Abstract: Structural components that are subject to high stresses, especially caused by wear, can be protected by coating them with a hard material. For metal-cutting tools it is for example known that their wear resistance can be improved by coating them with a hard material. Different thermal expansion coefficients of the substrate material and the coating material and different layer materials in a multilayer coating may produce great stresses. The stress increases as the thickness of the coating increases, thereby increasing the danger of the coating chipping off. In order to solve this problem, the invention proposes an intermediate layer (5) to be interposed between at least two layers (4, 9) of the coating (3), said intermediate layer mainly or exclusively consisting of a material component (6, 8) of an element of the fourth to eighth subgroup of the fourth and fifth period of the periodic system.

Abstract: There is provided a method for depositing a modified MCrAlY coating on a surface of a gas turbine engine component. The method includes cold gas dynamic spraying techniques to provide a metallurgical bond between a substrate, such as a superalloy substrate, and the modified MCrAlY composition. The method further includes post deposition heat treatments including hot isostatic pressing. The modified MCrAlY composition includes one or more elements of Pt, Hf, Si, Zr, Ta, Re, Ru, Nb, B, and C, which improves the corrosion and environmental resistance of the coated component.

Abstract: The inventors has been anticipated that there is no problem in employing electron gun deposition as a method of forming a metallic layer on the EL layer because the TFT is disposed below the ET layer in the active matrix light-emitting device. However, since the TFT is extremely sensitive to ionized evaporated particles, the secondary electron, the reflecting electron, and so on generated by the electron gun, little damage was observed on the EL layer, but significant damages were found on the TFT when electron gun deposition is employed. The invention provides an active matrix light-emitting device having superior TFT characteristics (ON current, OFF current, Vth, S-value, and so on), in which an organic compound layer and a metallic layer (cathode or anode) are formed by means of resistive heating having least influence to the TFT.

Abstract: A process for protecting a thermal barrier coating (TBC) on a component used in a high-temperature environment, such as the hot section of a gas turbine engine. The process applies a protective film on the surface of the TBC to resist infiltration of contaminants such as CMAS that can melt and infiltrate the TBC to cause spallation. The process generally entails applying to the TBC surface a metal composition containing at least one metal whose oxide resists infiltration of CMAS into the TBC. The metal composition is applied so as to form a metal film on the TBC surface and optionally to infiltrate porosity within the TBC beneath its surface. The metal composition is then converted to form an oxide film, with at least a portion of the oxide film forming a surface deposit on the TBC surface.

Abstract: The invention relates to a multilayered PVD effect pigment in which the PVD effect pigment comprises the following layer sequence: (a) a dielectric layer having a geometrical thickness of from 25 nm to not more than 180 nm, (b) a metallic absorptive layer having a geometrical thickness of not more than 35 nm, (c) a dielectric layer having a geometrical thickness of from 25 nm to not more than 180 nm, wherein the layers adjoin each other directly and the dielectric layers (a) and (c) are the same or different. The invention also relates to methods for the manufacture of said multilayered effect pigment and to the use of the multilayered effect pigment.

Abstract: The invention provides a gas barrier film having a support including a hydrophilic surface or a non-ionic hydrophobic surface on which a graft polymer chain having a polar group is present, and an inorganic thin film formed on the surface.

Abstract: We disclose methods of sorting or separating mixtures of living cells (e.g., eukaryotic, prokaryotic, mammalian, pathogenic, bacterial, viral, etc.). We perform our methods by activating cell-selective photophoric labels, which photosensitize and chemically reduce a photosensitive metal compound to form metal grains, particles or crystals. The metal adheres to the cells and forms the basis for sorting or separating different cell types. Photophoric labels may include chemiluminescent agents such as peroxidase enzymes activated with peroxidase substrates capable of luminescence. Photosensitive metal compounds may be present in a light-sensitive matrix or emulsion containing photosensitizable metal compounds, which form metal grains, particles or crystals upon exposure to a developer solution. Developer solutions are formulated to substantially allow living cells to remain viable after exposure to the developing solution.

