Abstract: To provide a transparent conductive substrate for a solar cell, whereby the fill factor (FF) and the open circuit voltage can be improved, and a solar cell using it. A transparent conductive substrate for a solar cell, comprising a substrate and at least a tin oxide layer formed thereon, wherein the tin oxide layer has ridges and dents on a surface which is not on the substrate side, an oxide having titanium as the main component is formed on the surface having the ridges and dents, the oxide is particles having an average size of from 1 to 100 nm, and the oxide is contained at a density of from 10 to 100 particles/?m2.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a polymer thick film silver composition comprising (a) a conductive silver powder; and (b) an organic medium comprising three different resins and organic solvent, wherein the ratio of the weight of the conductive silver powder to the total weight of the three different resins is between 5:1 and 45:1. The composition may be processed at a time and energy sufficient to remove all solvent. The invention is further directed to a method of electrode grid and/or bus bar formation on thin-film photovoltaic cells using the composition and to cells formed from the method and the composition.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for forming an organic molecular film structure that can maintain desired functions characteristic to the organic material and that can be realized as a thin film, and the organic molecular film structure. An organic molecular film structure forming method for forming an organic molecular film on a base material comprises the steps of: i) forming a monomolecular film (12) that contains first organic molecules (12a) by chemically bonding a surface of the base material (10) and the first organic molecules (12a); and ii) causing second organic molecules (15) to be present inside the monomolecular film (12) by bringing the second organic molecules (15) into contact with the monomolecular film (12). Accordingly, it is possible to form an organic molecular film that can maintain desired functions characteristic to the organic material and that can be realized as a thin film.

Abstract: Certain example embodiments relate to articles supporting photocatalytic layers that also include UV-reflecting unclerlayers, and/or methods of making the same. In certain example embodiments, the inclusion of a UV-reflecting underlayer surprisingly and unexpectedly results in the reduction of dosing time to enable quick activation of the photocatalytic coating. For example, dosing time may be reduced from a few hours to a few minutes or even seconds in certain example embodiments. The UV-reflecting underlayer may be a single-layer coating or a multi-layer stack.

Abstract: A glass substrate is provided having a major surface on which there is a coating comprising a transparent conductive oxide film. The TCO film may comprise aluminum-doped zinc aluminum oxide (“AZO”) or tin-doped indium oxide (“ITO”). When the coated glass substrate is heat-treated, the coating exhibits desirable sheet resistance and absorption values. In some cases, the coating comprises a first transparent dielectric film, a second transparent dielectric film, a transparent conductive oxide film comprising AZO or ITO, and a third transparent dielectric film.

Abstract: A photovoltaic module comprised of a plurality of series connected photovoltaic cells disposed upon a substrate is fabricated utilizing thin film device techniques. A body of photovoltaic stock material comprised of an electrically conductive substrate having at least a bottom electrode layer, a body of photovoltaic material, and a top electrode layer supported thereupon is patterned so as to define a number of individual, electrically isolated photovoltaic cells and a number of electrically isolated connection zones. The connection zones are patterned to each include a portion of the bottom electrode material and are configured so that the bottom electrode material in each segment of the connection zone is exposed, and is in electrical communication with the bottom electrode portion of a particular cell.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of making back side contacts and back surface fields in photovoltaic devices such as silicon solar cells. According to one aspect, the process of the present invention is a non-contact process, overcoming many of the problems of the prior art. According to certain aspects, molten aluminum is used to form the contact regions as opposed to the screen printing process of the prior art. According to additional aspects, the process can be used to form the distributed point contacts and localized back surface fields for dielectric passivated back surface. According to still further aspects, molten aluminum spray and/or atomization is used for the back side metallization.

Abstract: An ordered multilayer crystalline organic thin film structure is formed by depositing at least two layers of thin film crystalline organic materials successively wherein the at least two thin film layers are selected to have their surface energies within ±50% of each other, and preferably within ±15% of each other, whereby every thin film layer within the multilayer crystalline organic thin film structure exhibit a quasi-epitaxial relationship with the adjacent crystalline organic thin film.

Abstract: A coated structure is provided that has a highly concentrated coating of carbon nanotubes so as to provide integrated thermal emissivity, atomic oxygen (AO) shielding and tailorable conductivity to the underlying surface, such as the surface of an aerospace vehicle, a solar array, an aeronautical vehicle or the like. A method of fabricating a coated structure is also provided in which a surface is coated with a coating having a relative high concentration of carbon nanotubes that is configured to provide integrated thermal emissivity, AO shielding and tailorable conductivity to the surface.

