Abstract: Methods for producing a transition-metal-coated carbon material having a transition metal coating which has a high adhesion strength between the transition metal and the carbon material, and which is neither exfoliated nor detached in subsequent processing are provided. The transition-metal-coated carbon material may be obtained by adhering a compound containing transition metal ions onto a surface of a carbon material and by reducing the transition metal ions with carbon in the carbon material by a heat treatment, thereby to form elemental transition metal. Here, the transition metal is Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Cu or Zn. Moreover, also provided is a carbon-metal composite material exhibiting an excellent mechanical strength and thermal conductivity, by improving affinity with a metal such as aluminium by use of the transition-metal-coated carbon material.

Abstract: A device for Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS). The device includes a plurality of nanostructures protruding from a surface of a substrate, a SERS active metal disposed on a portion of said plurality of nanostructures, and a low friction film disposed over the plurality of nanostructures and the SERS active metal. The low friction film is to prevent adhesion between the plurality of nanostructures.

Abstract: A pattern is formed by applying a coating composition containing magnetic particles to an article so that a coating film is formed, and a plurality of sheet form magnets are placed along the front surface of this coating film. Adjacent sheet form magnets are arranged in such a state that the magnetic poles on the front surface and the magnetic poles on the back surface are different between adjacent sheet form magnets, and side surfaces of the sheet form magnets contact each other. The coating composition contains a thermoplastic resin, magnetic particles with flaky form and a specific low boiling point solvent and a specific high boiling point solvent. A magnetic field is applied to the coating film by the sheet form magnets, so that the magnetic particles in the coating film are oriented by the magnetic field and the magnetic particles are oriented substantially parallel to the front surface of the coating film above the contact portions between the sheet form magnets.

Abstract: A method of planarizing a plurality of orientable non-spherical flakes supported by a longitudinal web is disclosed. A web supporting a coating of field orientable non-spherical flakes is placed between magnets so that the fields from the magnets traverse the web. First and third magnets are provided on one side of a feedpath and a second magnet is provided between the first and third magnets on the other side of the feedpath.

Abstract: A method of visualizing a latent image includes: preparing a latent image composed of a plurality of paramagnetic seeds immobilized on a base in the form of an image, and a dispersion liquid of paramagnetic colloidal particles; immersing the latent image in the dispersion liquid of paramagnetic colloidal particles; and applying a magnetic field to the latent image and the dispersion liquid of paramagnetic colloidal particles.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for coating workpieces (2), which consist at least partly of wood, wood materials or the like, comprising the following steps: providing a workplace (2), which consists at least partly of wood, wood materials or the like, supplying a coating material (12) which is to be applied to a surface (2a) of the workpiece (2), applying energy to a surface (2a) of the workplace in such a way that lignin contained in the material of the workpiece (2) involves adhesive properties, at least at the surface (2a) of the workpiece that is to be coated, and pressing the coating material (2) against a surface (2a) of the workpiece, wherein the coating material (12) is at least partially bonded to the workplace (2) by using the adhesive properties of the lignin.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus and systems form structures from nanoparticles by: providing a source of nanoparticles, the particles being capable of being moved by application of a field, such as an electrical field, magnetic field and even electromagnetic radiation or fields such as light, UV, IR, radiowaves, radiation and the like; depositing the nanoparticles to a surface in a first distribution of the nanoparticles; applying a field to the nanoparticles on the surface that applies a force to the particles; and rearranging the nanoparticles on the surface by the force from the field to form a second distribution of nanoparticles on the surface. The second distribution of nanoparticles is more ordered or more patterned than the first distribution of nanoparticles as a result of the rearranging.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to the field of fabricating microelectronic packages, wherein magnetic particles distributed within a solder paste may be used to form a magnetic intermetallic compound interconnect. The intermetallic compound interconnect may be exposed to a magnetic field, which can heat a solder material to a reflow temperature for attachment of microelectronic components comprising the microelectronic packages.

