Abstract: The invention relates to acrylate polymer and copolymer release coatings containing amounts of polyfluoropolymer powder sufficient to alter the adhesion of the release coating on a support after radiation curing of the formulation producing said coating.

Abstract: An improved method for forming a silicon oxide layer is shown. In the method, Si.sub.2 Cl.sub.6 is used as silicon oxide gas of the process gas. The silicon oxide layer is formed with a very low density of natural oxide which has been removed by free chlorine atoms, a byproduct of the process.

Abstract: An erasably markable article formed of a coated substrate that is markable with dry wipe inks without causing permanent discernible distortion of the substrate. The surface after marking is substantially fully erasable. The surface is provided by a smooth coating of cured lacquer preferably a radiation cured lacquer, for example, electron beam radiation cured urethane acrylate. The substrate may be flexible, for example, a biaxially oriented polypropylene multilayer film having a closed cell foam-like core wherein the substrate exhibits electrostatic cling properties. The substrate may also be adhesive coated paper or may be relatively inflexible pressboard.

Abstract: This invention provides for the radiation grafting of certain organopolysiloxanes to polymeric supports. The organopolysiloxane material is partially crosslinked mixture which contains from about 10% to about 90% by weight of uncrosslinked organopolysiloxane oil and has a cone penetration of about 100 to about 350 (10.sup.-1 mm) and an ultimate elongation of at least about 100%. The organopolysiloxane fluid may be placed on the polymeric support and crosslinked to produce an organopolysiloxane material having the above properties and being bonded to the polymeric support. The organopolysiloxane material also can be crosslinked to the above properties by conventional means then placed in contact with the polymeric support and irradiated to crosslink the material to the polymeric support without substantially changing the properties of the organopolysiloxane material.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a non-flammable plating resist with improved adhesion and edge covering characteristics which permits its selective removal by an ordinary laser ablation process or an energy efficient laser assisted process, and to the preferred method in using same to selectively plate a metal substrate, such as a nickel plated, electrically conductive metal with a precious metal. The preferred method comprises the steps of applying a thin uniform layer of such resist onto the substrate and drying the same in situ to a thickness greater than 100 microinches and less than 500 microinches, and drying same in situ, where such resist (a) is resistant to deterioration by chemical plating solutions of such precious metal, (b) is readily strippable in alkaline solutions, and (c) has a flashpoint in excess of 100.degree. F. A preferred formulation for such resist comprises, by weight, the following:______________________________________ Styrene acrylic co-polymer 61.5% suspension Butyl cellosolve 3.

Abstract: A method for the formation of monomolecular adsorption films of a silane compound having a diacetylene bond is described. The silane compound is chemically adsorbed on a substrate through .dbd.SiO-- bonds and the resultant film is significantly reduced in number of defects such as pinholes. When the monomolecular film is irradiated with actinic light, the diacetylene bonds are convered into a conjugated diacetylene polymer. Similarly, a built-up film of a desired number of monomolecular layers of a silane compound having an acetylene bond formed on a substrate by chemical adsorption and a corresponding number of monomolecular layers of an aliphatic acid or alcohol having an acetylene bond and alternately deposited on the first-mentioned layer is also provided.

Abstract: An improved curing oven using Wellsbach conversion is disclosed. The present invention 10 provides an improved curing oven which cures materials with electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet region. The invention consists of a surface 12 lined with a layer of material 14 effective to radiate ultraviolet radiation in response to the application of infrared radiation. In a specific illustrative implementation, the invention 10 includes a second surface 18 overlying the first surface 12 providing a passageway therebetween. The oven temperature is set and maintained by a conventional temperature controller 20. The temperature controller 20 measures the oven temperature and controls a valve 22 which adjusts the gas pressure from a gas supply 24 to a set of oven burners 26. Air is supplied through inlet ports 28 included in the second surface 18.

Abstract: Heat resistant substrates of glass, metal or ceramic are coated by applying onto the substrate a layer of radiation-curable and firable printing ink containing an inorganic ceramic color, curing the layer by exposure to radiation and applying onto the substrate on or adjacent to the radiation curable ink a firable printing ink in the form of a gel containing a precious metal. The coatings may be applied at successive stations of a single automatically operated printing machine, after which the substrates can be fired.

