exhibited by the composition in a cured state compared to the position of a selective reflection band exhibited by a composition in the cured state that does not contain the at least one salt. This abstract is neither intended to define the invention disclosed in this specification nor intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions comprising a peptide with 2-12 amino acids substituted with a lipophilic moiety and a water soluble salt of an alkali, earth alkaline metal or transition metal. Furthermore, the invention relates to a container comprising such compositions. Additionally, the invention relates to the use of a water soluble salt of an alkali, earth alkaline metal or transition metal for reducing the adhesion of a peptide with 2-12 amino acids substituted with a lipophilic moiety to a surface.

Abstract: Provided herein are processes for obtaining sylvinite and/or sylvite from sea water, sea bitterns and/or sea salts. The processes comprise reacting sea water, sea bitterns and/or sea salts with calcium hydroxide and/or calcium oxide.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for making pure salt comprises recapturing post-drilling flowback water from hydro-fracturing; removing oil from the flowback water; filtering the flowback water using an ultra filter with a pore size of about 0.1 microns or less to remove solid particulates and large organic molecules, such as benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene, from the water; concentrating the flowback water to produce a brine that contains from about 15 wt % to about 40 wt % of salt relative to the total weight of the flowback brine; performing one or more chemical precipitation process using an effective amount of reagents to precipitate out the desired high quality commercial products, such as, barium sulfate, strontium carbonate, calcium carbonate; and crystallizing the chemically treated and concentrated flowback brine to produce greater than 99.5% pure salt products, such as sodium and calcium chloride.

Abstract: The present invention relates to process to prepare a chlorine-containing compound using an aqueous salt solution containing at least 100 g/l of sodium chloride and a contaminating amount of polyvalent cations comprising the steps of (i) preparing an aqueous salt solution containing at least 100 g/l of sodium chloride and at least 0.01 ppm of polyvalent cations by dissolving a sodium chloride source in water, (ii) adding an effective amount of at least one positive retention enhancing component to the aqueous solution, (iii) subsequently subjecting the solution to a nanofiltration step, thereby separating the solution into a retentate which is enriched for polyvalent cations and a permeate which is the purified aqueous salt solution, (iv) reacting the chloride anions in the permeate to a chlorine-containing compound by an electrolysis step, and (v) recycling at least part of the retentate to dissolution step (i).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process to prepare salt comprising the following steps: (i) preparing an aqueous salt solution containing at least 100 g/l of sodium chloride and at least 0.01 ppm of polyvalent cations by dissolving a sodium chloride source in industrial water, (ii) adding an effective amount of at least one positive retention enhancing component to the aqueous salt solution, (iii) subsequently subjecting the solution to a nanofiltration step, thereby separating the solution into a retentate which is enriched for the polyvalent cations and a permeate which is the purified aqueous salt solution, and (iv) concentrating the permeate to produce salt.

Abstract: Provided is a three-dimensional modeling apparatus including a supply mechanism, a deposition area, a variable mechanism, a discharge mechanism, and a control means. The supply mechanism supplies a powder material. In the deposition area,, the supplied powder material is deposited. The variable mechanism varies a volume of the deposition area per a predetermined layer thickness, and thus the powder material is deposited per the predetermined layer thickness in the deposition area. The discharge mechanism discharges liquid for forming a three-dimensional object to the deposited powder material, the liquid being capable of hardening the powder material. The control means causes the discharge mechanism to discharge the liquid to the powder material, to thereby form a main body being an object being as a target to be modeled and a frame body being an object to be formed in a periphery of the main body, of the three-dimensional object.

Abstract: The present invention provides effective novel compositions and formulations for treating and/or preventing a hangover. The present invention also provides methods for treating and/or preventing a hangover comprising administering the compositions and/or formulations of the present invention.

