Abstract: A lithium transition metal composite oxide for use as a positive active material capable of composing a lithium secondary battery of which the internal resistance does not increase greatly even after stored in a charged state for a long period of time, and a method for readily producing such a lithium transition metal composite oxide. The lithium transition metal composite oxide is composed of a transition metal containing at least one selected from the group consisting of Co, Ni and Mn as a main composition element. The composition of a surface layer of each particle of the lithium transition metal composite oxide is made different from that of an inside of each particle. In one example, the ratio of lithium in the composition of the surface layer of each particle is made greater than that in the average composition of each particle. With the method for producing the lithium transition metal composite oxide, specific raw materials are mixed and fired in two stages.

Abstract: The present invention relates to secondary lithium batteries which include inorganic compound for the negative electrode and a cathode compound for the positive electrode which comprises Li2Mn2−xMexO4−zFz wherein 0≦X≦0.5 and can be optimized to match the irreversible capacity loss associated with a chosen inorganic negative electrode; 0≦Z≦0.5; and Me is selected from the group consisting of Al, Cr, Zn, Co, Ni, Li, Mg, Fe, Cu, Ti, Si or combinations thereof. In addition, the present invention relates to rechargeable plastic lithium ion batteries having a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator element arranged between the electrodes, wherein the positive electrode includes an intercalation compound of Li2Mn2−xMexO4−zFz as set forth above and the negative electrode includes an active inorganic compound.

Abstract: A manganese based catalyst for use in a metal-air electrochemical cell wherein the catalyst is made by a micelle process and a method of producing the catalyst. An electrode comprising said catalyst and method of producing the electrode. The micelle encapsulation process creates catalyst particles that are submicron and easily distributed throughout the active layer of the electrode.

Abstract: A manganese oxide which has a calcium or/and magnesium content of 0.01 to 2.50 mol % based on the moles of manganese, a lithium manganese complex oxide using the manganese oxide, and a cobalt-coated lithium manganese complex oxide are disclosed. These provide a particularly high discharge capacity and are useful for the improvement of cycle characteristics of a secondary battery as an active material of a positive electrode for a secondary battery with a nonaqueous electrolyte.

Abstract: A cathode material for a lithium secondary battery having a high capacity, an excellent cycle property, and an excellent thermal stability. The cathode material for the lithium secondary battery is a layered compound having a general formula: LixNi1-a-b-c-dCOaM1bM2cM3dO2, wherein M1, M2, M3 are selected from Ti, Mg, B and Al and wherein the characters x, a, b, c and d respectively satisfy 1.0≦x≦1.2; 0.3≦a≦0.3; 0.005≦b≦0.1; 0.005≦c≦0.1; 0.005≦d≦0.1; and 0.115≦a+b+c+d≦0.

Abstract: A cathode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary cell of the present invention, has a c-axis length of lattice constant of 14.080 to 14.160 Å, an average particle size of 0.1 to 5.

Abstract: The present invention includes lithium manganese oxide spinel compounds having a low porosity, a high tap density and a high pellet density, and methods of preparing these compounds. In particular, the method comprises preparing a lithium manganese oxide with a spinel structure and having the formula: wherein: Li 1 + X ⁢ Mn 2 - Y ⁢ M m 1 1 ⁢ M m 2 2 ⁢ … ⁢   ⁢ M m k k ⁢ O 4 + Z M1, M2, . . . Mk are cations different than lithium or manganese selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth metals, transition metals, B, Al, Si, Ga and Ge; X, Y, m1, m2, . . . mk, each have a value between 0 and 0.2; Z has a value between −0.1 and 0.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a Li—Mn oxide for use in a lithium secondary battery positive electrode, is provided, in which a proper amount of glycine is dissolved in a solution where lithium and manganese are dissolved in a nitric acid solution, the solution is dried and thermally treated after removing an organic matter with a auto-ignition method, to thereby produce a Li—Mn oxide powder which can provide an optimal battery performance. The positive electrode powders for lithium secondary battery has a considerably short thermal treatment time in comparison with a conventional solid state reaction method, to thereby provide a very inexpensive processing cost, and a battery having a high charge/discharge capacity and a long lifetime even in a high current condition since particles of the powders are very fine.

