Abstract: Methods and systems for applying nanowires and electrical devices to surfaces are described. In a first aspect, at least one nanowire is provided proximate to an electrode pair. An electric field is generated by electrodes of the electrode pair to associate the at least one nanowire with the electrodes. The electrode pair is aligned with a region of the destination surface. The at least one nanowire is deposited from the electrode pair to the region. In another aspect, a plurality of electrical devices is provided proximate to an electrode pair. An electric field is generated by electrodes of the electrode pair to associate an electrical device of the plurality of electrical devices with the electrodes. The electrode pair is aligned with a region of the destination surface. The electrical device is deposited from the electrode pair to the region.

Abstract: A method and system for modifying a drug delivery polymeric substrate for an implantable device, such as a stent, is disclosed.

Abstract: Methods form a multi-color electrophoretic display. The methods include providing microcapsules, wherein the microcapsules have an electrostatic charge, and wherein the microcapsules comprise, a shell that is transparent and a display medium within the shell, wherein the display medium is comprised of either (a) at least two sets of differently colored particles in a substantially clear fluid, or (b) at least one set of colored particles in a differently colored fluid. The methods include transferring the microcapsules to a substrate, wherein the electrostatic charge of the microcapsules attracts the microcapsules to the substrate, wherein a display layer of microcapsules is formed on the substrate. The methods include positioning a conductive substrate adjacent to the substrate, wherein the substrate is located between the display layer and the conductive substrate.

Abstract: A rotary electrostatic atomizer uses shaping air and pattern control air. Shaping airflow is supplied from shaping air holes aligned along outer one of concentric circles that are concentric with the rotation axis of the bell cup and located behind the front end of the bell cup. Pattern control airflow is supplied from pattern control air holes aligned along inner one of the concentric circles. Both the shaping air flow and the pattern control airflow are expelled in circumferentially twisted directions substantially with an equal twist angle opposite from the rotating direction of the bell cup. The shaping airflow passes a circular line near to and radially outwardly apart from the outer perimeter of the bell cup. The pattern control airflow intersects the shaping airflow from radially inside at the position near to and radially outwardly apart from the outer perimeter of the bell cup.

Abstract: The invention relates to a material for applying thin organic layers having a specifically adjustable conductivity. Said material comprises at least one mixture of two different fractions of a functional polymer, preferably in a solvent, and is used, for example, with the aid of various application techniques, as a functional layer for an organic electronic component.

Abstract: A fully curable jettable composition having a viscosity less than 30 cps at a temperature within the range of 15° C.-180° C. comprising (i) at least one low viscosity reactive resin; (ii) at least one higher viscosity resin having a viscosity greater than twice that of the low viscosity resin and a functionality of greater than or equal to 2; (iii) at least one curable toughener, (iv) at least one initiator for the polymerization of the resins, and (v) at least one stabilizer for delaying the curing of the resins of the composition. The composition can be jetted from piezo electric printing heads under the control of a computer program to form a multi-layered article, for example, a three dimensional article, in which the adjacent droplets merge and are cured homogeneously together.

Abstract: A method of stamping of molecular patterns and/or devices based on the reversible self-assembly of molecules, particularly organic molecules is disclosed. This method is suitable for the stamping of almost any nanofabricated device and can be used to transferring a large amount of pattern information from one substrate to another at the same time.

Abstract: Methods form multi-color electrophoretic displays. The method includes providing a solution containing microcapsules, wherein the microcapsules comprise a shell that is transparent and a display medium within the shell, wherein the display medium comprised of either (a) at least two sets of differently colored particles in a substantially clear fluid, or (b) at least one set of colored particles in a differently colored fluid. The method includes dispensing the solution onto a substrate, wherein a display layer of microcapsules is formed on the substrate. The method includes positioning a conductive substrate adjacent to the substrate, wherein the substrate is located between the display layer and the conductive substrate, wherein the conductive substrate applies an electric field to at least one microcapsule of the display layer, wherein the sets of particles of each microcapsule in the display layer are movable within the microcapsule by the electric field to be displayed.