Abstract: A process for fabricating an antiferromagnetic layer includes depositing on a substrate a first layer with a sufficient thickness to establish a specific magnetic order from among one of the following orders, ferrimagnetic, ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, diamagnetic; after establishing the ferrimagnetic, ferromagnetic, paramagnetic or diamagnetic order, applying a magnetic field with sufficient amplitude and duration to shift walls of the magnetic domains of the first layer from a first statistical distribution to a second statistical distribution, the second statistical distribution presenting a minimum magnetic domain size strictly greater than the minimum magnetic domain size of the first statistical distribution and; for a given area, magnetic domains in which the perimeter is greater than that of domains from the first statistical distribution; and depositing on the first layer whose magnetic domain walls have been shifted, a second layer of an antiferromagnetic material in which at least one of the compon

Abstract: An electromagnetic strip stabilizer includes: a pair of electromagnets, opposed to each other, that generate magnetic forces to act on a steel strip passing between the electromagnets after a surface coating process being applied to the steel strip; a pair of sensors, each sensor provided for each of the electromagnets, that detect a distance between a corresponding one of the electromagnets and the steel strip; and a control section configured to control a current supplied to each of the electromagnets and control a vibration of the steel strip at least based on the distance between the steel strip and each of the electromagnets detected by each of the sensors. The control section determines control gains used to control the current supplied to each of the electromagnets at least based on a thickness and a width of the steel strip.

Abstract: A method and device disclose how to drain a liquid coating metal from the two sides of a running steel strip. The method transfers a strip coated with a liquid coating metal, as it runs at the tank outlet, from a region not subjected to a magnetic field to another region subjected to a static magnetic field generated between the poles of magnetic members arranged opposite each other on either side of the strip and having field lines, or at least a main shell of the field lines, intersecting with the strip over at least one minimum longitudinal extent so that the liquid coating metal is correlatively subjected to a magnetic field variation generating on the liquid metal a force opposite to the running direction. Due to the low field variation, this magnetic braking effect generates little Foucault current in the strip.

Abstract: A coated string for a stringed device which includes a coating applied to the surface of the string. The coating includes a base layer bonded to the surface of the string and an at least partially transparent low-friction top coat applied to the base layer. The base layer includes heat activated pigments that change color when heated above a color shifting temperature. In one embodiment, the color of the pigment in one area contrasts with the color of the pigment in an adjacent area without otherwise affecting the low-friction surface of the coating. The areas of different color created in locations along the length of the low-friction coated string.

Abstract: A method by which portions of a wafer level fabrication can be selectively heated by means of the formation of a plasmon generating layers of specific size, shape, orientation and material on the fabrication and then illuminating the formation with electromagnetic radiation of such wavelength and polarization as will optimally be absorbed by the plasmon generating layers so as to generate plasmons therein. The generated plasmons thereupon produce thermal energy which is transferred to portions of the fabrication with which the plasmon generation layer has thermal contact. This method is particularly advantageous for producing multiple anneals and different magnetic pinning directions for the anti-ferromagnetic pinning layer in each of an array of GMR or TMR devices. In that process, the anti-ferromagnetic layer must be raised above its Curie temperature at which point it loses its anti-ferromagnetic properties and can have a magnetization imposed by application of an external magnetic field.

Abstract: An anisotropic conductive film includes a first thin film layer including concave portions, conductive balls arranged in the concave portions, insulating balls disposed on and between the conductive balls and each having a diameter smaller than the conductive balls, and a second thin film layer disposed covering the insulating balls. A display apparatus includes a pad part and a driving chip, which are electrically connected by the anisotropic conductive film.

Abstract: A method for forming an aperture includes stamping an aperture into the article using a pellet, and refining aperture shape(s) and/or aperture dimensions. Methods for forming articles having reduced residual compressive stress are also disclosed. Very generally, the methods include establishing a diamond coating on at least a portion of a substrate, and applying a stress-relief process to the diamond coating, the substrate, or combinations thereof.

Abstract: Compositions, methods, apparatuses, kits, and combinations are described for applying a colorant to a surface. The compositions useful in the present disclosure include a composition that is formulated to be applied and affixed to a surface. If desired, the composition may be substantially removed from the surface to remove a portion or substantially all of the stain before being affixed to the surface. If a user desires to remove the composition from the surface, the composition is formulated to be removed by a number of methods including, for example, vacuuming, wet extraction, chemical application, and the like. If the user desires to affix the composition to the surface in a permanent or semi-permanent manner, the composition may be affixed to the surface by applying energy thereto in the form of, for example, heat, pressure, emitted waves, an emitted electrical field, a magnetic field, and/or a chemical.