Abstract: The invention provides a spinel-type lithium manganese complex oxide for use as a cathode active material of a lithium secondary battery, which is characterized in that said spinel-type lithium manganese complex oxide has an average particle diameter between about 1 and 5 micrometers and a specific surface area between about 2 and 10 m2/g. The invention also provides a process for producing the spinel-type lithium manganese complex oxide comprises the steps of l)atomizing and pyrolyzing an aqueous or alcohol solution of compounds containing metallic salts constituting a spinel-type lithium manganese complex oxide to obtain said complex oxide, and 2) annealing said spinel-type lithium manganese complex oxide to increase the average particle diameter thereof to between about 1 and 5 micrometers and adjust the specific surface area thereof to between about 2 and 10 m2/g.

Abstract: A process for producing lithium manganate, comprising pulverizing electrodeposited manganese dioxide by causing particles of electrodeposited manganese dioxide to collide with each other to produce a pulverized material, screening the pulverized material to an average particle size of 3 to 20 &mgr;m thereby to produce a screened material, mixing the screened material with the lithium raw material to form a mixture, and firing the mixture to produce lithium manganate. During screening, electrolytic manganese dioxide having an average particle size smaller than 3 &mgr;m is removed from the screened material.

Abstract: The invention relates to an improved method for preparing a lithiated manganese dioxide having a stabilized &ggr;-MnO2-type crystal structure whereby an essentially dry mixture of manganese dioxide and a lithium salt is subjected to a mechanical activation process in the presence of milling media. The mechanical activation process serves to promote partial ion-exchange of protons present in the manganese dioxide crystal lattice and on the surface of the manganese dioxide particles by lithium cations. The formed lithium ion-exchanged intermediate product is heat-treated to form a lithiated manganese dioxide product having a &ggr;-MnO2-type crystal structure that can be advantageously included in the cathode of a lithium primary electrochemical cell.

Abstract: A spinel type lithium manganese complex oxide consists essentially of Li, Mn and O, and is represented by a general formula LixMn2Oy, where x satisfies x≧1.04 and y is in the ranges satisfying the following inequarities y≧0.667x+3.333 y≦1.333x+2.667 y<0.333x+3.783.

Abstract: There can be provided a positive electrode active material for a secondary battery which is excellent in the charging and discharging cycle characteristics so that it retains high battery capacity that is comparable to the hitherto known LiNiO2 even by increasing the number of cycle, which has an improved cycle property (stability) at high temperature and which is a complex oxide represented by the general formula (I) LiyNi1−xCox1Mx2O2  (I) (wherein M represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al, Fe, Mn and B, y represents 0.9≦y≦1.3, x represents 0<x≦0.5, x1 represents 0<x1<0.5, x1+x2 x, when M is at least one element of Al, Fe and Mn, x2 represents 0<x2≦0.3, when M is B, x2 is 0<x2≦0.1, when M is the combination of B and at least one element of Al, Fe and Mn, x2 represents 0<x2<0.3 but the ratio occupied by B therein is in a range of from 0 to 0.1).

Abstract: Disclosed is active material for a positive electrode used in lithium secondary batteries of Formula 1 below and a method manufacturing the same, a surface of the active material being coated with metal oxide. The method includes the steps of producing a crystalline powder or a semi-crystalline powder of Formula 1; coating the crystalline powder or the semi-crystalline powder with metal alkoxide sol; and heat-treating the powder coated with the metal alkoxide sol.

Abstract: LDH-osmate of the formula [MII(1−x)MIIIx(OH)2][OsO42−]x/2.zH2O wherein MII is a divalent cation selected from the group consisting of Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ and Ca2+ and MIII is a trivalent ion selected from the group consisting of Al3+, Cr3+, Mn3+, Fe3+ and Co3+, and x is the mole fraction having integral value ranging from 0.2 to 0.33, and z is the number of water molecules and ranges from 1 to 4, useful as, a catalyst, and a process for the preparation thereof and use thereof to manufacture vicinal diols.