Abstract: A method of producing an anti-reflection film includes forming a first layer on a transparent substrate, forming a second layer on the first layer, and forming the third layer on the second layer. When an optical admittance Y at a surface of the second layer is represented by, Y = H E = ( x + iy ) where i is the imaginary number unit, thicknesses and reflective indexes of the substrate, first layer, second layer, and third layer are selected so that x and y satisfy the following formula, 0.9x{(n2?n02)/2n0}2<{x?(n2+n02)/2n0}2+y2<1.1x{(n2?n02)/2n0}2 where n is a refractive index of the third layer and n0 is a refractive index of an outer region at an outside of the anti-reflection film.

Abstract: A process for the treatment or pretreatment of containers made of aluminum, aluminum-containing alloys, magnesium-containing alloys, iron-containing materials such as steel, coated iron-containing materials such as galvanized steel, or aluminum alloys, tinplate, brass or bronze, in particular the treatment or pretreatment of bags, tubs, bottles, cans, canisters, casks or tubes, wherein the process steps for the treatment or pretreatment take place at the same time as the application of the lubricant, with the agent used for the pretreatment or treatment, which also contains or is a lubricant, not essentially consisting of titanium or zirconium with fluoride and polymer, the lubricant possibly being formed first in the agent for the pretreatment or treatment or in the formation of the coating produced therefrom.

Abstract: A new kinetic spray process is disclosed that enables one to secure a plurality of ceramic elements together quickly without the need for glues or other adhesives. The process finds special utilization in the formation of non-thermal plasma reactors wherein the kinetic spray process can be used to simultaneously secure the ceramic elements together and to form electrical connections between like electrodes in the non-thermal plasma reactor.

Abstract: Workpiece with at least one functional face and a layer system deposited on at least a portion of the functional face as well as a structure pattern, which encompasses at least a portion of the layer system and which is comprised of at least one three dimensional micro structure (5) with structure depth S, characterized in that the deposited layer system is deposited with PVD, CVD or combined PCD/CVD processes, and the three dimensional micro structure (5) extends from the surface of the layer system (4) up into the workpiece, such that the latter is uncoated in a lower region of the micro structure (5).

Abstract: A nonvolatile variable resistance memory device may include a lower electrode; a stacked structure including a first Cu compound layer disposed on the lower electrode, and a second Cu compound layer disposed on the first Cu compound layer; and an upper electrode disposed on the second Cu compound layer.

Abstract: A method of plating a substrate including coating a substrate surface, laser-treating a region of the coated surface, and plating the region.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for thermal barrier coatings are provided. The thermal barrier coating system includes a bond coat, a first thermal barrier coating comprising a thermal conductivity, kA having a first value, and a second thermal barrier coating including a thermal conductivity, kB having a second value wherein the second value is different than the first value.

Abstract: The present invention provides a hybrid material comprised of an active component for raw materials for cosmetics and a layered metal hydroxide, showing good stability, low toxicity, low irritation, good sustained release and good dispersibility. The present invention provides a method for preparing the hybrid material, using the coprecipitation method, the ion-exchange method or the adsorption method, depending on properties of the active component for raw materials for cosmetics. The method may further comprise a step of coating the surface of the hybrid material after preparation of the hybrid material. The present invention provides cosmectics comprising the above hybrid material.

Abstract: A method of forming a metal fine particle pattern including forming a polymerization initiation layer on a support, wherein a polymer which has, in its side chain, a cross-linking group and a functional group having the ability to initiate polymerization is fixed by a cross-linking reaction, forming a graft polymer region in a pattern on the surface of the polymerization initiation layer, wherein the graft polymer layer has the ability to contain a metal ion or a metal salt, adding a metal ion or a metal salt to the graft polymer layer, and thereafter reducing the metal ion or a metal ion in the metal salt to form a metal fine particle dispersion region; and a method of forming an electroconductive pattern using the method of forming a metal fine particle pattern.

Abstract: Multi-layer films particularly suited for packaging applications, including a core layer, a seal layer located on one side of the core layer, the seal layer comprising a polyolefin polymer and a silicone gum and a metallized layer located on the opposite side of the core layer from the seal layer are provided. Optionally, the multi-layer film may have a first tie layer located intermediate the core layer and the seal layer and/or a second tie layer located intermediate the core layer and the metallized layer. Embodiments may have the desirable combination of improved metal adhesion and slip properties.