Abstract: The invention pertains to removing soluble alkali metal or ammonium salt of a divalent anion from brine comprising following steps: obtaining brine with NaCl-concentration between 150g/L and saturation in the presence or absense of a cyrstal growth inhibitor for NaCl(GCI-NaCl),or with NaCl concentration above saturation in the presence of a CGI-NaCl, said brine optionally comprising a crystal growth inhibitor for the alkali metal or ammonium salt of the divalent anion(CGI-DA); if necessary, acidify the solution to pH<11.5; if the concentration of CGI-DA is less than 20 mg/L, adding CGI-DA to obtain at least 20 mg CGI-DA/L; subjecting the solution to a membrane filtration; if the concentration of CGI-DA in the concentration from the separation is less than 20 mg/L, adding CGI-DA to obtain at least 20 mg CGI-DA/L; crystalling the concentration; removing the crystallized alkali metal or ammonium salt of the divalent anion.

Abstract: A method for compacting powdery compositions wherein the composition is compacted down to a reduced volume and the composition is then maintained at constant volume until the solid compact product is obtained.

Abstract: To provide a method for producing polycrystalline silicon at relatively low cost, wherein the amount of waste generated is reduced by decreasing the amount of waste generated in producing polycrystalline silicon from silicon chloride by a method of reduction and increasing the amount of reused auxiliary raw materials. In the production of polycrystalline silicon using a gas phase reaction of a silicon chloride gas and a reducing agent gas, a chlorine gas is blown into an exhaust gas discharged from a reaction device to initiate a reaction, an unreacted reducing agent and silicon particles contained in the exhaust gas are chlorinated, and then a reducing agent chloride contained in the exhaust gas is separated from the other impurities and recovered.

Abstract: A method of separating potassium chloride and sodium chloride from a heated solution of these salts, such as a solution obtained from potash ore, to recover potassium chloride from the ore is disclosed. The method includes a combination of steps of (a) extracting water from a heated solution containing potassium chloride and sodium chloride using a membrane system and (b) subsequently cooling the solution discharged from the membrane system, whereby steps (a) and (b) make it possible to selectively recover potassium chloride and sodium chloride from the solution.

Abstract: A method for preparation of iodizing agent for the use in the formulation of iodized salt that offers excellent stability of iodine in iodized salt is developed and the unrefined salt iodized with this compound was tested for its stability in presence of moisture, temperature and metal salts at higher temperature. The hydrotalcite type layered compound was used to prepare such compound and part of carbonate was substituted with iodate anion. The iodizing agent exhibited excellent stability of iodine in iodized salt.

Abstract: The present invention provides spherical shaped crystals of common salt having size distribution in the range of 100-500 ?m and a process for preparation of the said salt. The above mentioned size range is relevant for many important edible and non-edible applications of salt. The salt is demonstrated to have superior flow properties compared to the cubic counterpart. The free flow property of the salt can be further enhanced through surface treatment with additive such as glycine. The salt is produced by cost-effective mechanical means and such production is amenable to scale up.

Abstract: A pretreatment agent for a sample to be subjected to Limulus assay comprising an alkali metal sulfate and/or an alkaline earth metal sulfate wherein the sulfate(s) has a final concentration of 20 mM or more when the sulfate(s) is allowed to contact with the sample, or an alkali metal halide and/or an alkaline earth metal halide wherein the halide(s) has a final concentration of from 0.4 M to 1.2 M or less when the halide(s) is allowed to contact with the sample, or a kit for Limulus assay reagent comprising thereof as a composing article.

Abstract: A method of producing metal chlorides is disclosed in which chlorine gas is introduced into liquid Cd. CdCl2 salt is floating on the liquid Cd and as more liquid CdCl2 is formed it separates from the liquid Cd metal and dissolves in the salt. The salt with the CdCl2 dissolved therein contacts a metal which reacts with CdCl2 to form a metal chloride, forming a mixture of metal chloride and CdCl2. After separation of bulk Cd from the salt, by gravitational means, the metal chloride is obtained by distillation which removes CdCl2 and any Cd dissolved in the metal chloride.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process to produce brine of improved purity wherein a salt source, contaminated with sulphate ions and alkaline (earth) metal ions, is dissolved in water in the presence of an effective amount of a retarding agent comprising at least one low and at least one high molecular weight retarding agent. Said retarding agent effectively reduces the level of the alkaline (earth) metal sulphate dissolved in the brine, particularly the amount of calcium and sulphate. Preferably, the combination of the low and high molecular weight retarding agents is synergetic in the reduction of dissolved alkaline-earth metal sulphate.