Abstract: A process of preparation capable of easily preparing cathode materials having a homogeneous composition in a good mass productivity, a cathode material obtained by this process, and a secondary lithium ion battery using the cathode material. Aqueous solutions of each of a lithium salt, a transition metal salt, and a complexing agent are prepared and mixed in a stoichiometric ratio of a cathode material, and therefrom water is removed by spray-drying to give a precursor which is then sintered. High performance secondary lithium ion batteries are obtained by using the obtained cathode material in the positive electrode.

Abstract: Electrolytic manganese dioxide is pulverized. The manganese dioxide power is neutralized with sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate to a pH of 2 or higher. The neutralized electrolytic manganese dioxide powder is mixed with a lithium raw material and the mixture is fired.

Abstract: A lithium-manganese oxide for use in a lithium secondary cell cathode, having a spinel structure expressed by a chemical compositional formula of LixMn2O4-zFz (1.12≦X≦1.20, 0<Z<0.16) and having a lattice constant ranging from 8.220 to 8.230 Å, the lithium-manganese oxide including electrolytic or chemically synthesized manganese dioxide, lithium salt, and fluoride.

Abstract: Perovskite-type catalyst consists essentially of a metal oxide composition is provided. The metal oxide composition is represented by the general formula Aa-xBxMOb, in which A is a mixture of elements originally in the form of single phase mixed lanthanides collected from bastnasite; B is a divalent or monovalent cation; M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of elements of an atomic number of from 23 to 30, 40 to 51, and 73 to 80; a is 1 or 2; b is 3 when a is 1 or b is 4 when a is 2; and x is a number defined by 0≦x<0.5. Methods of making and using the perovskite-type catalysts are also provided. The perovskite-type catalyst may be used to make a catalytic converter. Methods of making a catalytic converter are also provided.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electrolyte cell having improved cyclic characteristics at elevated temperatures. The non-aqueous electrolyte cell includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a non-aqueous electrolyte. The positive electrode contains, as a positive electrode active material, a lithium transition metal composite oxide represented by the general formula LiCoxAyBzO2 where A denotes at least one selected from the group consisting of Al, Cr, V, Mn and Fe, B denotes at least one selected from the group consisting of Mg and Ca and x, y and z are such that 0.9≦x<1, 0.001≦y≦0.05 and 0.001≦z≦0.05.

Abstract: A spinel oxide, Li4Mn5O12, is synthesized by a solution phase oxidation reaction of Mn2+ with lithium peroxide in the presence of excess lithium hydroxide, followed by firing at T≦500° C. This material may be useful as a cathode for rechargeable lithium batteries. Samples fired at 400° C. and 500° C. show an initial capacity of, respectively, 160 mAh/g and 153 mAh/g, in the voltage range 3.3-2.3 V. These capacities are close to the theoretical value. The sample fired at 500° C. shows excellent cyclability with <2% capacity decline over 40 cycles.

Abstract: The present invention includes lithium manganese oxide compounds of the formula: LiMn1−x[A]xO2 wherein 0<x<0.5, [A] is a combination of two or more dopants, and the average oxidation state N of the dopant combination [A] is +2.8≦N≦+3.2. The present invention also includes lithium and lithium-ion secondary batteries that use these lithium manganese oxide compounds as the positive electrode material. Moreover, the present invention includes methods of preparing these lithium manganese oxide compounds.

Abstract: Thermostable metal oxide catalysts of the general formula ABMO3−&dgr;, having a perovskite crystal structure and the process of making the same. A, B and M are metal cations. M acts as a doping of site B in an amount of about 0.01 to about 0.30. Cations A, B and M are so chosen as to assure a depletion in oxygen represented by &dgr; of at least 0.02. The catalysts according to the present invention show good catalytic properties even at temperatures above 1300 ° C.

Abstract: A process for producing a lithium manganese oxide with a spinel structure for use as a cathode material of an organic electrolyte lithium ion secondary battery, which comprises: mixing at least one lithium compound selected from the group consisting of lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate with manganese dioxide in a solvent consisting essentially of water or an aliphatic lower alcohol having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms or a mixture thereof, optionally in the presence of at least one organic acid selected from the group consisting of formic acid and acetic acid; allowing the resultant mixture to form a gel-like mixture; and drying the gel-like mixture as required; and calcining the resulting product.

Abstract: The invention provides a lithium manganese oxide spinel suited as a cathode active material for lithium ion secondary batteries showing excellent high-temperature cycling behavior.