Abstract: Techniques for depositing metallic films using ion implantation surface modification for catalysis of electroless deposition are disclosed. In one particular exemplary embodiment, the techniques may be realized as a method for depositing a metallic film. The method may comprise depositing a catalyzing material on a structure, wherein the structure comprises a substrate, a dielectric layer on the substrate, and a resist layer on the dielectric layer, wherein the dielectric layer and the resist layer have one or more openings. The method may also comprise stripping the resist layer. The method may further comprise depositing a metallic film on the catalyzing material in the one or more openings of the structure to fill the one or more openings.

Abstract: A multilayered film of the present invention includes a hard film provided on a substrate and including a compound of essential metal components, Al and Ti, with C, N, B, or O, and an intermediate layer formed between the substrate and the hard film, the intermediate layer including at least one selected from the group consisting of a metal, an alloy, and a compound of the metal or the alloy, and having an oxidation temperature lower than that of the hard film. The multilayered film further includes an oxide-containing layer formed by oxidizing the hard film, and an alumina film formed on the surface of the oxide-containing layer. The multilayered film of the present invention has excellent adhesion to the substrate, excellent heat resistance, and excellent oxidation resistance when being exposed to a substrate temperature of 700° C. or more and an oxidizing atmosphere.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cutting tool insert for side and face milling of rolled low alloyed steel at low and at moderate cutting speeds comprising a cemented carbide body and a coating and a method for making same. The cemented carbide body comprises WC, from about 7.3 to about 7.9 wt-% Co and from about 1.0 to about 1.8 wt-% cubic carbides of Ta and Nb and a highly W-alloyed binder phase with a CW-ratio of from about 0.86 to about 0.94. The coating comprises: a first (innermost) layer of TiCxNyOz with a thickness of from about 0.1 to about 2 ?m, and with equiaxed grains with size less than about 0.5 ?m a layer of TiCxNyOz with a thickness of from about 2 to about 10 ?m with columnar grains with a diameter of about less than about 5 ?m a layer of TiCxNyOz with a thickness of 0.1-2 ?m and with equiaxed or needlelike grains with size less than about 0.5 ?m an outer layer of a smooth, textured, finegrained ?-Al2O3 layer with a thickness of from about 2 to about 10 ?m.

Abstract: A work piece or structural component is coated with a system of film layers at least one of which is composed of (AlyCr1-y) X, where X=N, C, B, CN, BN, CBN, NO, CO, BO, CNO, BNO or CBNO and 0.2?y<0.7, with the composition within said film being either essentially constant or varying over the thickness of the film continually or in steps, as well as a process for producing it.

Abstract: A process for forming a coating on a metal substrate includes contacting the substrate with a molybdate solution having a pH of between 3.5 and 5 inclusive containing an acid with the proviso that the acid is not nitric acid. The substrate is contacted with the solution at a temperature between 30 and 75 degrees Celsius and results in a yellow coating that is kinetically stable from 20 seconds to 300 seconds before the coating darkens to a final black coloration. Water washing of the yellow coating precludes further color development. The resulting yellow coating is amenable to overlayering with a seal coat.

Abstract: A pressure container is filled with a base material having at least part of the surface coated with an organic matrix including at least one member selected from the specific functional groups, and a material solution containing a carbonate material as a material for carbonate film and an organic polymer including at least one member selected from the specific groups. In succession, by supplying CO2 into the pressure container at 2 atm or higher, a carbonate film is deposited on the surface of the organic matrix.

Abstract: A protective coating is formed on a metallic surface by contacting the surface with an aqueous solution of fluorometallate followed by an aqueous solution containing vanadate ions. The process does not require the use of any organic substances, but provides a corrosion resistant surface having good heat conductivity.

Abstract: A corrosion protection covering method for spliced regions of reinforcing steel is disclosed. The covering may include an outer, heat shrinkable layer and a flowable inner layer. The covering is applied to the spliced region, and then heated, causing the outer layer to constrict and thereby seal the taped area. The heat also causes the inner layer to liquify and fill any voids.

Abstract: There is disclosed a cutting tool having a blade coated on one side with a hard coating living a laminar or layered microstructure. The coating tends to wear evenly and smoothly, thereby keeping a cutting edge of the cutting tool smooth. Furthermore, by coating the cutting edge on one side only, the cutting edge becomes self-sharpening. The coating preferably includes at least one layer made of tungsten carbides substantially or entirely free of metallic tungsten.