Abstract: A photovoltaic device and related methods of manufacture. The device has a support substrate having a support surface region. The device has a thickness of crystalline material characterized by a plurality of worm hole structures therein overlying the support surface region of the support substrate. The worm hole structures are characterized by a density distribution. The one or more worm hole structures have respective surface regions. In a specific embodiment, the thickness of crystalline material has an upper surface region. The device has a passivation material overlying the surface regions to cause a reduction of a electron-hole recombination process. A glue layer is provided between the support surface region and the thickness of crystalline material. A textured surface region formed overlying from the upper surface region of the thickness of crystalline material.

Abstract: An efficient and low-cost method is intended for forming a flexible nanostructured material suitable for use as an active element of a photovoltaic panel. The method consists of evaporating a colloidal solution, which contains nanoparticles of various sizes and/or masses, from a flat surface of a rotating body on which the solution forms a thin and easily vaporizable layer, and simultaneously releasing the nanoparticles from the solution for their free flight through a gaseous medium toward the flexible substrate. As a result, the particles of different sizes and/or types of material are deposited onto the flexible substrate in a predetermined sequence that corresponds to the magnitude of resistance experienced by the nanoparticles during their free flight.

Abstract: A solar concentrator is implemented with a plate structure that has a surface and one or more hydrophobic regions on the surface of the plate structure. The plate structure is transparent to visible light. A fluid is sprayed onto the surface of the plate structure where the fluid forms droplets on the hydrophobic regions. The droplets capture substantially all angles of incident solar radiation and deliver concentrated solar radiation to a corresponding number of solar cells.

Abstract: A device for applying an even, thin fluid layer, in particular a phosphoric acid layer, onto substrates, in particular silicon cells for photovoltaic application, is provided with a process chamber, which is provided with a fluid pan and a high-frequency ultrasound device that converts the fluid into fluid mist, and with a transport device that is arranged beneath a fluid-mist dropping shaft of the process chamber for the substrates.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a paste composition used for forming an electrode or wiring, wherein it comprises a) a conductive powder; b) a cellulose binder; c) an acrylate monomer; d) a radical polymerization initiator; and e) a solvent, and it is curable at a low temperature when compared to the prior paste compositions and it has excellent hardness, electrical resistivity and stability so that it can be usefully used for forming an electrode or wiring for a solar cell, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) or PCB (Printed Circuit Board).

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor is provided, which includes: a substrate; a photosensitive layer; and a surface protective layer, in this order, in which the protective layer contains a crosslinked product of a curable charge transporting material in a content of from about 90 to 98% by weight, and fluorinated resin particles in a content of from about 2 to 10% by weight, and the protective layer satisfies Formula (1): 0.5?b/a?1, wherein, “a” represents a ratio of fluorine atoms to the sum of carbon atoms, oxygen atoms, and fluorine atoms present in a region of the protective layer ranging from the photosensitive layer side surface thereof to a point corresponding to about ? of the thickness thereof, and “b” represents the ratio in a region of the protective layer ranging from the outer surface thereof to a point corresponding to about ? of the thickness thereof.

Abstract: A sterile device immersed in a sterile buffer and a method for providing same. The sterile device may be a medical device such as a biosensor having a biomolecule as a sensing element such as, for example, a glucose oxidase enzyme. The buffer may be a bicarbonate solution. Both the device and the buffer may be packaged and stored over long term while maintaining sterilization. The sterilization method may comprise a combination of gaseous, liquid and light sterilization.

Abstract: A solar cell protective sheet comprising a polymer substrate and a polymer layer, which satisfies at least one of the following conditions [1] and [2]: [1] the polymer substrate is a surface-treated polymer substrate, and the polymer layer has a thickness of from 0.8 ?m to 12 ?m and contains a composite polymer containing a polysiloxane structural unit represented by the following formula (1) and a non-polysiloxane structural unit in the molecule: wherein R1 and R2 represent hydrogen, halogen or monovalent organic group; n indicates 1 or more; and [2] the sheet contains a first polymer layer containing an ultraviolet absorbent and a binder polymer on the polymer substrate, and a second polymer layer containing a binder polymer, in which the content of the ultraviolet absorbent is at most 1.0% by mass relative to the total amount of the binder.