Abstract: A simple and reproducible preparative method for the fabrication of surface-chemical gradients is described herein. Surface-chemical gradient films are prepared by using a liquid front in relative motion to the substrate (e.g. immersion by a linear-motion drive or the use of a spreading droplet) to gradually expose substrate samples to very dilute solutions of adsorbates. As demonstrated by XPS, the self-assembled monolayer gradients produced in this way display a high packing density. This method can be used in the preparation of other gradients of various chemical or biochemical functionalities in one or two dimensions. Such gradients can be used in a wide variety of applications in such diverse areas as cell motility studies, nanotribology research, and high-throughput screening.

Abstract: There is provided an ink composition that includes a compound represented by the following formula (I) and that includes a single oxirane fragment, as a partial structure in at least one bicyclic or tricyclic ring, wherein, in the formula (I), A represents a group of atoms forming a bicyclic or tricyclic ring.

Abstract: Fabrication of a solar cell using a printed contact mask. The contact mask may include dots formed by inkjet printing. The dots may be formed in openings between dielectric layers (e.g., polyimide). Intersections of overlapping dots may form gaps that define contact regions. The spacing of the gaps may be dictated by the alignment of nozzles that dispense the dots. Using the dots as a contact mask, an underlying dielectric layer may be etched to form the contact regions through the underlying dielectric layer. Metal contact fingers may be formed over the wafer to form electrical connections to corresponding diffusion regions through the contact regions.

Abstract: A microdeposition system microdeposits droplets of fluid material to define a feature pattern on a substrate. The feature pattern for the substrate is defined. A mask is created for the feature pattern that reduces a density of defects that occur due to a malfunctioning nozzle of the microdeposition head. The droplets of fluid material are microdeposited onto the substrate based on the mask to define sub-features of the feature pattern. One of the nozzles of the microdeposition head is assigned to each of the sub-features in the feature pattern. The nozzles may be assigned randomly or using other functions. The assigned nozzles in the mask are assigned to one of a plurality of passes of the microdeposition head.

Abstract: A method for patterning fine features using multiple jet-printed etch masks includes forming an initial feature through a first jet-printed etch mask and re-shaping the initial feature through at least one additional jet-printed etch mask.

Abstract: Camouflage articles are formed of arrangements of portions of different colors. The lighter colored portions or parts thereof are formed of reflective ink in that particular color. This arrangement provides the article with a camouflage appearance, altering depth perception by animals in daylight, and reflectivity at night for safety.

Abstract: A viscosity controllable highly conductive ink composition. The highly conductive ink composition comprises an organic solvent, nanoscale metal particles or metallo-organic decomposition compounds, and a thermally decomposable organic polymer. Specifically, since the thermally decomposable polymer can increase the viscosity of the highly conductive ink composition and be removed by subsequent thermal treatment, so as to decrease the impact on conductivity by organic polymer. Therefore, a viscosity-controllable conductive ink composition is obtained.

Abstract: The invention provides an ink composition which includes a polymerization initiator, a polymerizable compound, a colorant, and a high molecular compound having a repeating unit represented by the following formula (I). In formula (I), n represents an integer of from 1 to 5.

Abstract: Method of and apparatus for depositing a spacer on a substrate is provided. The invention includes depositing a first ink including an adhesive agent on a first area of the substrate and depositing a second ink including supporting elements on a second area of the substrate, the second area greater than and encompassing the first area. A portion of the second ink evaporates such that the supporting elements within the second ink migrate into the first area and bond to the adhesive agent in the first ink, forming a spacer. Numerous other aspects are provided.

Abstract: A light active device includes a semiconductor particulate dispersed within a carrier material. A first contact layer is provided so on application of an electric field charge carriers having a polarity are injected into the semiconductor particulate through the carrier material. A second contact layer is provided so on application of the electric field to the second contact layer charge carriers having an opposite polarity are injected into the semiconductor particulate through the carrier material. The semiconductor particulate comprises at least one of an organic and an inorganic semiconductor. The semiconductor particulate may comprise an organic light active particulate. When constructed as a light emitting device, an electric field applied to the semiconductor particulate through the carrier causes charge carriers of opposite polarity to be injected into the semiconductor particulate. The charge carriers combine to form carrier pairs which decay and give off light.