Abstract: A method for forming a glittering coating film in which after a glittering base coating film is formed on a substrate to be coated by applying thereto a glittering base coating material containing a colloid particle liquid containing noble metal or copper colloid particles, the glittering base coating film is heated or set, and then a clear coating film is formed. By the method, a glittering coating film is provided which has weathering resistance and high gloss, and develops a metal feeling or a coloring metal feeling giving rise to a less feeling of metal particles than by the plating-tone coating film, and superior in design property.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a ceramic glow pin which is formed of more than two layers arranged especially coaxially to the axis of the glow pin and symmetrically. The layers of the layer structure are manufactured by co-extrusion.

Abstract: A bi-layer bond coating for use on metal alloy components exposed to hostile thermal and chemical environment, such as a gas turbine engine, and the method for applying such coatings. The preferred coatings include a bi-layer bond coat applied to the metal substrate using high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying. Bi-layer bond coatings in accordance with the invention consist of a dense first inner layer (such as iron, nickel or cobalt-based alloys) that provides oxidation protection to the metal substrate, and a second outer layer having controlled porosity that tends to promote roughness, mechanical compliance, and promotes adherence of the thermal barrier coating (TBC). Preferably, the outer, less dense layer of the bi-layer bond coat is formed from a mixture of metallic powder and polyester to adjust and control the porosity, but without sacrificing mechanical compliance.

Abstract: Laminates for electronic components are produced by applying a polyimide resin precursor solution containing a palladium compound on a polyimide substrate, drying the resulting coating to form a polyimide resin precursor layer, irradiating this layer with ultraviolet rays in the presence of a hydrogen donor to form nuclei for primer plating, forming a metal primer layer by electroless plating, and converting the polyimide resin precursor layer into a polyimide resin layer through imidation by heating either after or before the formation of a surface plating layer. The invention provides laminates for electronic components which are extremely improved in adhesion to metal layers without impairing the characteristics inherent in the substrate and are excellent in insulating properties, and polyimide resin precursor resin solution to be used in the production of the laminates.

Abstract: Composite which contains reinforcing fibers comprising carbon and whose matrix comprises silicon carbide, silicon and copper, with the mass fraction of copper in the composite being up to 55%, processes for producing it, in particular by liquid infiltration of C/C intermediate bodies with melts comprising Si and/or Cu and Si, and also its use as friction lining in a friction pairing with ceramic brake discs or clutch discs comprising C/SiC.

Abstract: A process including: providing a cylindrical substrate rotating about the long axis; applying at least one coating layer with a direct writing applicator on the outer surface of the rotating substrate; and curing the resulting coated layer or layers. The use of a direct writing applicator provides precision in the dispensing of organic photoconductor coating layers with respect to line width and line thickness.

Abstract: A method of forming a fluid ejection device is disclosed. The steps of forming the fluid ejection device may include forming a heating element on a substrate. The steps for forming the fluid ejection device may further include depositing a buffer layer over the heating element, and depositing a layer of compressive alpha-tantalum on the buffer layer with lattice matching between the layer of compressive alpha-tantalum and the buffer layer.

Abstract: The present invention introduces a new and refined method to produce ?-Al2O3 layers with substantially better wear resistance and toughness than the prior art. The ?-Al2O3 layer of the present invention is formed on a bonding layer of (Ti,Al)(C,O,N) with increasing aluminium content towards the outer surface. Nucleation of ?-Al2O3 is obtained through a nucleation step being composed of both aluminizing and oxidization steps. The ?-Al2O3 layer according to this invention has a thickness ranging from 1 to 20 ?m and is composed of columnar grains. The length/width ratio of the alumina grains is from 2 to 12, preferably 5 to 9. The layer is characterized by a strong (012) growth texture, measured using XRD, and by the almost total absence (104), (110), (113) and (116) diffraction peaks.

Abstract: A method of forming a rhenium layer on a substrate, comprising: applying a solid rhenium-containing compound to a substrate; reducing at a temperature above ambient temperature the rhenium-containing compound so that a rhenium layer is formed on the substrate; and optionally, repeating applying additional rhenium-containing compound on at least a section of the rhenium layer, and reducing at a temperature above ambient temperature the additional rhenium-containing compound so that a thicker layer of rhenium is formed.