Abstract: A connection electrodes producing method has a step of forming resin layer which can be softened after hardened, on a circuit substrate on which an electrode pattern is formed. Then, only the resin layer material on the electrode pattern is cured and left. Thereafter, conductive particles are adhered to only the resin layer on the electrode pattern by softening the resin layer and by scattering the conductive particles on the circuit substrate with the softened resin layer.

Abstract: A system for monitoring and controlling the rate of growth of thin films in an atmosphere of reactant gases measures the UV absorbance of the atmosphere and calculates the partial pressure of the gases. The flow of reactant gases is controlled in response to the partial pressure.

Abstract: Thin film recording media are protected and lubricated by overcoating them with a carbon overcoat applying a lubricant to said overcoat and bonding the lubricant to the carbon overcoat by irradiating it by UV radiation.

Abstract: A plasma or photo-induced chemical vapor deposition coating process and apparatus are provided for applying thin dielectric coatings on planar, curved, and large area substrates. A plasma is generated in a tubular outer conductor. This plasma or the UV radiation occurring in the plasma passes through an opening into a reaction chamber. The opening preferably extends axially along the outer conductor and communicates with the interior of the reaction chamber. At least one component of the reaction gas is introduced directly to the opening or into the reaction chamber adjacent to the opening, bypassing the outer conductor. In this apparatus, the reactive deposition of a coating onto a substrate occurs only in the reaction chamber and below the opening from the outer conductor.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for making lenses and a composition of molding material which can be utilized in the method and apparatus for molding lenses of optical quality and an inhibitor for limiting further curing once the desired hardness have been obtained. A monomer is used with initiators in conjunction with the molding apparatus to mold plastic lenses of optical quality without requirement for any additional polishing or grinding, except for perhaps shaping the edges. The molding material includes a composition of liquid monomer with a thermal initiator and a UV initiator each of which can be activated during the molding process. Initially, the molding forms with the liquid monomer compositions therein are heated to activate the thermal initiator and form the molding material into a gel. The gelled material is then subjected to a UV light source for completing the cure. Prepolymerized molding material can be used in some instances to avoid an intermediate step of thermal curing.

Abstract: The adhesive properties of polyolefin products are improved by submitting said products to a surface modification process which includes the following steps:A) application to the polyolefin product surface of a layer of one or more photosensitive materials selected from:1) Chloroparaffins containing 5 to 80 wt % of chlorine and having an average molecular weight greater than 200;2) vinyl chloride homopolymers and copolymers containing 25 to 80 wt % of chlorine and having K values between 40 and 60; and3) vinylidene chloride homopolymers and copolymers; andB) exposure of the layer to ultraviolet radiation.The product treated in this manner is ready for painting or coating with various materials.

Abstract: A photopolymerizable composition for cladding optical fibers comprises an unsubstituted or fluorosubstituted diacrylate monomer; a fluorinated monofunctional acrylate monomer in an amount of from about 2 to about 12 parts by weight per part by weight of the diacrylate monomer; a photoinitiator; and a viscosity modifying agent to increase the viscosity of the composition to about 1000 to about 15000 cP. Upon photocuring, the composition has a refractive index not greater than about 1.43, and preferably not greater than about 1.40.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a polarization filter, in which a mixture of a liquid crystalline diacrylate monomer or dimethacrylate monomer and a dichroic colorant is provided on a substrate, oriented and polymerized by exposing it to radiation, as well as a polarization filter which is manufactured according to the above method, and a display comprising the polarization filter.

Abstract: An erasably markable luminescent article formed of a coated substrate that is markable with dry wipe inks without causing permanent discernible distortion of the substrate. The surface after marking is substantially fully erasable. The surface is provided by a smooth coating of cured lacquer perferably a radiation cured lacquer, for example, electron beam radiation cured urethane acrylate. The luminescent appearance results from a phosphorescent layer between the substrate and an unpigmented cured lacquer coating.

Abstract: A spliced fiber is recoated by injection molding a jacket segment over the bare splice region. The dimensions of the recoated fiber approximate those of an undisturbed fiber, and the coating material may be selected to match the physical and mechanical properties of the original fiber jacket. A fixture is shown for performing the recoating.