Abstract: An active ray curable ink-jet ink set comprising an active ray curable yellow ink, an active ray curable cyan ink, an active ray curable black ink, and further one or more active ray curable color inks other than yellow, cyan and black, wherein each of the active ray curable inks contains a photo-polymerization initiator, a photo-polymerizable compound, a pigment, and a dispersing agent which has an amine value and an acid value, provided that the acid value is higher than the amine value, and an average particle diameter of the pigment contained in the yellow ink is larger than that of the pigment in the cyan ink and than that of the pigment in the black ink by 0.025-0.090 ?m, and further the average particle diameter of the pigment contained in each of the inks of the active ray curable ink-jet ink set is 0.070-0.220 ?m.

Abstract: Disclosed is a phase change ink composition comprising a phase change ink carrier and a colorant compound of the formula wherein M is an atom or group of atoms capable of bonding to the central cavity of a phthalocyanine molecule, wherein axial ligands optionally can be attached to M. Also disclosed is a radiation curable ink composition comprising (a) an ink vehicle, said ink vehicle comprising at least one radically curable monomer compound, and this colorant compound.

Abstract: Non-aqueous, radiation-curable inks comprising pigment, dispersant and a liquid carrier, wherein the pigment has an acid value greater than 8 mg of NaOH per gram of pigment. The inks are particularly suitable for use in ink jet printers.

Abstract: A method for arranging particles according to one aspect of the present invention comprises the steps of: forming a thin film on a surface of a substrate, the thin film being obtained by dispersing first particles made of metal in a material, a surface of the material is to be charged to a first polarity in a predetermined solution; dispersing second particles in the solution, the second particles being charged to a second polarity opposite to the first polarity; immersing the thin film in the solution; and irradiating the thin film with light having a wavelength which causes plasmon resonance with surface plasmons of the metal particles.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a light-emitting device. At least one of a light-emitting film forming step, a conductive film forming step and an insulating film forming step is carried out while holding a substrate in a manner that an angle subtended by a surface of the substrate and the direction of gravity is within a range of from 0 to 30°.

Abstract: The invention provides (1) an ink composition including a polymerization initiator and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylic acid and monofunctional (meth)acrylic acid esters and amides each having a carboxy group in the molecule, (2) an ink composition including a polymerization initiator, at least one compound selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylic acid and monofunctional (meth)acrylic acid esters and amides each having a carboxy group in the molecule, and a monofunctional (meth)acrylic acid ester or amide having an alkylene oxide repeating unit in the molecule, and (3) an ink composition including a polymerization initiator and a monofunctional (meth)acrylic acid ester or amide having a basic group in the molecule; and an ink jet recording method, a method for producing a planographic printing plate and a planographic printing plate produced by the method for producing a planographic printing plate using the above-mentioned ink compositions.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides Benzoxazinone compounds represented by the formula: wherein each R1, R2, R3, and R4 is independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl of 1-12 carbon atoms, substituted alkyl, aryl of 6-12 carbon atoms, substituted aryl, halo, and alkoxy; and R5 is selected from alkyl of 1-12 carbon atoms, substituted alkyl, aryl of 6-12 carbon atoms, substituted aryl, halo, and alkoxy; wherein each of the substituted alkyl and the substituted aryl groups have a substituent selected from alkyl, aryl, halo, and alkoxy. The present disclosure provides a mark having a benzoxazinone compound, and a method for applying the mark onto an article. Also provided is a process for preparing benzoxazinone compounds.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods of decorating guitars and other stringed musical instruments are disclosed. In one aspect, a method may include UV printing a first portion of a decoration over a first region of at least part of a guitar using a first ink drop size, and UV printing a second portion of the decoration over a second region of said at least part of the guitar using a second ink drop size. In another aspect, a method may include UV printing a mask layer over a surface of at least a portion of a guitar using a first amount of image constriction and a first amount of feathering, and UV printing a decorative layer over at least a portion of the mask layer using a second amount of image constriction and a second amount of feathering.

Abstract: To improve the transmission properties of antennae manufactured with known methods, more specifically antennae for application in the UHF range, a method is proposed of producing pattern-forming metal structures on a carrier substrate. The method comprises the following method steps: providing the carrier substrate, forming the pattern on the carrier substrate with a composite material containing dispersed metal, bringing the carrier substrate into contact with halide ions, and thereafter depositing a metal layer onto the pattern formed by the composite material, producing thereby metal structures.