Abstract: A production method of a porous medium comprising a non-water-absorptive support and a porous layer provided on the support is disclosed.

Abstract: A process for producing a rigid reticulated article involves coating a reticulated substrate which has open, interconnected porosity with a first dispersion comprising a ceramic or metal powder to form a first coating thereon; drying the coated reticulated substrate; contacting the coated reticulated substrate with one or more additional dispersions in succession to form one or more additional coatings thereon; drying the additional coatings between the steps of contacting; heating the coated reticulated substrate to pyrolyze organic components; and sintering the coated reticulated substrate to form a reticulated article, wherein each dispersion has a viscosity less than that of all preceding dispersions. A rigid reticulated article includes inner, intermediate and outer sintered layers of material in which the inner and outer layers are of different composition and the intermediate layer is a composite of the inner and outer layers.

Abstract: Composite film structures exhibit a predetermined finished color tone comprised of a transparent film layer which exhibits a color deficiency as compared to the finished color tone, and a pigment which is visually associated with, and satisfies the color deficiency of, the film layer. Most preferably, the pigment is provided as a homogenous dispersion in a transparent color-matching layer positioned adjacent to the film layer. Thus, when the film and color-matching layers are viewed collectively as a unit, the perceived color tone will be that of the finished predetermined color tone. That is, the color-matching layer provides visually an additive effect on the perceived color of the composite film structure.

Abstract: A method of forming a laminate and a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic device using the laminate are provided. The laminate forming method includes a first step of forming an intermediate layer on a base member, and a second step of forming a metal layer on the intermediate layer, the adhesion of the metal layer to the base member being lower than that of the intermediate layer, the reflectance of the metal layer being higher than that of the intermediate layer. The rate of formation of the metal layer is increased at an intermediate stage in the second step. The laminate thereby formed has improved characteristics and is capable of maintaining improved reflection characteristics and adhesion even under high-temperature and high-humidity conditions or during long-term use.

Abstract: A method is taught for fabricating patterned silicon dioxide layers on process areas disposed perpendicularly or at an inclination to a substrate surface. Firstly, a starter layer having leaving groups is produced by non-conformal deposition of a reactive component. Tris(tert-butoxy)silanol is subsequently added. The addition of the tris(tert-butoxy)silanol leads to the formation of a silicon dioxide layer selectively only on the starter layer.

Abstract: A magnetoresistance sensor is fabricated using a sensor structure including a free layer deposited upon a lower layered structure and depositing an oxide structure overlying the free layer. The depositing of the oxide structure includes the steps of depositing a buffer layer overlying the free layer, wherein the buffer layer is a buffer-layer metal when deposited, depositing an overlayer overlying and contacting the buffer layer, the overlayer being an overlayer metallic oxide of an overlayer metal, and oxidizing the buffer layer to form a buffer layer metallic oxide.

Abstract: A two-step method of filling copper into a high-aspect ratio via or dual-damascene structure. The first step sputters at a low temperature of no more than 100° C. and with at least portions of high wafer bias, thereby filling a lower half of the hole. The initial copper sputtering is preferably performed through multiple cycles of low-level and high-level pedestal bias to deposit copper on exposed corners and to sputter resulting overhangs from the corners while depositing deep in the hole. The second step may include either electrochemical plating or sputtering performed at a higher temperature, e.g., at least 200° C. and with lower wafer bias to complete the hole filling. In another aspect of the invention, diffusion promoting gas such as hydrogen is added to the copper sputter plasma.

Abstract: A low cost aluminide process for moderate temperature applications. A gas turbine engine component is cleaned and coated with a layer of metal, generally aluminum, containing paint. The metal containing paint layer is heated to a first temperature for a first period of time in an air environment to volatilize the solvents in the paint. The metal containing paint layer is heated to a second temperature for a second period of time in an oxygen-free atmosphere to volatilize the solvents in the paint. The now metal layer and component are heated to a third temperature for a third period of time to interdiffuse the metal and the metal of the component. The component and diffusion layer are then cooled to ambient temperature.

Abstract: Coated cemented carbide inserts (cutting tool), particularly useful for milling at high cutting speeds in steels and milling in hardened steels are characterised by a WC—Co cemented carbide containing NbC and TaC and a W-alloyed binder phase and a coating including a first, innermost layer of TiCxNyOz with equiaxed grains, a second layer of TiCxNyOz with columnar grains and at least one layer of Al2O3 composed primarily of the ?-phase.