Abstract: The present invention describes a method to produce a patterned superconducting solid preferably as a thin film. Unsaturated organic acid metal salts of suitable metals are dissolved in an organic solvent, mixed thoroughly and cast as a film on a substrate. The concentration of these organic carboxylate metal salts is adjusted such that a superconducting metal oxide ratio is obtained upon pyrolysis at temperatures up to 1000.degree. C. with subsequent slow cooling. A pattern (mask) is placed over the film and the film is irradiated to polymerize and crosslink the exposed portions. The unpolymerized and uncrosslinked portions are removed usually by using selective solvents or solvent mixtures. The solid remaining is heated in oxygen or air to about 1000.degree. C., which removes the organic portions and leaves metal oxide residue. The metal oxides are then cooled slowly and annealed to produce the patterned metal oxide superconducting materials.

Abstract: A system for pipe lining including a forward seal and a following spreader defining a chamber therebetween for receiving flowable lining material. The spreader is immediately followed by a cylindrical elongate platen formed of radiant-energy transparent material. A radiant energy source is mounted in the platen for transmission of radiant energy through the platen and into the lining material simultaneously with the forming of the lining material into position by the platen as the apparatus moves along the interior of the pipe.

Abstract: A method of depositing thin films by means of laser vaporization employs a long-pulse laser (Nd-glass of about one millisecond duration) with a peak power density typically in the range 10.sup.5 -10.sup.6 W/cm.sup.2. The method may be used to produce high T.sub.c superconducting films of perovskite material. In one embodiment, a few hundred nanometers thick film of YBa.sub.2 Cu.sub.3 O.sub.7-x is produced on a SrTiO.sub.3 crystal substrate in one or two pulses. In situ-recrystallization and post-annealing, both at elevated temperature and in the presence of an oxidizing agenThe invention described herein arose in the course of, or under, Contract No. DE-C03-76SF0098 between the United States Department of Energy and the University of California.

Abstract: A plasma process and apparatus are provided for coating one or more planar substrates by a plasma-induced chemical vapor deposition in which plasma electrodes provide a plurality of overlapping plasma columns which extend over the entire surface of the substrate to be coated. A plurality of plasma electrodes are fixed in planes above, between, or below the substrates, and the individual plasma electrodes can be separately controlled. With a plasma pulse/CVD process, the spacing and angle between the substrates can be varied to alter the thickness of the coating. The process can be used for coating large area, planar vitreous bodies with multilayer optical coatings.

Abstract: UV curable compositions suitable for use as potting and encapsulating compounds for electrical and electronic devices are provided. The compositions comprise: (a) a UV curable compound polymerizable by a free radical process and containing reactive unsaturated groups, (b) a polysilane photoinitiator, and (c) a peroxide photoinitiator. The use of the two photoinitiators enables one to get a more complete cure, both at the surface and deep into the coating.

Abstract: An improved stereolithography system for generating a three-dimensional object by creating a cross-sectional pattern of the object to be formed at a selected surface of a fluid medium capable of altering its physical state in response to appropriate synergistic stimulation by impinging radiation, particle bombardment or chemical reaction, information defining the object being specially processed to reduce curl, stress, birdnesting and other distortions, the successive adjacent laminae, representing corresponding successive adjacent cross-sections of the object, being automatically formed and integrated together to provide a step-wise laminar buildup of the desired object, whereby a three-dimensional object is formed and drawn from a substantially planar surface of the fluid medium during the forming process.

Abstract: An system for protectively coating longitudinally extending rod and bar-like objects, exemplified in application to cylindrical objects such as wooden handles for brooms, brushes and mops, which prescribes effecting a powered, contained movement of handles to be coated in an immediately following series relation; directing the handles to and through an enclosed bath of a selected coating material; in process of the entry of a handle to the bath subjecting it to a movement thereof through a short closely encompassing sleeve which wipes its exterior surface free of dust and dirt, facilitating adherence of coating material thereto and coextensively therewith in its passage through said bath; subjecting the so coated handle to a powered movement thereof through a further short circumferentially and closely encompassing sleeve as it exits from this bath to produce thereby a smooth distribution of adherent coating material over the length of its exterior to form thereon a substantially uniform thin layer thereof an

Abstract: Organosilicon amine capped resins are prepared by reacting silanol siloxane resins with a cyclic silazane. The product organosilicon amine capped resins are reacted with an acyl halide to yield siloxane resins with amide organofunctionality. The later reaction is especially useful for obtaining acrylamide organofunctionality which is polymerizable and useful in formulating coating compositions such as pressure sensitive adhesives.