Abstract: Phase change ink comprising carrier and colorant of formula wherein M is atom or group of atoms capable of bonding to central cavity of phthalocyanine molecule, wherein axial ligands optionally can be attached to M, each R? is a substituent, each n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, each R? is a substituent, each m is 0, 1, 2, or 3, each R is alkylene, arylene, arylalkylene, or alkylarylene, each X is —OH, —COOH, or wherein each Y and each Z is a direct bond, oxygen, or —NR1—, wherein R1 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, or alkylaryl, provided that Z and Y are not both direct bonds connected to a single C?O moiety at the same time, provided that when X is —COOH, R can also be a direct bond, and each Rd is alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, or alkylaryl.

Abstract: A method of making a circuitized substrate (e.g., PCB) including at least one and possibly several internal optical pathways as part thereof such that the resulting substrate will be capable of transmitting and/or receiving both electrical and optical signals. The method involves forming at least one opening between a side of the optical core and an adjacent upstanding member such that the opening is defined by at least one angular sidewall. Light passing through the optical core material (or into the core from above) is reflected off this angular sidewall. The medium (e.g., air) within the opening thus also serves as a reflecting medium due to its own reflective index in comparison to that of the adjacent optical core material. The method utilizes many processes used in conventional PCB manufacturing, thereby keeping costs to a minimum.

Abstract: An ink composition is provided that includes a perfluoroalkyl group-containing polymer, a polymerizable monomer, and a radical polymerization initiator, in which at least 80 wt % of the polymerizable monomer is a monofunctional polymerizable monomer selected from the group consisting of a monofunctional acrylate, a monofunctional methacrylate, a monofunctional vinyloxy compound, a monofunctional N-vinyl compound, a monofunctional acrylamide, and a monofunctional methacrylamide.

Abstract: An image processing method of processing image data includes a color space conversion step of converting an input color signal of image data into an output color signal having cyan (C), magenta (M), and yellow (Y) values; a black generation/under color removal step of converting the CMY values into cyan (C), magenta (M), yellow (Y), and black (K) values by adding a black (K) value and decreasing the CMY values so that portions of cyan (C), magenta (M), and yellow (Y) recording liquids used to form the image data are replaced with a black (K) recording liquid; and a total amount control step of controlling amounts of cyan (C), magenta (M), yellow (Y), and black (K) recording liquids calculated from the CMYK values so that a total amount of the CMYK recording liquids per unit area on a recording medium does not exceed a predetermined total amount limit.

Abstract: A method of providing deposits of a functional composition on a textile substrate (1) is described. The method comprises providing a supply of the textile substrate (1); providing a first digital nozzle; supplying a functional composition to the first nozzle; providing a second digital nozzle; supplying an encapsulating composition to the second nozzle; selectively depositing the functional composition from the first nozzle to form a series of functional droplets (10) on the substrate (1); and selectively depositing the encapsulation composition from the second nozzle to form a series of encapsulation droplets (16) to at least partially cover the functional droplets (10). In this way, quantities of highly specific functional compositions or “agents” may be precisely deposited at those locations where they are required and may subsequently be covered by an encapsulation composition.

Abstract: An ink composition is provided that includes a compound represented by Formula (I) or (II). (In Formulae (I) and (II), R1 and R2 independently denote a monovalent substituent, R3 to R6 independently denote a hydrogen atom or a monovalent substituent, n denotes an integer of 0 to 5, and n? denotes an integer of 0 to 5; n and n? are not both 0, when n is 2 or greater a plurality of R1s may be identical to or different from each other, and when n? is 2 or greater a plurality of R2s may be identical to or different from each other.) There are also provided an inkjet recording method employing the ink composition, and a process for producing a lithographic printing plate, the process including discharging the ink composition onto a hydrophilic support. A printed material and a lithographic printing plate thus obtained are also included in the present invention.