Abstract: Polishing pads used in the manufacturing of microelectronic devices, and apparatuses and methods for making and using such polishing pads. In one aspect of the invention, a polishing pad for planarizing microelectronic-device substrate assemblies has a backing member including a first surface and a second surface, a plurality of pattern elements distributed over the first surface of the backing member, and a hard cover layer over the pattern elements. The pattern elements define a plurality of contour surfaces projecting away from the first surface of the backing member. The cover layer at least substantially conforms to the contour surfaces of the pattern elements to form a plurality of hard nodules projecting away from the first surface of the backing member. The hard nodules define abrasive elements to contact and abrade material from a microelectronic-device substrate assembly. As such, the cover layer defines at least a portion of a planarizing surface of the polishing pad.

Abstract: A low cost chromide and chromide/aluminide process for moderate temperature applications. A gas turbine engine component is cleaned and coated with a layer of metal, generally chromium or chromium and aluminum, containing paint. The metal containing paint layer is heated to a first temperature for a first period of time in an air environment to volatilize the solvents in the paint. The metal containing paint layer is heated to a second temperature for a second period of time in an oxygen-free atmosphere to volatilize the solvents in the paint. The now metal layer and component are heated to a third temperature for a third period of time to interdiffuse the metal and the metal of the component. The component and diffusion layer are then cooled to ambient temperature.

Abstract: Multifunctional, polyionic copolymers with molecular architectures and properties optimized for specific applications are synthesized on/or applied to substrate surfaces for analytical and sensing purposes. The coatings are particularly useful for suppression of non-specific interaction, adsorption or attachment of molecular or ionic components present in an analyte solution. Chemical, biochemical or biological groups that are able to recognize, interact with and bind specifically to target molecules in the material containing the analyte to be detected can be coupled to, integrated into, or absorbed to the multifunctional copolymers. These multifunctional copolymer coatings are compatible with a variety of different established methods to detect, sense and quantify the target molecule in an analyte.

Abstract: A flexible and self-adhesive repositionable dry erasable markerboard is disclosed, together with a method for making such repositionable dry erasable markerboard. The repositionable dry erasable markerboard is made of a second layer, comprising a paper layer, with a first layer, comprising a dry erasable layer applied to the upper surface of the second layer, and a third layer, comprising a pressure sensitive adhesive layer, applied to the lower surface of the second layer. The dry erasable first layer may be either a coating cured under the presence of a nitrogen blanket or a film. The pressure sensitive adhesive of the third layer may be applied to the entire surface of the second layer or selectively zone-coated. The pressure sensitive adhesive of the third layer may be covered with a fourth layer, comprising a removable liner. The paper second layer may be coated and/or printed. The repositionable dry erasable markerboard is flexible and may be rolled into a tube.

Abstract: A method of making an OLED device capable of emitting light through the top electrode of such device includes providing a substrate and an anode over the substrate; providing an emissive layer disposed over the anode; providing first and second layers over the emissive layer with the first layer being in contact with the emissive layer or electron-transport layer and having a compound that includes an electron-injecting element, and the second layer having a reactive metal, and wherein such reactive metal reacts with the compound to release the electron-injecting element that dopes the interfacial region of the emissive layer or electron-transport layer to improve electron-injection and also reduces the reflectivity of the first and second layers is reduced; and providing a transparent conducting non-metallic top electrode over the second layer.

Abstract: A method of coating a vehicle wheel to increase wear and corrosion resistance of the vehicle wheel, includes the steps of providing a vehicle wheel and applying a wear and corrosion resistant coating onto a surface of the vehicle wheel. The coating is applied to at least a tire bead retaining flange of the vehicle wheel. The coating is of particular use with vehicle wheels made of forged aluminum. The coating is selected from tungsten carbide, optionally including cobalt or chrome, a nickel-based superalloy, aluminum and silicon carbide, or stainless steel. The coating is typically applied to a thickness of about 0.004-0.01 inch. The surface of the vehicle wheel may be prepared by mechanically abrading the surface or chemically etching the surface of the vehicle wheel. The coating may be applied by cold spraying, thermal spraying, or triboelectric discharge kinetic spraying and other similar processes.