Abstract: A photovoltaic panel has an absorbent photovoltaic material, particularly based on cadmium, said panel including a front side substrate, particularly a transparent glass substrate with a transparent electrode coating, where the antireflection coating placed above the metal functional layer opposite the substrate has a single antireflection layer, based on mixed zinc tin oxide over its whole thickness, or where the antireflection coating placed above the metal functional layer opposite the substrate has at least two antireflection layers including, on the one hand, an antireflection layer which is closer to the functional layer and is based on mixed zinc tin oxide over its whole thickness and, on the other, an antireflection layer which is further from the functional layer and is not based on mixed zinc tin oxide over its whole thickness.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a wafer-size photovoltaic cell module includes defining an integrated cellular structure of a light converting monolateral or bilateral junction diode in an epitaxially grown detachable layer including a first deposited metal current collecting terminal of the diode. The method also includes laminating onto the surface of the processed epitaxially grown detachable layer a film of an optical grade plastic material resistant to hydrofluoric acid solutions. The method further includes immersing the wafer in a hydrofluoric acid solution causing detachment of the epitaxially grown silicon layer laminated with the film, and polishing the surface of separation of the detached epitaxially grown layer and forming a second metal current collecting terminal of the diode by masked deposition of a metal at a temperature tolerable by the film.

Abstract: Provided is a coating apparatus that suppresses the phenomenon in which a semisolid film is retained on the upper-end edge portion of the coating bath even after the circulation of the coating liquid is resumed, resulting in the occurrence of coating defects, and a method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member using the coating apparatus. The upper-end portion of the coating bath includes a first upper-end surface, a second upper-end surface that is positioned below the first upper-end surface and has an outer diameter larger than that of the first upper-end surface, and a step surface that interconnects the first upper-end surface and the second upper-end surface. The coating liquid is capable of overflowing from the coating bath, flowing along the second upper-end surface, and flowing while wetting the whole area of the step surface when the circulation is resumed.

Abstract: There is disclosed a single crystal silicon solar cell includes the steps of: implanting hydrogen ions or rare gas ions to a single crystal silicon substrate; performing surface activation on at least one of an ion-implanted surface of the single crystal silicon substrate and a surface of a transparent insulator substrate; bonding the ion-implanted surface of the single crystal silicon substrate and the transparent insulator substrate with the surface-activated surface being set as a bonding surface; applying an impact onto the ion implanted layer to mechanically delaminate the single crystal silicon substrate to form a single crystal silicon layer; forming a plurality of diffusion regions having a second conductivity type on the delaminated plane side of the single crystal silicon layer; forming a plurality of first conductivity type regions and a plurality of second conductivity type regions on the delaminated plane of the single crystal silicon layer; and forming a light reflection film that covers the plu

Abstract: The present invention provides a solar cell back sheet, including: a substrate layer; and a resin layer including a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based polymer having a crystallinity of 50% or less, and a method of manufacturing the same. The solar cell back sheet is advantageous in that, since the drying temperature of the resin layer formed on at least one side of the substrate layer can be freely adjusted within the range of 250° C. or less, preferably, 200° C. or less, there can be improvements in the optimum conditions for obtaining optimum physical properties, minimization of the thermal deformation of the substrate layer, and the production cost and productivity of the solar cell back sheet.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for production of a thin-layer solar cell with microcrystalline silicon and a layer sequence. According to the invention, a microcrystalline silicon layer is applied to the lower p- or n-layer in pin or nip thin-layer solar cells, by means of a HWCVD method before the application of the microcrystalline i-layer. The efficiency of the solar cell is hence increased by up to 0.8% absolute.

Abstract: A seal can be included in a photovoltaic module to improve reliability and durability.

Abstract: Apparatus is generally provided for vapor deposition of a sublimated source material as a thin film on a photovoltaic module substrate. The apparatus includes a distribution plate disposed below the distribution manifold and at a defined distance above a horizontal conveyance plane of an upper surface of a substrate conveyed through the apparatus. The distribution plate defines a pattern of passages therethrough configured to provide greater resistance to the flow of sublimated source vapors at a first longitudinal end than a second longitudinal end. A process for vapor deposition of a sublimated source material to form thin film on a photovoltaic module substrate is also provided via distributing the sublimated source material onto an upper surface of the substrates through a distribution plate positioned between the upper surface of the substrate and the receptacle.