Abstract: Solutions comprising: (i) at least one organic semiconductor, (ii) at least one organic solvent A having a boiling point, and (iii) at least one organic solvent B having a boiling point; wherein the at least one organic semiconductor comprises at least one high molecular weight component, wherein the at least one organic solvent A is a good solvent for the at least one organic semiconductor, wherein the at least one organic solvent B is a poor solvent for the at least one organic semiconductor; and wherein the boiling point of the at least one solvent A is greater than the boiling point of the at least one solvent B; and the use of such solutions in processes for forming organic semiconductor layers on substrates and devices formed by such processes.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for digitally printing a polymer-coated paper or board (1), to a paper or board suitable for the method and to the production of a product package equipped with digital prints. During digital printing, printing ink particles are applied in an electric field to the printing surface formed of a polymer coating at locations corresponding to the print, and the printing ink is adhered to the printing surface by fusion with the aid of infrared radiation. In accordance with the invention, the paper or board (2) to be printed is equipped with an inner coating layer (3) containing electrically chargeable ethene acrylate copolymer, such as ethene methyl acrylate copolymer (EMA), and with a polyolefin-based outer shield layer (4) on top of this, which contains e.g. low-density polyethene (LDPE) and provides mechanical strength, forming the printing surface receiving the printing ink.

Abstract: An ink composition including a cationically polymerizable compound (a), a compound (b) that generates acid by irradiation with a radiation ray, and a basic compound (c) that becomes less basic by irradiation with a radiation ray. Also, an inkjet recording method and a printed material using the ink composition, as well as a planographic printing plate obtained by using the ink composition and a method of producing the planographic printing plate are disclosed.

Abstract: An ink jet ink includes an ink vehicle, wherein the ink vehicle includes at least one wax monomer functionalized to include in the chain at least one reactive group curable upon exposure to radiation. The reactive group is preferably curable via cationic or free radical polymerization. In a preferred embodiment, the ink vehicle includes a wax monomer having a structure: wherein C represents a cationically curable group and R represents a radically curable group. The inks may be used to form an image by jetting the ink onto a transfuse member surface, increasing the viscosity of the ink upon the transfuse member surface, subsequently transferring the ink from the transfuse member surface to an image receiving substrate, and exposing the ink to radiation following the transfer to the image receiving substrate to effect reaction of the at least one reactive group.

Abstract: Phase change ink comprising colorant and carrier comprising additive of formula wherein A, E, G, and J are —H, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —COOH, amino, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl; Z is —H, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl, —(CH2CH2O)mH, Na, K, —P(X)(OR5)(OR6) wherein X is oxygen or sulfur, or —C(?O)R7, and n is 0, 1, 2, or 3. Also, a process which comprises (1) incorporating into an ink jet printing apparatus a phase change ink as disclosed herein; (2) melting the ink; and (3) causing droplets of the melted ink to be ejected in an imagewise pattern onto a substrate.

Abstract: The inventive method includes a preparation step during which the substrate is covered with a layer, a pressing step in which a mould including a pattern of recesses and protrusions is pressed into part of the thickness of the aforementioned layer, at least one etching step in which the layer is etched until parts of the surface of the substrate have been stripped, and a substrate etching step whereby the substrate is etched using an etching pattern which is defined from the mould pattern. The preparation step includes a sub-step consisting of the formation of a lower sub-layer of curable material, a step involving the curing of said layer and a sub-step including the formation of an outer sub-layer which is adjacent to the cured sub-layer. Moreover, during the pressing step, the above-mentioned protrusions in the mould penetrate the outer sub-layer until contact is reached with the cured sub-layer.

Abstract: A two-step method of making of a security printed image is disclosed and includes coating of the surface of a substrate with a predetermined image shape with an ink containing flaked magnetic pigment in a predetermined concentration, exposing a wet printed image to a magnetic field to align magnetic particles in a predetermined manner, allowing the ink to cure, and coating the substrate with a second printed image on the top of the first image. The second printed image with the same or different image shape is printed with another ink containing clear or dyed ink vehicle mixed with flaked magnetic pigment in a low concentration, exposed to the magnetic field of the same or different configuration as the first printed image and cured until the ink is dry.

Abstract: Disclosed is a phase change ink comprising a colorant, an initiator, and a phase change ink carrier, said carrier comprising (A) a compound which is the reaction product of a mixture comprising (1) an isocyanate; and (2) a component comprising (a) an alcohol having at least one ethylenic unsaturation; (b) an amine having at least one ethylenic unsaturation; (c) an acid having at least one ethylenic unsaturation; or (d) mixtures thereof, (B) a phase change inducing component, said phase change inducing component containing at least one hydroxyl group, said phase change inducing component having a melting point of about 40° C. or higher, and (C) an optional curable viscosity modifying ester, said ink being curable upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation.