Abstract: An optical compensation sheet is provided and includes: a transparent substrate; and at least one optical anisotropic layer containing a liquid crystalline compound. The optical compensation sheet has a film contrast value of 4000 or more in which the film contrast value is represented by formula (1).

Abstract: Articles are disclosed, comprising a polymer foam layer having a first surface and an opposite second surface; a plurality of cells between the first surface and the opposite second surface of the polymer foam layer, wherein the thickness of the polymer foam layer between the first surface and the opposite second surface is 1.0 to 1.5 times the average height of the plurality of cells; and a plurality of electrically conductive particles aligned into a plurality of columns that essentially continuously span the foam between the first surface and the opposite second surface of the polymer foam layer. The foams are useful as gaskets for electromagnetic shielding, grounding pads, battery contact conductive spring elements, and the like.

Abstract: A hard bias (HB) structure for longitudinally biasing a free layer in a MR sensor is disclosed that is based on HB easy axis growth perpendicular to an underlying seed layer which is formed above a substrate and along two sidewalls of the sensor. In one embodiment, a conformal soft magnetic layer that may be a top shield contacts the HB layer to provide direct exchange coupling that compensates HB surface charges. Optionally, a thin capping layer on the HB layer enables magneto-static shield-HB coupling. After HB initialization, HB regions along the sensor sidewalls have magnetizations that are perpendicular to the sidewalls as a result of surface charges near the seed layer. Sidewalls may be extended into the substrate (bottom shield) to give enhanced protection against side reading. The top surface of the seed layer may be amorphous or crystalline to promote HB easy axis perpendicular growth.

Abstract: A method of visualizing a latent image includes: preparing a latent image composed of a plurality of paramagnetic seeds immobilized on a base in the form of an image, and a dispersion liquid of paramagnetic colloidal particles; immersing the latent image in the dispersion liquid of paramagnetic colloidal particles; and applying a magnetic field to the latent image and the dispersion liquid of paramagnetic colloidal particles.

Abstract: A magnetic sensor includes a single substrate, a conventional GMR element formed of a spin-valve film including a single-layer-pinned fixed magnetization layer, and a SAF element formed of a synthetic spin-valve film including a plural-layer-pinned fixed magnetization layer. When the spin-valve film intended to act as the conventional GMR element and the synthetic spin-valve film intended to act as the SAF element are subjected to the application of a magnetic field oriented in a single direction at a high temperature, they become giant magnetoresistive elements whose magnetic-field-detecting directions are antiparallel to each other. Since films intended to act as the conventional GMR element and the SAF element can be disposed close to each other, the magnetic sensor which has giant magnetoresistive elements whose magnetic-field-detecting directions are antiparallel to each other can be small.

Abstract: Articles are disclosed, comprising a polymer foam layer having a first surface and an opposite second surface; a plurality of cells between the first surface and the opposite second surface of the polymer foam layer, wherein the thickness of the polymer foam layer between the first surface and the opposite second surface is 1.0 to 1.5 times the average height of the plurality of cells; and a plurality of magnetic, electrically conductive particles aligned into a plurality of mutually isolated chains that essentially continuously span the foam between the first surface and the opposite second surface of the polymer foam layer. The foams are useful as gaskets for electromagnetic shielding, grounding pads, battery contact conductive spring elements, and the like.

Abstract: Provided is a composite magnetic material having high magnetic characteristics and high electrical resistivity to be used for a magnet, especially a composite magnetic material to be suitably used for a rotary motor magnet or the like which functions in a high frequency region. The composite magnetic material for the magnet is provided by covering the surface of a rare earth-iron-nitrogen based magnetic material with a ferrite based magnetic material.

Abstract: The invention relates in general level to radiation transference techniques as applied for utilisation of material handling. The invention relates to a radiation source arrangement comprising a path of radiation transference, or an improved path of radiation transference, which path comprises a turbine scanner or an improved turbine scanner. The invention also concerns a target material suitable for vaporization and/or ablation. The invention concerns an improved turbine scanner. The invention concerns also to a vacuum vaporization/ablation arrangement that has a radiation source arrangement according to invention. The invention concerns also a target material unit, to be used in coating and/or manufacturing target material.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a component from a composite material, the composite material comprising a matrix and a plurality of reinforcement elements (CNTs), the method comprising: forming a series of layers of the composite material, each layer being formed on top of a previous layer; and applying an electromagnetic field to the composite material before the next layer is formed on top of it, the electromagnetic field causing at least some of the reinforcement elements to rotate. An apparatus comprising a build platform, a system for forming a series of layers of composite materials on the build platform and an electrode for applying an electromagnetic field is also disclosed. A composite powder comprising CNTs and a matrix and the method of fabrication are disclosed as a second aspect of the application.