Abstract: A nanodiamond coating for use on a solar cell, the coating including a nanodiamond material suspended in a liquid, wherein the nanodiamond material has a size range from about 1 nm to about 10 nm. Methods for improving the efficiency of a solar cell, including, mixing a nanodiamond material with a liquid polymer or non-polymer solvent to form a nanodiamond-polymer suspension, forming a coating of the suspension on a top surface of a solar cell, and drying the coating such that a dried nanodiamond-polymer layer remains bonded to the, solar cell.

Abstract: An apparatus and process for vapor deposition of a sublimated source material as a thin film on a photovoltaic module substrate are provided. The apparatus includes at least one receptacle disposed in a deposition head. Each receptacle is configured for receipt of a granular source material. A heating system is configured to heat the receptacle(s) to sublimate the source material. A substantially vertical distribution plate is disposed between the receptacle(s) and a substrate conveyed through the apparatus. The distribution plate is positioned at a defined distance from a vertical conveyance plane of a deposition surface of the substrate. The distribution plate comprises a pattern of passages therethrough that distribute the sublimated source material for deposition onto the deposition surface of the substrate.

Abstract: A foam mount of an aircraft window has a groove to receive an electro chromic window. The foam mount is painted by placing a blank in the groove to divide the foam mount into a first section designated to face the exterior of the aircraft and an opposite second section. The groove and the first section are coated with an electric conductive paint, and the second section is covered with a decorative paint. The conductive coating on the foam mount and the conductive coating of the electrodes of the electro chromic window provide an RF shielding to prevent electronic signals from personal electronic equipment from passing through the cabin and door windows of the aircraft. A mask is also provided to coat one section of the foam mount while covering the other section.

Abstract: Photovoltaic conductive features and processes for forming photovoltaic conductive features are described. The process comprises (a) providing a substrate comprising a passivation layer disposed on a silicon layer; (b) depositing a surface modifying material onto at least a portion of the passivation layer; (c) depositing a composition comprising at least one of metallic nanoparticles comprising a metal or a metal precursor to the metal onto at least a portion of the substrate; and (d) heating the composition such that it forms at least a portion of a photovoltaic conductive feature in electrical contact with the silicon layer, wherein at least one of the composition or the surface modifying material etches a region of the passivation layer. When the surface modifying material is a UV-curable material, the process comprises the additional step of curing the UV-curable material.

Abstract: The invention provides high efficient dye-sensitized solar cells using tio2-carbon nano tube (MWCNT) nanocomposite. More particularly, the invention provides TiO2-MWCNT nanocomposites prepared by hydrothermal route which result in higher efficiency of the dye sensitized solar cell.

Abstract: Methods and devices are provided for forming thin-films from solid group IIIA-based particles. In one embodiment of the present invention, a method is described comprising of providing a first material comprising an alloy of a) a group IIIA-based material and b) at least one other material. The material may be included in an amount sufficient so that no liquid phase of the alloy is present within the first material in a temperature range between room temperature and a deposition or pre-deposition temperature higher than room temperature, wherein the group IIIA-based material is otherwise liquid in that temperature range. The other material may be a group IA material. A precursor material may be formulated comprising a) particles of the first material and b) particles containing at least one element from the group consisting of: group IB, IIIA, VIA element, alloys containing any of the foregoing elements, or combinations thereof. The temperature range described above may be between about 20° C.

Abstract: Light scattering inorganic substrates and articles comprising soot particles and methods for making light scattering inorganic substrates and articles comprising soot particles useful for, for example, photovoltaic cells. The method for making the substrates and articles comprises providing an inorganic substrate comprising at least one surface, applying soot particles pyrogenically to the at least one surface of the inorganic substrate to form a coated substrate, and heating the soot particles to form the light scattering inorganic substrate. The invention creates a scattering glass surface that is suitable for subsequent deposition of a TCO and a thin film silicon photovoltaic device structure. The scattering properties may be controlled by the combination of substrate glass and soot composition, deposition conditions, patterning of the soot, and/or sintering conditions.