Abstract: An apparatus for applying a coating solution and a method of fabricating a liquid crystal display device using the same are provided. In order to improve the shape of the inside of the nozzle and to secure the geometrical uniformity of the inside of the nozzle, the apparatus includes a nozzle comprising a nozzle body, the nozzle body including an external body and an internal body. A distance between the external body and the internal body is controlled. An inlet port is provided on the nozzle body so that coating solution is received, and a discharge port is provided below the nozzle body to coat the surface of a material to be processed with the coating solution and a driving unit for moving the nozzle in a predetermined direction.

Abstract: Structures comprising a carbon nanotube (CNT) network and metal, as well as methods for making a CNT network structure, are provided.

Abstract: A fully curable jettable composition having a viscosity less than 30 cps at a temperature within the range of 15-180° C., more preferably at a temperature of 15-100° C., e.g. 60-80° C. the composition comprising: (A) at least one low viscosity reactive resin selected from the group consisting of compounds containing an oxetane ring, cycloaliphatic epoxy resins, tetrahydrofurans, hexahydropyrans and mono-functional (meth)acrylates, said resin having a molecular weight of not greater than 300 Daltons, e.g. 250 Daltons or less, and a viscosity at a temperature in the said range of less than 30 cps, e.g.

Abstract: The present invention is drawn toward ink-jet inks, coating compositions, methods of printing durable images, and fluoro-diol-modified polyurethanes. The ink-jet ink can comprise a liquid vehicle, a colorant, and a fluoro-diol-modified polyurethane binder having a weight average molecular weight from about 3,000 Mw to about 180,000 Mw, wherein each side chain of the binder has no more than 15 fluoro substitutions.

Abstract: A coating method is provided for forming a liquid-repellent coat on a predetermined partial region of an inner surface of each through-hole of a nozzle plate. The nozzle plate is provided in an ink-jet head of an ink-jet printer. The coating method comprises the steps of: forming a coat preform on a region including the partial region of the inner surface; supplying a mask material having ultraviolet ray absorbability into the coated through-hole; irradiating ultraviolet rays onto the base material to partially decompose and remove the coat preform on the inner surface; and removing the mask material in the through-hole to obtain the nozzle plate partially coated with the liquid-repellent coat. The coat preform removal is conducted through the use of attenuation of the ultraviolet rays by means of the mask material or through the combined use of the ultraviolet ray attenuation and the presence/absence of the mask material.

Abstract: An aqueous inkjet ink composition suitable for printing on a hydrophobic surface such as a vinyl surface including an aqueous vehicle, a self-dispersed pigment, a silicone-containing surfactant and an aqueous emulsion polymer having a glass transition temperature (Tg) of from ?40° C. to 150° C. Also provided is a method for printing an image on a hydrophobic substrate.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a radiation-curable white inkjet ink and, more particularly, to a radiation-curable inkjet white ink comprising a specified titanium dioxide with at least two dispersants. The first is an acidic polyester dispersant and the second is an acrylic structured copolymer dispersant. Ink sets containing the white inks are also described.

Abstract: A radiation curable phase change ink preferably used in piezoelectric ink jet devices includes an ink vehicle that includes at least one gellant comprised of a curable polyamide-epoxy acrylate component and a polyamide component, and at least one colorant. The use of the gellant enables the ink to form a gel state having a viscosity of at least 103 mPa·s at very low temperatures of about 25° C. to about 100° C. The ink may thus be jetted at very low jetting temperatures of, for example, about 40° C. to about 110° C. The ink may be used to form an image by heating the ink to a first temperature at which the ink may be jetted, jetting onto a member or substrate maintained at a second temperature at which the ink forms a gel state, and exposing the ink to radiation energy to polymerize curable components of the ink.

Abstract: Monochromatic or multichromatic images may be created on surfaces. The surface is moved to first, second and third stations. The surface is electrically biased, and powder is transferred to the surface electrostatically at the first station. The powder is fused or sintered selectively on the surface at the second station. Unfused or unsintered portions of the powder are removed from the surface at the third station.