Abstract: The invention discloses a device and a method for transferring a predeterminable, high-resolution magnetic design onto a document printed with a magnetic ink, in particular a magnetic optically variable ink. The device comprises a body of a composite permanent-magnetic material, having at least one flat or curved surface engraved with indicia corresponding to the design to be transferred, wherein the said magnetic material is permanently magnetized, preferably in a direction substantially perpendicular to the said surface. The method comprises imprinting or coating a first surface of a sheet or web with a magnetic ink or coating composition, and approaching the imprinted sheet or web to the engraved surface of a body of magnetized composite permanent-magnetic material while the ink is wet, followed by hardening the ink.

Abstract: A magnetic sensor element has a hard magnetic film 2 formed on a nonmagnetic substrate 1, an insulating layer 3 covering the top of the hard magnetic film 2, and a soft magnetic film 4 formed on the insulating layer 3. The magnetization direction of the hard magnetic film 2 has an angle ? relative to the longitudinal direction of the soft magnetic film 4. It is preferable that, in plan view when viewing the nonmagnetic substrate 1 from above, the hard magnetic film 2 is broader than the region in which the soft magnetic film 4 is formed, and all of the region in which the soft magnetic film 4 is entirely overlaps with the region in which the hard magnetic film 2 is formed. According to the present invention, a magnetic sensor element for which a constant bias magnetic field is obtained can be provided.

Abstract: The invention concerns a doctor blade of a fiber web machine, where the doctor blade is of a composite structure comprising a fiber material as reinforcement, and a binder. The reinforcement in the composite structure is essentially composed of a fiber material which is free from carbon fiber and the composite structure comprises particulate carbon in order to improve the thermal conductivity of the doctor blade.

Abstract: A device for controlling the thickness of a metallic coating on an elongated metallic element formed by continuously transporting the element through a bath of molten metal. The device includes at least one pair of electromagnetic wiper members and a second wiper member associated with the at least one pair of electromagnetic wiper members. The second wiper member is designed to apply to the element a jet of gas with a target area essentially according to a line transversely of the element with respect to the direction of the transport path in order to assist the electromagnetic wiper member in the wiping of superfluous molten metal from the element.

Abstract: This invention concerns a method of immobilizing a polymer hydrogel on the surface of a corresponding polymer substrate, and a polymer substrate that has a polymer hydrogel layer immobilized, at least in areas, on its surface. The invention has applications particularly as a biocompatible hydrogel coating in the field of medical technology, for example as a coating for surfaces coming in contact with blood, as in hemodialysis, and as a coating for urinary catheters, venous catheters, stents and other surfaces.

Abstract: A method of forming an alignment layer for a liquid crystal display device is disclosed, which includes preparing a substrate; coating the substrate with an alignment material for initial alignment of liquid crystal; rubbing the substrate coated with the alignment material; and applying a field flux to the substrate coated with the alignment material. The alignment material is aligned in a direction determined by the direction of the applied field flux.

Abstract: A device having a substrate, a pair of ferromagnetic leads on a surface of the substrate, laterally separated by a gap, and one or more ferromagnetic microparticles comprising a conductive coating at least partially within the gap. The conductive coating forms at least part of an electrical connection between the leads. A molecular junction may connect the leads to the microparticle.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a polymer foam composite is described, the method comprising forming an article having a first surface and an opposite second surface from a precursor composition, the precursor composition comprising a polymer foam precursor composition, and a filler composition comprising a plurality of magnetic, electrically conductive particles; foaming the precursor composition to form a plurality of cells in precursor composition; applying a magnetic field to the foamed precursor composition, wherein the magnetic field is of a strength and applied for a time effective to align the electrically conductive, magnetic particles into mutually isolated chains between the first surface and the opposite second surface of the article; and solidifying the polymer foam precursor composition to provide a polymer foam composite having a density of about 1 to about 125 pounds per cubic foot and a volume resistivity of about 10?3 ohm-cm to about 103 ohm-cm at a pressure of 60 pounds per square inch.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus and systems form structures from nanoparticles by: providing a source of nanoparticles, the particles being capable of being moved by application of a field, such as an electrical field, magnetic field and even electromagnetic radiation or fields such as light, UV IR, radiowaves, radiation and the like; depositing the nanoparticles to a surface in a first distribution of the nanoparticles; applying a field to the nanoparticles on the surface that applies a force to the particles; and rearranging the nanoparticles on the surface by the force from the field to form a second distribution of nanoparticles on the surface. The second distribution of nanoparticles is more ordered or more patterned than the first distribution of nanoparticles as a result of the rearranging.