Abstract: Positive electrode-active materials for use in lithium-ion and lithium-ion polymer batteries contain quaternary composite oxides of manganese, nickel, cobalt and aluminum where one of the four is present at levels of over 70 mol percent. The composite oxides can be lithiated to form positive electrode-active materials that are stable over at least ten charge/discharge cycles at voltage levels over 4.8 volts, and have capacities of over 200 mAh/g. Methods for producing the materials and electrochemical cells and batteries that include the materials are also provided.

Abstract: A cathode electroactive material is disclosed, comprising a compound oxide having a spinel structure. The compound oxide comprises lithium, manganese and oxygen and has an atomic ratio of lithium to manganese of Li/Mn=0.48 to 0.55, a true density of 4.05 g/cm3 or more and a lattice constant of 8.240 Å or less. The compound oxide is obtained by mixing a lithium compound with manganese carbonate having a specific surface area of 10 m2/g or more, then reacting the mixture at a temperature of from 350 to 680° C. for at least one hour, and heat-treating the resulting spinel structure compound oxide at a temperature of from 730 to 900° C. Also disclosed is a nonaqueous secondary battery comprising the cathode electroactive material.

Abstract: In a method of producing a positive active material for a lithium battery, a compound represented by the chemical formula HxLiyMO2 in a solution containing lithium ions is chemically oxidized, where 0≦x≦2, 0≦y≦2, 1<(x+y)≦2, and M is one or two kinds of transition metals selected from Co and Ni.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a lithium manganate useful as an active material of positive electrodes for lithium batteries, and a process for producing the same, a positive electrode which uses the same as an active material of positive electrode, and a lithium battery. The lithium manganate of the present invention has a cubic particle form and contains voids in the particles, and therefore lithium batteries using it as an active material of positive electrodes provides a high initial discharge capacity of at least 95 mAh/g and, besides, are excellent in cycle characteristics.

Abstract: A cathode electroactive material is disclosed, comprising a compound oxide having a spinel structure. The compound oxide comprises lithium, manganese and oxygen and has an atomic ratio of lithium to manganese of Li/Mn=0.48 to 0.55, a true density of 4.05 g/cm3 or more and a lattice constant of 8.240 Å or less. The compound oxide is obtained by mixing a lithium compound with manganese carbonate having a specific surface area of 10 m2/g or more, then reacting the mixture at a temperature of from 350 to 680° C. for at least one hour, and heat-treating the resulting spinel structure compound oxide at a temperature of from 730 to 900° C. Also disclosed is a nonaqueous secondary battery comprising the cathode electroactive material.

Abstract: A method for synthesizing a manganese oxyiodide, including the steps of reducing sodium permanganate by lithium iodide at ambient temperature to obtain the manganese oxyiodide, and annealing the manganese oxyiodide at an elevated temperature. Such a manganese oxyiodide may be used for energy conversion and storage, particularly for battery and supercapacitor applications.

Abstract: A process for preparing a spinel lithium manganese complex oxide having the general formula LixMn2−yAlyO4 (wherein 0.9≦x≦1.1, and 0.002≦y≦0.5) the process comprising the steps of reacting a manganese complex hydroxide represented by the general formula (IIa) Mn2+(1−a)Al3+a(OH)[2+a−nz](An−)2·mH2O (wherein An− is an anion having a valence n, 0.001≦a≦0.25, 0.03<z<0.3 and 0<m) with a water-soluble lithium compound in a molar ratio of Li/(Mn+Al) of 0.45˜0.55 in an aqueous medium to obtain a slurry, spray- or freeze-drying the obtained slurry, and heating the resultant dry material at a temperature of 600˜900° C.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of spinel type manganese oxide for a lithium ion secondary cell, includes pre-firing a mixture of lithium salt including lithium carbonate, manganese oxide, and heterogeneous metal, firing the mixture at 900 to 1200° C. to form a raw material, adding in the raw material at least one of crystal growth accelerators selected from the group consisting of lithium hydroxide, lithium sulfide and a mixture thereof, and firing the resulting compound at 750 to 850° C. to form an excess lithium heterogeneous metal-doped spinel compound having a BET specific surface area of 0.5 m2/g or less.