Abstract: The present invention contemplates a stereolithographic apparatus and method having a liquid organic phase and a fluid phase separated by a membrane that inhibits contact between the phases.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a semiconductor element and a method of forming the same and various kinds of article in which said element is used.Any material selected from the group consisting of SiH.sub.4, Si.sub.2 H.sub.6 and SiF.sub.4, and GeH.sub.4 or GeF.sub.4, are used as raw material gases. H.sub.2 is used as a diluent gas if necessary. A photochemical gas phase vapor deposition method is used, at a pressure of 0.1 to 20 Torr, an optical intensity of 10 to 1,000 mW/cm.sup.2, and a substrate temperature of 50.degree. to 250.degree. C. A semiconductor element formed of a -SiGe:H film having superior photoelectric conductivity, a method of forming a semiconductor element film containing Ge added thereto and having high long wave length-sensitivity and superior film quality can be provided.

Abstract: A process for producing a highly-orientated ultralong conjugated polymer while the orientation thereof is maintained, which comprises:a step of immersing a substrate having a hydrophilic surface in a nonaqueous organic solvent containing a compound having at least an unsaturated group, such as an acetylenic group, etc., and --SiA.sub.x H.sub.3-x group in which A denotes chloro or lower alkyl and x is an integer of from 1 to 3, whereby forming a monomolecular film of the above compound on the substrate,a step of orientation the monomolecular film in a specific direction, anda step of polymerizing the monomolecular film by using irradiation or a metal salt catalyst,the irradiation using electron beam, X-ray or gamma ray, the metal salt catalyst being MoCl.sub.5, MCl.sub.6, NbCl.sub.5, TaCl.sub.5, or the like as a metal halide catalyst, or Mo(CO).sub.5, W(CO).sub.6, Nb(CO).sub.5, Ta(CO).sub.5, or the like as a metal carbonyl catalyst.

Abstract: A solid imaging method utilizing photoformable compositions comprising thermally coalescible materials for producing multilayer models and prototypes having improved structural properties and resolution.

Abstract: A method of making a plugged microporous film from a film which comprises a structural component having pores extending therethrough, and a plugging material within the pores, the method comprising:(a) selectively treating the plugging material so that its susceptibility to a crosslinking treatment differs from a first region of the film to a second region thereof;(b) crosslinking the plugging material at the second region of the film; and(c) removing the uncrosslinked plugging material from the first region of the film leaving plugs of crosslinked plugging material in the pores at the second region of the film.

Abstract: A reaction chamber for performing a chemical vapor deposition process wherein the window through which the light must pass is prevented from becoming clouded. The chamber is divided by baffles into a reactant zone, a buffer zone, and a window zone, and the momentum flux densities of the gases flowing in the respective zones are about matched. Additionally, discontinuities are provided on the walls of the reactor to impede diffusion of the reactant gas towards the window.

Abstract: Fibers are conveniently coated with a uniformly thin and continuous elastomeric coating by contacting the fibers with a (1) a water-dispersed reactive polymer, (2) epoxy resin, and (3) curing agent; and wherein said water-dispersed reactive polymer is a composition comprising. (a) a lower molecular weight reactive polymer, (b) a select solvent, (c) a dispersing agent, and (d) water. The elastomeric films have a Tg value of about 0.degree. C. or below. The elastomer coated fibers are useful as strengtheners and impact modifiers for brittle materials such as epoxy resins.

Abstract: In the manufacture of coated optical fiber, fiber (21) is drawn from a preform (22) and coated with one or preferably two layers (42,44) of light curable coating materials. Afterwards, the coating materials are cured. Increases in manufacturing line speed may be achieved if the cure speed of the coating materials is increased. This is accomplished by the simultaneous application of a magnetic field during irradiation of the curable coating materials to enhance the crosslinking of the coating materials by a free radical polymerization mechanism. Upon absorption of light, a photoinitiator in each composition cleaves to produce two free radical fragments in the spin paired or singlet state. The magnetic field has the effect of enhancing the production of spin parallel radicals which enhances the polymerization initiation of the coating material, thereby allowing an increase in the manufacturing line speed through drawing and coating apparatus.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium comprising a substrate and, formed thereon, a magnetic layer comprised of magnetic particles bonded to each other with a thermosetting binder can be improved with respect to the durability by forming a number of fine pores in the magnetic layer and impregnating the fine pores with a lubricant. Particularly, when the fine pores have a diameter of 0.2 .mu.m or less and a rate of the fine pore in area of 3 to 30%, the durability can be improved while maintaining the noise during the recording and reproduction of information on a low level. In preparing the magnetic recording medium having such fine pores, it is preferred that an easily thermal-decomposable additive, such as polyalkylene oxide, be added to a magnetic layer forming paint.