Abstract: A security document with a security element, wherein the security element includes at least partly a material that is optically changeable by an electric or magnetic field. In addition, a corresponding method for producing such a security document and a test method for testing such a security document are described.

Abstract: Articles are disclosed, comprising a polymer foam layer having a first surface and an opposite second surface; a plurality of cells between the first surface and the opposite second surface of the polymer foam layer, wherein the thickness of the polymer foam layer between the first surface and the opposite second surface is 1.0 to 1.5 times the average height of the plurality of cells; and a plurality of magnetic, electrically conductive particles aligned into a plurality of mutually isolated chains that essentially continuously span the foam between the first surface and the opposite second surface of the polymer foam layer. The foams are useful as gaskets for electromagnetic shielding, grounding pads, battery contact conductive spring elements, and the like.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to the creation of macroscopic materials and objects comprising aligned nanotube segments. The invention entails aligning single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) segments that are suspended in a fluid medium and then removing the aligned segments from suspension in a way that macroscopic, ordered assemblies of SWNT are formed. The invention is further directed to controlling the natural proclivity or nanotube segments to self assemble into or ordered structures by modifying the environment of the nanotubes and the history of that environment prior to and during the process. The materials and objects are “macroscopic” in that they are large enough to be seen without the aid of a microscope or of the dimensions of such objects.

Abstract: There is described a method of producing color effect images on a carrier substrate, wherein it is provided that a latent magnetic image comprising magnetic pixels and non-magnetic pixels is produced on a magnetisable printing form, a carrier substrate with a decorative layer applied to the carrier substrate and provided with non-spherical, preferably needle-form or flake-form magnetic color effect pigments is moved past the magnetisable printing form so that color effect pigments of the decorative layer ale changed in their orientation relative to the carrier substrate by the field line image produced by the magnetic pixels of the magnetisable printing form, and the color effect pigments are fixed in the decorative layer in the orientation which is changed by the field line image of the printing form. There is further described an apparatus for carrying out the method and a multi-layer body produced therewith.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing flexible magnetic tape having a permanently structured magnetic characteristic which varies from place to place in two different directions in the plane of the tape, includes:—a) coating a flexible substrate with a slurry having anisotropic magnetic particles; b) moving the substrate and slurry coating relative to a first magnetic field having a field strength which varies with time in a first direction, thereby selectively orienting the particles in areas spaced apart in a first direction; c) subsequently moving the substrate and slurry coating relative to a second magnetic field having a field strength which varies with time in a second direction making an oblique angle with the first direction, such that the magnetic particles are selectively oriented in spaced areas in both the first and further directions, and d) solidifying the slurry to fix the particles in place.

Abstract: A pattern is formed by applying a coating composition containing magnetic particles to an article so that a coating film is formed, and a plurality of sheet form magnets are placed along the front surface of this coating film. Adjacent sheet form magnets are arranged in such a state that the magnetic poles on the front surface and the magnetic poles on the back surface are different between adjacent sheet form magnets, and side surfaces of the sheet form magnets contact each other. The coating composition contains a thermoplastic resin, magnetic particles with flaky form and a specific low boiling point solvent and a specific high boiling point solvent. A magnetic field is applied to the coating film by the sheet form magnets, so that the magnetic particles in the coating film are oriented by the magnetic field and the magnetic particles are oriented substantially parallel to the front surface of the coating film above the contact portions between the sheet form magnets.

Abstract: A metallized polyimide film includes: a polyimide film; an intermediate layer formed in the polyimide film, the intermediate layer extending 20 nm or less from a surface of the polyimide film, and the intermediate layer including at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mo, Cr, Ni, and Si injected into the polyimide film; and a conductive layer that is made of copper or a copper alloy formed on the intermediate layer, wherein the amount of the at least one element injected into the intermediate layer is between 0.3 and 15 mg/m2.