Abstract: Self-cleaning aluminum alloy substrates and methods of making the same are disclosed. In one embodiment, a substrate is provided, the substrate including an aluminum alloy body, an anodic oxide zone having micropores within a surface of the aluminum alloy body, the anodic oxide zone being substantially impermeable to contaminants, and a photocatalytic film located on at least a portion of the anodic oxide zone, wherein the photocatalytic film comprises photocatalytically active semiconductor. In one embodiment, a method is provided, the method including the steps of forming an anodic oxide zone in at least a portion of an aluminum alloy base, forming a photocatalytic film, the photocatalytic film being located on the anodic oxide zone, and sealing the anodic oxide zone with a sealant, wherein, as sealed, the anodic oxide zone is substantially impermeable to contaminants.

Abstract: The tin-doped indium oxide thin film in accordance with the present invention has a tin-doped indium oxide, yttrium ions and europium ions, wherein the yttrium ions are proportional to 0.1-10 mol % of the tin-doped indium oxide while the europium ions proportional to 0.05-5 mol % of the tin-doped indium oxide. The method in accordance with the present invention comprises preparing a tin-doped indium oxide; and doping yttrium ions proportional to 0.1-10 mol % of the tin-doped indium and europium ions proportional to 0.05-5 mol % of the tin-doped indium oxide in the tin-doped indium oxide using a film-manufacturing method.

Abstract: Liquid-based indium selenide and copper selenide precursors, including copper-organoselenides, particulate copper selenide suspensions, copper selenide ethylene diamine in liquid solvent, nanoparticulate indium selenide suspensions, and indium selenide ethylene diamine coordination compounds in solvent, are used to form crystalline copper-indium-selenide, and/or copper indium gallium selenide films (66) on substrates (52).

Abstract: An organic photosensitive optoelectronic device is formed in which the organic photoconductive materials are encapsulated by an electrode of the device. A first transparent film is provided that comprises a first electrically conductive material, arranged on a transparent substrate. A first photoconductive organic material is deposited over the first electrically conductive material. A metal is deposited at an initial rate of no more than 1 nm/s over the first photoconductive organic material, completely covering any exposed portions of the first photoconductive organic material and any exposed interfaces with the first photoconductive organic material to a thickness of no less than 10 nm.

Abstract: An electrode for a dye sensitized solar cell, the electrode including platinum having a controlled surface roughness and a specific surface area of platinum, a method of manufacturing the electrode, and a dye sensitized solar cell having excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency by including the electrode.

Abstract: There is provided an electrode for a solar cell, in which the electrode is printed using a polymer binder with a low Tg (hereinafter, referred to as a low Tg polymer binder) to improve a contact property between a substrate such as silicon wafer, or the like, and a conductive electrode material, and subsequently, using a polymer binder with a high Tg (hereinafter, referred to as a high Tg polymer binder) to improve the aspect ratio. The printed electrode is fired, thereby obtaining the electrode with a high aspect ratio, an improved contact property between the substrate and the conductive electrode material, and an enhanced cell efficiency. There is also provided a manufacturing method thereof and a solar cell.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a mixed-type heterojunction thin-film solar cell structure and a method for fabricating the same. Firstly, a conductive substrate and a template are provided, and the template has a substrate and an inorganic wire array formed on the substrate. Next, a conjugate polymer layer is formed on the conductive substrate. Next, the inorganic wire array is embedded into the conjugate polymer layer. Next, the substrate is separated from the inorganic wire array. Then, an electrode layer is formed over the inorganic wire array and the conjugate polymer layer. The solar cell structure of the present invention has advantages of flexibility, high energy conversion efficiency and low fabrication cost.