Abstract: The invention relates to lithium mixed oxide particles coated with one or more layers of alkali metals and metal oxides for improving the properties of electrochemical cells.

Abstract: A small amount of an absorber mixture comprising activated aluminum oxide and potassium permanganate deodorizes the space within closed, gastight packs, in particular the space within packs of the type in which objects or materials which comprise polyacetal or otherwise release formaldehyde are present. Deodorization here is the removal (i.e. elimination or absorption) of volatile constituents emerging from plastic moldings or from plastic materials, in particular cleavage products, such as formaldehyde. The process is particularly suitable for the packaging of moldings or of assemblies which are to be used in the medical sector, in the food and drink sector or in any other sector affecting health.

Abstract: One of the most important subject of the present invention is to provide a new lithium manganese composite oxide which does not include the cobalt which is few as the resource and expensive. For the above purpose, a lithium manganese composite oxide for a lithium secondary battery cathode active material represented by a composition formula of Li1−x Ax MnO2 (A is an alkali metal except for Li:0<x<1) and having a layered structure with a rock salt type ordered cations is adopted. According to the lithium manganese composite oxide, the crystal structure is stabilized since the lithium site of the layered structure LiMnO2 is replaced by the atom of alkali metal element having larger ionic diameter than the lithium ion. Accordingly, not only large discharge capacity is maintained but the cycle characteristic is excellent. In addition, since the lithium manganese composite oxide does not include the cobalt, it can be manufactured in low cost.

Abstract: A layered structure manganese dioxide (MnO2) of which oxide lattices are in the pattern of pseudo-hexagonal close packing ( . . . AABB . . . ) and has hexagonal P63/mmc space group or orthorhombic Cmcm space group. The present invention also provides a process for producing said layered structure manganese dioxide (MnO2) which comprises heat treating a mixture of an alkali metal compound and a manganese compound at a high temperature. During the process, bismuth compounds or lead compounds may be added in order to stabilize the layered crystal structure of MnO2, or lithium compounds may be added in order to improve the reversibility of charge and discharge. The layered structure MnO2 is suitable for use as a cathode material in lithium rechargeable cells, since it does not transform into a spinel phase during charge and discharge cycling, thus having an excellent charging and discharging reversibility.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of ternary lithium spinels, and to ternary lithium spinels of the general formula LiaMebMn2−bOc. The invention is achieved in accordance with the invention by a process which comprises dissolving a manganese salt in water, adding an oxidant, adding the mixture to an aqueous lithium hydroxide solution containing from 0.1 to 1 % by weight, based on the content of LiOH employed, of seed crystals selected from the group consisting of activated carbon, Aerosil and spine, and separating off, washing and heating the precipitate.

Abstract: The present invention includes lithium manganese oxide spinel compounds having a low porosity, a high tap density and a high pellet density, and methods of preparing these compounds.

Abstract: A process for producing positive electrode active material includes feeding an aqueous nickel salt solution, aqueous solutions of different kinds of metals, aqueous solution containing ammonium ions and aqueous alkali solution each independently and simultaneously into a reaction vessel such that the amount of alkali metal is 1.9-2.3 moles relative to 1 mole of the total amount of nickel and different kinds of metals and the amount of ammonium ions is 2 moles or more relative to 1 mole of the total amount of nickel and different kinds of metals, the pH in the vessel is 11-13, the temperature in the vessel is 30-60° C. and the average residence time is 20-50 hours.

Abstract: A method of preparing a highly homogenous spinel Li1+XMn2−XO4+Y intercalation compound having a predetermined mean particle size and particle size distribution for 4 V secondary lithium and lithium ion cells is provided. The method comprises mixing at least one manganese compound having a predetermined particle size distribution with at least one lithium compound wherein the manganese compound has a mean particle size of between about 1 and 15 microns and the mean particle size of the lithium compound is less than that of the manganese compound The mixture is then fired in one or more firing steps within specific temperature ranges to form the Li1+XMn2−XO4+Y intercalation compound. Preferably, at least one firing step is at a temperature of between about 700° C. and 900° C.

Abstract: The present invention provides a cathode electroactive material comprising a composite oxide comprising &bgr;-MnO2 and a spinel oxide predominantly comprising lithium, manganese, and oxygen.