Abstract: The method of making a friction locking fastener of the type having in the thread grooves a first deposit formed of a mixture of an uncured epoxy resin and a radiation-curable, film-forming material, and a second deposit of a fluid curing agent and a radiation-curable, film-forming material. The deposits are made in the thread grooves at circumferentially spaced locations so that a very thin coating of the radiation-curable, film-forming material develops at the surface of each deposit. The deposits are subjected to high intensity ultraviolet radiation for a few seconds to transform the coatings developed on the surfaces of the deposits into thin, continuous, flexible, non-tacky protective films which cover the still fluid deposits in the thread grooves of the article. Alternatively, when one or both the resin and curing agent are micro-encapsulated. They may be contained in a single mixture which includes the radiation-curable material.

Abstract: An improved stereolithography system for generating a three-dimensional object by creating a cross-sectional pattern of the object to be formed at a selected surface of a fluid medium capable of altering its physical state in response to appropriate synergistic stimulation by impinging radiation, particle bombardment or chemical reaction, information defining the object being specially tailored to provide built-in supports for the object, reduce curl and distortion, and increase resolution, strength, accuracy, speed and economy of reproduction, the successive adjacent laminae, representing corresponding successive adjacent cross-sections of the object, being automatically formed and integrated together to provide a step-wise laminar buildup of the desired object, whereby a three-dimensional object is formed and drawn from a substantially planar surface of the fluid medium during the forming process.

Abstract: A method of coating a concrete floor is disclosed in which the concrete surface is coated with a homogeneous liquid coating composition containing maleate or fumarate unsaturation in combination with vinyl ether unsaturation and a ketonic photoinitiator, the wet coating is allowed to seep into the concrete surface and to flow out on the concrete surface to form a smooth coating, and this coating is cured by exposing it at light having a wavelength in the range of from about 200 to about 600 nanometers.

Abstract: Efflorescence phenomena on mineral substrates are prevented by coating the surface of the mineral substrates with aqueous polyacrylate dispersions and drying the coating, if necessary at elevated temperatures, by a process in which a mixture of(A) a dispersion of a copolymer of(a) (meth)acrylates of alkanols which are of 3 to 20 carbon atoms and have a tertiary CH group,(b) styrene, .alpha.-methylstyrene, methyl methacrylate, tert-butyl (meth)acrylate and/or (meth)acrylonitrile and(c) mono- and/or dicarboxylic acids of 3 to 5 carbon atoms and/or or their amides which may be substituted at the N atom by alkyl, and(B) an aromatic ketoneis used for the coating, and the coating is exposed to ultraviolet light.

Abstract: A distributed electron cyclotron resonance remote plasma processing apparatus and method which includes generating electron cyclotron resonance activated species in plasma formation regions distributed peripherally around, remote from the wafer processing chamber and in fluid communication with the main transfer chamber; containing the activated species using a microwave gas discharge and a magnetic field in the plasma formation regions; introducing the plasma streams to the main transfer chamber; creating a magnetic mirror in the main transfer chamber using a magnetic field; and introducing the species to the process chamber and to a face of the workpiece. Such an apparatus could use multiple energy/excitation sources.

Abstract: A coated cation exchanged fabric having as its base a fluorinated cation exchange resin, oriented at least 1x, in alkali metal salt form and as its coating an unoriented or oriented melt-fabricable precursor of the same salt-form fluorinated cation exchange resin. The invention also includes various processes for making the coated fabric.