Abstract: Described is a process and a device for carrying out a reaction in liquid medium during which evolution of gas occurs. The process can be applied in particular to a reaction employing a peroxide such as hydrogen peroxide and, in particular, to the reduction of chlorine present in an aqueous effluent.

Abstract: A method for producing halide brine wherein an alkali and a reducing agent are added to an aqueous fluid having a density greater than 8.30 lb/gal., (0.996 kg/L) water, waste water or sea water for example. The resulting fluid is then contacted with a halogen to form a halide brine. The reaction occurs in a conventional reactor such as a mixing tank.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a novel integrated process for the recovery of sulphate of potash (SOP) from sulphate rich bittern. The process requires bittern and lime as raw materials. Kainite type mixed salt is obtained by fractional crystallization of the bittern, and is converted to schoenite which is subsequently reacted with muriate of potash (MOP) for its conversion to SOP. End liquor from kainite to schoenite conversion (SEL) is desulphated and supplemented with MgCl2 using end bittern generated in the process of making carnallite. Decomposed carnallite liquor produced is reacted with hydrated lime for preparing CaCl2 solution and high purity Mg(OH)2 having low boron content. It is shown that the liquid streams containing potash are recycled in the process, and the recovery of potash in the form of SOP is quantitative.

Abstract: This invention relates to methods and installations for producing ultra pure sodium chloride salt crystals primarily for use in saturating depleted brine resulting from the electrolytic decomposition of saturated brine in chlor alkali membrane cells for the production of chlorine, caustic soda and hydrogen. More particularly, this invention relates to the production of ultra pure sodium chloride salt crystals by processing primary treated brine by first acidifying the primary treated brine, then stripping the carbonic acid produced by acidification as carbon dioxide, and then returning the brine to a pH of about 6 or higher which is sufficient for processing it in evaporation equipment where the ultra pure salt crystals are produced.

Abstract: Silazanes and/or polysilazanes are prepared by ammonolysis reaction in liquid anhydrous ammonia by introducing at least one halosilane into the ammonia. In addition to the silazane and/or polysilazane, an ammonolysis by-product also results. A substantially more efficient process is disclosed for treating the by-product through the addition of a liquid, namely water, or a solution comprising a strong base, or an aqueous acid solution. The process may be employed for more efficient, economical recovery of ammonia from such waste stream solutions of ammonia halide, or acids thereof for use as recycle in the further production of silazanes and polysilazanes, and/or for producing a less hazardous, more readily disposable salt residue thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to recovery of industrial grade potassium chloride and low sodium edible salt from bittern as part of an integrated process. The process comprises, mixing low sulphate concentrated feed bittern (a by-product of salt industry) of density 31.5 to 32.5° Be (sp.gr. 1.277–1.289) with high density end bittern of density 36.5 to 37.5° Be? (sp.gr. 1.336–1.35), thereby producing low sodium carnallite, from which industrial grade potassium chloride is produced. The resultant bittern is evaporated in forced evaporation system, thereby producing crude carnallite, from which low sodium salt that would be beneficial to persons suffering from hypertension is produced. When sulphate-rich bittern is used, such bittern is desulphated with CaCl2 that is generated from carnallite decomposed liquor through reaction with lime, and wherein low B2O3-containing Mg(OH)2 is a by-product. The entire content of potassium in feed bittern is recovered in the process of the invention.