Abstract: A precursor material for forming a film of a group IB-IIIA-chalcogenide compound and a method of making this film are disclosed. The film contains group IB-chalcogenide nanoparticles and/or group IIIA-chalcogenide nanoparticles and/or nanoglobules and/or nanodroplets and a source of extra chalcogen. Alternatively, the film may contain core-shell nanoparticles having core nanoparticles include group IB and/or IIIA elements, which are coated with a shell of elemental chalcogen material. The method of making a film of group IB-IIIA-chalcogenide compound includes mixing the nanoparticles and/or nanoglobules and/or nanodroplets to form an ink, depositing the ink on a substrate, heating to melt the extra chalcogen and to react the chalcogen with the group IB and group IIIA elements and/or chalcogenides to form a dense film.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a semiconductor film capable of inhibiting the quality of a semiconductor film from destabilization is obtained. This method of manufacturing a semiconductor film includes steps of introducing source gas for a semiconductor, controlling the pressure of an atmosphere formed by the source gas to a prescribed level, heating a catalytic wire to at least a prescribed temperature after controlling the pressure of the atmosphere to the prescribed level and forming a semiconductor film by decomposing the source gas with the heated catalytic wire.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of mixtures which comprise, as components K1), one or more merocyanines selected from the group of the compounds of the general formulae I, IIa, IIb, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IIId and IIIe, as defined in more detail in the description, as an electron donor or electron acceptor, and, as component K2), one or more compounds which, with respect to component K1), act correspondingly as an electron acceptor or electron donor, for producing photoactive layers for organic solar cells and organic photodetectors, to a process for producing photoactive layers, corresponding solar cells and organic photodetectors, and to mixtures which comprise, as components, one or more compounds of the general formulae I, IIa, IIb, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IIId and/or IIIe of component K1, as defined in more detail in the description, and one or more compounds of component K2.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of releasing an ensemble of nanofibers from a dielectric substrate as well as to applications of the method. The organic nanofibers are grown on the substrate and can be released by first providing a polar liquid to a surface of the substrate and subsequently supplying energy to the combined system of nanofibers and liquid. The release may preferably be followed by transferring the released nanofibers to another substrate for application of the nanofibers, including alignment and/or structuring of the nanofibers. The applications includes light emitting, guiding and sensing applications.

Abstract: A composition of matter, includes a plurality of anisotropic nanoparticles that are in physical contact with one another, each of the plurality of anisotropic nanoparticles having a) a first dimension that is substantially different than both a second dimension and a third dimension and b) a non-random nanoparticle crystallographic orientation that is substantially aligned with the first direction. The plurality a anisotropic nanoparticles are substantially aligned with respect to each other to define a substantially close packed dense layer having a non-random shared crystallographic orientation that is substantially aligned with a basal plane of the substantially close packed dense layer. The plurality of anisotropic nanoparticles includes a member selected from the group consisting of (In,Ga)y(S,Se)1-y, an In2Se3 stable wurtzite structure that defines a hexagonal rod nanoparticle, Cux(Se)1-x and Cu(In,Ga)y(S,Se)1-y.

Abstract: A solar cell with a doped buffer layer includes silicon and tin.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for the fabrication and manufacture of efficient, low-cost p-n heterojunction pyrite solar cells. The p-n heterojunction pyrite solar cells can include a pyrite thin cell component, a window layer component, and a top surface contact component. The pyrite thin cell component can be fabricated from nanocrystal paint deposited onto metal foils or microcrystalline pyrite deposited onto foil by chemical vapor deposition. A method of synthesizing colloidal pyrite nanocrystals is provided. Methods of manufacturing the efficient, low-cost p-n heterojunction pyrite solar cells are also provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a multilayer solar element (S), which includes a first layer (1) of a photovoltaic thin-film laminate which is coated on its bottom side as a bonding layer to a base or to a support material over its full surface area with a self-adhesive second layer (2) or a non-self-adhesive second layer (2?), or over part of its surface area with a self-adhesive second layer (2) or a non-self-adhesive second layer (2?) by adhesively bonding a self-adhesive or non-self-adhesive polymer-modified bitumen.

Abstract: Transparent structures, electrochromic devices, and methods for making such structures/devices are provided. A transparent structure may include a transparent substrate having a plurality of micro- or nano-scale structures, at least one substance configured to block near-infrared or infrared radiation and partially cover at least substantial portions of the substrate and the plurality of micro- or nano-scale structures, and at least one photocatalyst configured to at least partially cover an outermost surface of the transparent structure.

Abstract: A highly stable, multilayer organic molecular photoelectric element without interlayer miscibility phenomenon during manufacturing process, and a method for producing multilayer organic molecular photoelectric elements with simplified solution process are disclosed.

Abstract: A method by which photocathodes(201), single crystal, amorphous, or otherwise ordered, can be surface modified to a robust state of lowered and in best cases negative, electron affinity has been discovered. Conventional methods employ the use of Cs(203) and an oxidizing agent(207), typically carried by diatomic oxygen or by more complex molecules, for example nitrogen trifluoride, to achieve a lowered electron affinity(404). In the improved activation method, a second alkali, other than Cs(205), is introduced onto the surface during the activation process, either by co-deposition, yo-yo, or sporadic or intermittent application. Best effect for GaAs photocathodes has been found through the use of Li(402) as the second alkali, though nearly the same effect can be found by employing Na(406).