Abstract: The invention seeks to provide a magnetized coating suitable for exerting durable magnetic forces. To do this, the method of the invention consists in spreading conductive particles (13) on a medium (11), the particles being directed by prior magnetization along an inducing magnetic field and being embedded in a binder (12). The coating apparatus for implementing the method of the invention comprises means (10, 15) for feeding the medium (11) onto a conveyor (20), means for applying a main binder (12) via presser rollers (40) and via at least one nozzle (30), said means being coupled to heater means, a tank (50) of particles (13) coupled to a duster (51) for dispensing the fill of particles, means for spreading the fill of particles within the main binder, electromagnetic means (60) for producing an anisotropic magnetic field for magnetizing the particles, a sprayer (80) for depositing an additional binder, dryer means (100), demagnetizer means (110), and winder means (120).

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method of magnetically linking a ferromagnetic object to a partially magnetized coating material made by applying a coating to a surface of a continuously-moving medium including the steps of providing a coating material by mixing a binder material suitable for being spread substantially and regularly over the surface and a ferromagnetic component, the binder material being a hot melt adhesive; providing a continuously-moving medium having a top surface to be substantially coated, the surface capable of receiving a substantially and regularly spread coating material; passing the coating material and continuously-moving medium between rollers to form a substantially constant thickness of the coating material substantially covering the top surface and allowing the coating material to set to form the coated medium as a magnetizable component, wherein the medium that is coated is one of a paper, a card, wallpaper, a flexible plastic sheet, a rigid plastic sheet, and walls; partially

Abstract: Oriented materials and methods for their formation are disclosed. The oriented material is formed by depositing an oriented component from an oriented liquid crystal medium. Oriented materials having multiple layers and methods for their formation are also disclosed.

Abstract: Multilayer magnetic recording medium is suitable for high recording densities and the recording of digital data, has very good electromagnetic recording properties in the entire recording wavelength range and good mechanical properties and possesses a flat frequency response and which has at least one upper magnetic recording layer less than 0.5 &mgr;m thick and at least one lower layer which contains a magnetically soft pigment.

Abstract: An improved and novel device and fabrication method for a magnetic element, and more particularly a magnetic element (10) including a first electrode (14), a second electrode (18) and a spacer layer (16). The first electrode (14) and the second electrode (18) include ferromagnetic layers (26 & 28). A spacer layer (16) is located between the ferromagnetic layer (26) of the first electrode (14) and the ferromagnetic layer (28) of the second electrode (16) for permitting tunneling current in a direction generally perpendicular to the ferromagnetic layers (26 & 28). The device includes insulative veils (34) characterized as electrically isolating the first electrode (14) and the second electrode (18), the insulative veils (34) including non-magnetic and insulating dielectric properties.

Abstract: A flexible magnetic recording medium to which data is transferred by being brought into intimate contact with a master carrier which has a land/groove pattern corresponding to the data and also has a surface whose Moh's hardness is 6 to 10. The magnetic recording medium includes a substrate, a non-magnetic layer, and a magnetic layer. The non-magnetic layer and the magnetic layer are coated on the substrate in the recited order. The magnetic layer contains an abrasive comprising diamond particles whose average particle size is 0.03 to 0.5 &mgr;m. The diamond particle content of the abrasive is in a range of 0.1 to 5 wt % of ferromagnetic powder contained in the magnetic layer.

Abstract: A flexible laminate, comprising: the light-active second layer acts without external energizing to change the properties of incident light such that the light reflected by this layer has signaling properties; a first layer serving as carrier layer; a light-active second layer situated on an outer surface of this laminate; and a permanent magnetic third layer for releasable magnetic attachment of the laminate to a ferromagnetic surface. The laminate has the feature that the light-active second layer acts without external energizing to change the properties of incident light such that the light reflected by this layer has signaling properties.

Abstract: Methods for reducing hysteresis losses in superconductor coated ribbons where a flux distribution is set into the superconductor coated ribbon prior to the application of alternating current.

Abstract: An organic thin film device in which as a junction interface shape between an organic thin film and an adjacent layer, a sectional contour shape of a device interface having a Hausdorff dimension, as one fractal dimension, falling within the range 1.5≦D≦2.0 is formed by defining the Hausdorff dimension and its scale length.