Abstract: A sodium-based dechlorinating agent is added to a flue gas; hydrogen chloride contained in this flue gas is removed as residue of dechlorination; the thus removed residue of dechlorination is dissolved by adding water; water-insoluble constituents are separated from the resulting aqueous solution; and after adjusting pH of the aqueous solution remaining after separation of the water-insoluble constituents, mercury, dioxin, and the like are removed and discharged. The sodium-based dechlorinating agent is mixed with a hydrophilic anti-caking agent, with an angle of repose of 40° or more, a dispersibility of less than 50, and a floodability index value of less than 90. This permits inhibition of occurrence of a pressure drop and leakage in the filter cloth of the dust collector.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an effective and efficient process for the treatment of an inorganic salt containing an organic material which can solve various problems with the prior art, i.e., process for purifying an inorganic salt containing an organic material to an extent such that it can be recovered and re-used from the standpoint of environmental protection and utilization of resources. An inorganic salt containing an organic material is granulated or subjected to chemical treatment (mixed with an alkali and/or oxidizing agent), and then subjected to heat treatment so that it is purified.

Abstract: A new process for recovery of Low Sodium Salt from bittern has been described in the present invention, the said process comprising desulphatation of bittern (by-product of salt industry), evaporation of bittern in solar pans and processing of solid mixture with water to produce a mixture of sodium and potassium chlorides and optionally preparing “free flowing” and iodized, by known techniques.

Abstract: Snow and ice-melting granules prepared from compacted blends of salts of alkali and/or alkaline earth metals and a method for preparing such granules, are provided. The inventive granules have improved mechanical properties and, as such, are not readily reduced to a powder when subjected to mechanical loadings during transit and storage. In a preferred embodiment, the inventive granules employ one or more corrosion inhibitors homogeneously distributed throughout the granules.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process to produce brine of improved purity by dissolving salt that contains a calcium sulfate source in water, in the presence of a retarding agent, while using one or more co-retardants to bind contaminants that could interfere with the retarding agents.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for removing BHP contaminants (alkali hydroxide and H2O2) from a recycled aqueous alkali chloride solution stream before the stream is fed to a chloralkali cell so that the contaminants do not impair the operation of a chloralkali cell. Unwanted alkali hydroxide within the recycled alkali chloride brine solution is reacted with chlorine gas and converted into an alkali chloride, which is useful in the operation of the chloralkali cell, and oxygen gas, which is outgassed from the system. Any H2O2 remaining in the recycled stream after elimination of the alkali hydroxide is reacted with chlorine to form HCl and oxygen gas. The HCl raises the pH of the brine solution, after which the pH may be adjusted by the addition of supplemental alkali hydroxide.

Abstract: This invention relates to methods and installations for producing ultra pure sodium chloride salt crystals primarily for use in saturating depleted brine resulting from the electrolytic decomposition of saturated brine in chlor alkali membrane cells for the production of chlorine, caustic soda and hydrogen. More particularly, this invention relates to the production of ultra pure sodium chloride salt crystals by processing primary treated brine by first acidifying the primary treated brine, then stripping the carbonic acid produced by acidification as carbon dioxide, and then returning the brine to a pH of about 6 or higher which is sufficient for processing it in evaporation equipment where the ultra pure salt crystals are produced.

Abstract: Process for the production of sodium chloride crystals from a sodium chloride brine contaminated by potassium chloride and sulphate ions, according to which a calcium compound (32) is added to the brine (48) to crystallize glauberite (35), which is isolated, the resulting aqueous solution (36) is subjected to evaporation to crystallize sodium chloride (40), which is collected, and the aqueous mother liquor (41) from the crystallization of the sodium chloride is subjected to cooling (42) to crystallize glaserite (45).

Abstract: A method of making a cesium salt is described and involves reacting a cesium sulfate containing solution with lime to form 1) a solution containing at least cesium hydroxide and 2) a residue comprising calcium sulfate. The method further involves removing the residue from the solution and converting the cesium hydroxide that is present in the solution to at least one type of cesium salt. The present invention further relates to uses of the cesium salt as well as methods of making cesium hydroxide using lime. Also, methods of making alkali metal salts and alkali metal hydroxides are also described.