Abstract: An improved sterolithography system for generating a three-dimensional object by creating a cross-sectional pattern of the object to be formed at a selected surface of a fluid medium capable of altering its physical state in response to appropriate synergistic stimulation by impinging radiation, particle bonbardment or chemical reaction, information defining the object being specially processed to reduce curl and distortion, and increase resolution, strength, accuracy, speed and economy of reproduction even for rather difficult object shapes, the successive adjacent laminae, representing corresponding successive adjacent cross-sections of the object, being automatically formed and integrated together to provide a step-wise laminar buildup of the desired object, whereby a three-dimensional object is formed and drawn from a substantially planar surface of the fluid medium during the forming process, and further including post processing wheren the object is subjected to additional UV curing while the object is

Abstract: UV curable epoxysilicone compositions are provided which can be used to impart improved release characteristics to plastic or paper substrates in an odor-free manner. Polyaryloniumhexafluorometalloid salts are used as photoinitiators. The UV curable compositions have condensed epoxyorganosiloxy units and haloarylalkylsiloxy units and have been found to be effective as control release agents when blended with epoxysiloxanes.

Abstract: A cover tape for sealing chips in chip-holding parts of a carrier tape having said parts provided intermittently and longitudinally of said carrier tape, which cover is constituted by a base tape, an adhesive layer formed on one surface of said base tape and a non-adhesive coat formed on said adhesive along the longitudinal direction of said base tape so that said non-adhesive coat has a width greater than that of the chips and less than that of said adhesive layer. When the cover tape is used in combination with the carrier tape, the chip-holding parts are sealed by the cover tape having the non-adhesive coat and in consequence the chips held in the chip-holding parts do not come in contact with the adhesive layer although they might come in contact with the non-adhesive coat. Accordingly, the chips are not stained by the adhesive in the adhesive layer.

Abstract: This invention relates to a manufacturing method for a recording medium or a recording head characterized in improving the slide ability of a surface of a recording medium or a recording head, and improvement or their durability by forming a monomolecular film made from silane surfactants on the surface of a recording medium or a head by direct or indirect chemisorption.

Abstract: There are described solvent-free, low monomer or monomer-free polymerizable melt compositions suitable for the corrosion and abrasion resistant coatings of substrates and formed bodies of metal, plastic, cellulose materials and/or inorganic materials and/or the creation of a protective film with barrier properties and methods of making them. The melt compositions are particularly useful especially for use in packaging, and comprise: (a) at least one polymerizable, hydroxyl-containing polymer having an average molecular weight (Mw) of between 1,000 and 500,000 and a glass transition temperature (Tg) of .gtoreq.+20.degree. C., and/or (b) at least one polymerizable, linear unbranched and/or branched polyester and/or its copolymer having an average molecular weight (Mw) of between 800 and 50,000 and a glass transition temperature (Tg) of .gtoreq.-50.degree. C.

Abstract: This invention provides novel liquid organosiloxane/graft-oxyalkylene copolymers that cure to yield solid materials. The copolymers can be cured by heating them in the presence of suitable curing agents, by exposure to ultraviolet radiation in the presence of a photoinitiator, or by exposure to an electron beam. The copolymers can be combined with solubilized, ionizable lithium salts to yield curable electroconductive compositions suitable for use as electrolytes in storage batteries.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing a magnetic recording medium having an improved durability with a simple process. Nitrogen molecules and/or nitrogen atoms in an excited state are applied to a nonmagnetic substrate simultaneously with an iron vapor flow and an ion flow. The resulting magnetic recording medium has superior corrosion resistance and can be produced at a high film forming rate, and is especially suitable for high density recording because of its high coercive force.

Abstract: A fluorinated cation exchange membrane made using reinforcement of oriented, hydrolyzed fabric of a cation exchange copolymer, the fabric having a coating of a melt-processible precursor or derivative of a fluorinated cation exchange resin on at least one surface or throughout.

Abstract: A process and product is presented for obtaining selective areas of distinctive appearance, i.e., matting on synthetic coverings. This process includes, depositing a polymer coating which contains at least one first initiator for polymerization onto at least a first selected area or zone on an expandable or nonexpandable support substrate. Next, at least one second coating comprised of a crosslinkable monomer containing at least one second polymerization initiator is deposited onto a second selected area on the substrate. This second area or zone may encompass at least a portion of the first area. The first and second initiators should be triggered by distinct "spectral zones", i.e., a range of temperature conditions, frequency conditions, etc. capable of decomposing the initiator to form free radicals or ions needed for chain propagation in a polymerization reaction.