Abstract: There can be provided a positive electrode active material for a secondary battry which is excellent in the charging and discharging cycle characteristics so that it retains high battery capacity that is comparable to the hitherto known LiNiO2 even by increasing the number of cycle, which has an improved cycle property (stability) at high temperature and which is a complex oxide represented by the general formula (I)

Abstract: The present invention includes lithium manganese oxide spinel compounds having a low porosity, a high tap density and a high pellet density, and methods of preparing these compounds. In particular, the method comprises preparing a lithium manganese oxide with a spinel structure and having the formula: wherein: Li1+XMn2−YM1m1M2m2 . . . MkmkO4+Z M1, M2, . . . Mk are cations different than lithium or manganese selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth metals, transition metals, B, Al, Si, Ga and Ge; X, Y, m1, m2, . . . , mk, each have a value between 0 and 0.2; Z has a value between −0.1 and 0.2; and X, Y, m1, m2, . . . mk are selected to satisfy the equation: Y=X+m1+m2+ . . . +mk.

Abstract: The invention provides catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation of lower alkanes, said catalysts being suitable for use in vapor phase oxidative dehydrogenation of C2-C5 lower alkanes in the presence of molecular oxygen to produce corresponding olefins and characterized by having a composition expressed by a general formula (I) below:

Abstract: A metal hydroxide solid solution and a metal oxide solid solution, wherein the crystal form is an octahedron comprising upper and lower parallel basal planes and six peripheral pyramidal planes, the pyramidal planes consisting of upward-inclined planes and downward-inclined planes which are alternatively located. The ratio of the major axis diameter of the basal plane to the thickness between the upper and lower basal planes (major axis diameter/thickness) if 1 to 9. This improves fluidity, processability and the like when the solid solutions are kneaded into resins and the like.

Abstract: The present invention provides a slurry composition for chemical mechanical polishing comprising spinel particles having the formula AO•xZ2O3 wherein A is at least one divalent cation, Z is at least one trivalent cation, and 0.01≦x≦100. The present invention also includes a method of chemical mechanical polishing the surface of a substrate using slurry compositions that include these spinel particles. The slurry compositions of the present invention provide the desired level of planarization and selectivity for both metal and oxide surfaces. In addition, the slurry compositions of the invention can be prepared such that they are substantially free of alpha phase alumina particles and other high hardness particles to produce a scratch-free polished surface.

Abstract: A ferroelectric material having a basic structure of ReMnO3, said ferroelectric material comprises Re and Mn one of which is contained in excess of the other to a limit of 20 at. % or the ferroelectric material is further added with a 4-valence element. Also, a method of forming a ferroelectric material, comprises decreasing an oxygen partial pressure within a growth reactor such as a vacuum deposition reactor, and forming a film on a film-forming surface of a substrate (4) while blowing an oxidizing source thereto. This structure provides a ferroelectric material low in leak current and improved in ferroelectric characteristics. Where using the material for a semiconductor memory device, its characteristics can be improved.

Abstract: A novel layered material for use in electrochemical cells is provided, together with a method for producing the layered material, and a cell having the layered material as the positive electrode. The material is of the form QqMnyMzO2, where Q and M are each any element, y is any number greater than zero, and q and z are each any number greater than or equal to zero, and the material has a layered structure. Methods of preparing the manganese oxide material are provided, using an ion exchange reaction or an ion removal reaction. Use of the material in an electrochemical cell is demonstrated.

Abstract: The invention is a process which provides a high purity lithiated manganese oxide (Li1+xMn2−yO4) from chemically made MnO2. The lithiated manganese oxide has an especially effective utility for use as a cathodic material in rechargeable batteries. The process of the invention includes blending a lithium compound with a chemically made manganese dioxide to form a manganese dioxide/lithium compound blend. The lithium compound in the blend is at least about one mole of lithium for every mole of manganese dioxide. The manganese dioxide and lithium compound in the blend undergo an ion exchange reaction to provide an ion replaced product where lithium ions have replaced sodium and potassium ions in the MnO2 to form an ion replaced product. Thereafter, the ion replaced product is heated or calcined to provide the lithiated manganese oxide.