Abstract: The present invention is directed to a device for process for predicting gloss of a coating resulting from a wet layer of a low gloss coating composition, such as automotive OEM or refinish paint. The device includes measuring reflectance of the layer of the coating composition applied over a test substrate and then allowing the layer to dry and/or cure into a coating. Thereafter, its gloss is measured with a gloss meter. The device is repeated with varying amounts of one or flatting agents added to the composition and the reflectance vs. gloss is plotted on a graph and by using a curve fitting equation a gloss prediction curve is obtained. By measuring the reflectance of a wet layer of a target low gloss coating composition the gloss of a coating that would result from such a layer is then predicted by using the gloss prediction curve. The device is most useful during the manufacture of coating compositions, such as automotive OEM and refinishes paints.

Abstract: An apparatus for aligning a dispenser includes a table having a first alignment mark, an alignment plate provided along at least one side of the table, at least one syringe supplying a dispensing material to the alignment plate through a nozzle provided at one end portion thereof to form a second alignment mark, a first image camera provided along a side of the syringe and detecting an image of the second alignment mark, a second image camera detecting an image of the first alignment mark, and an alignment control unit aligning the image of the second alignment mark and a first reference position, and aligning an image of the first alignment mark and a second reference position.

Abstract: An ink printing process employs per-nozzle droplet volume measurement and processing software that plans droplet combinations to reach specific aggregate ink fills per target region, guaranteeing compliance with minimum and maximum ink fills set by specification. In various embodiments, different droplet combinations are produced through different printhead/substrate scan offsets, offsets between printheads, the use of different nozzle drive waveforms, and/or other techniques. These combinations can be based on repeated, rapid droplet measurements that develop understandings for each nozzle of means and spreads for expected droplet volume, velocity and trajectory, with combinations of droplets being planned based on these statistical parameters. Optionally, random fill variation can be introduced so as to mitigate Mura effects in a finished display device. The disclosed techniques have many possible applications.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method of coating and curing, including conveying a substantially flat substrate to be coated with a conveyor system through a combination roll coating and curing facility, wherein the combination roll coating and curing facility comprises at least one roll coating facility and at least one curing facility, roll coating the substantially flat substrate with a continuous sol gel coating material with the at least one roll coating facility, and curing the sol gel coating material on the substantially flat substrate with an air knife of the at least one curing facility, wherein the air knife is adapted to direct a heated stream of air to cure the continuous sol gel coating material while an interior of the substantially flat substrate remains at a temperature substantially lower than a temperature of air from the air knife.

Abstract: A method includes introducing an organic metal gas containing hydrogen into a deposition vessel to cause a component of the organic metal containing hydrogen to be adsorbed on a substrate; introducing an oxidizing gas or a nitriding gas into the vessel, generating plasma with the oxidizing gas or the nitriding gas by a plasma source, and oxidizing or nitriding the component; detecting emission intensity of a wavelength of light through an observation window in the vessel, the light being emitted, by generating the plasma, from an excited hydrogen radical resulting from the hydrogen separated from the organic metal above the substrate when the organic metal reacts with the oxidizing gas or the nitriding gas to form an oxidized metal or a nitride metal on the substrate; and stopping the generation of the plasma when a value of the detected emission intensity becomes a first predetermined value or less.

Abstract: Methods and systems for coating measurements are provided. A system for obtaining characteristics of a target coating layer include a clearcoat layer having a first surface and a second surface. A removable front support layer has an upper surface and a lower surface, where the lower surface is affixed over at least a portion of the second surface of the clearcoat layer. A back support layer has an inner surface and an outer surface, and at least a portion of the inner surface includes an adhesive layer. A separation layer is affixed over at least a portion of the adhesive layer, and the separation layer is removable from the adhesive layer.

Abstract: A method to evaluate, determine and optimize production parameters for a coating application of a UV cationic polymerizable coating system to a substrate is provided. The method is based on a simulation model which includes both shadow and dark cure processes. Both of an active center generation process and the active center diffusion process are mathematically described. In the model, the two processes are considered separately since they are driven by different fundamental phenomena and occur on different timescales. Evaluation or prediction of the effect of process variables on the curing of a cationic coating of a complex substrate according to the described method allows characterization and understanding of process variables which may save set-up costs and improve production efficiency.

Abstract: A light induced forward transfer manufacturing method provides for transfer of material from a donor sheet. A donor sheet is used that comprises a trench in a surface of the donor sheet, with transfer material in the trench. The material is transferred by scanning a light spot along the bottom of the trench. A donor sheet is used in which the average depth of the trench varies in the scanning direction. This supports optical reading of position information from the trench through the donor sheet and/or transfer of structures with predetermined height profiles from the trench. In combination with the average depth, or by themselves, a trench width, deviation of a trench from an average track or variation of a thickness or composition of material at a bottom of the trench may vary as a function of position along the trench to support optical reading of position information and/or transfer of predetermined structures.

Abstract: A system for applying sealant material from a cartridge includes a cartridge fixture storing a plurality of cartridges each cartridge including unique identification information and containing sealant material, a cartridge robot for removing a selected one of the cartridges from the fixture, and a dispense robot for receiving the selected cartridge from the cartridge robot and applying the sealant material contained therein to a workpiece. A controller is connected to the cartridge robot and the dispense robot for operating the robots and a plurality of sensors are connected to the controller for generating the unique identification information for the selected cartridge, sealant usage per workpiece, sealant dispense pressure, sealant dispense temperature; and sealant usage from the selected cartridge.

Abstract: A method for non-destructive evaluation of an article of manufacture (30) by coating the article with a temperature-sensitive coating (34), stimulating the article with energy (18) to induce temperature changes in the article responsive to features of the article, then evaluating (24) a resulting topography of energy-induced changes (50, 52, 53) in the coating (34). The energy imparted to the article may be, for example, electromagnetic, magnetic, or sonic energy that produces localized changes in temperature in the article (30) in response to features (32) of the article such as flaws or other discontinuities. The coating (34) may be a suspension of liquid crystals in a liquid, and the energy may be an application of sonic energy. The coating may be a material that hardens (42, 54) or softens (44, 56) upon a slight increase in temperature. Layers (34, 35) of different energy-sensitive coatings (38, 40) may be applied to indicate different aspects of features of the article.

Abstract: An adhering amount detecting process includes: lowering the nozzle to a trial application position; performing a trial application to apply the viscous material to a trial application surface disposed on an application stage; and detecting an amount of the viscous material adhering to the nozzle. Then, whether a difference between maximum and minimum values of the amounts of the viscous material adhering to the nozzle detected by performing the adhering amount detecting process a plurality of times exceeds a threshold is determined. If the difference is determined as not exceeding the threshold, the lowered position of the nozzle with respect to the application target is set such that a gap between the nozzle at the lowered position and an application surface of an application target coincides with a gap between the nozzle at the trial application position and the trial application surface.

Abstract: According to the present disclosure, a substrate processing apparatus for processing a flexible substrate including a vacuum chamber configured for being evacuated and being configured for having a process gas provided therein, a processing module adapted to process the flexible substrate, wherein the processing module is provided within the vacuum chamber, and a discharging assembly configured to generate a flow of charged particles to discharge the flexible substrate is provided. The discharging assembly is configured to generate an electric field for ionizing a processing gas.

Abstract: An ESD protection device includes an alumina multilayer substrate, a hollow portion, a discharge electrode pair, discharge-assisting electrodes, and a vitreous substance. The hollow portion is disposed inside of the alumina multilayer substrate. The electrodes of the discharge electrode pair are disposed opposite to each other at an interface between the hollow portion and the alumina multilayer substrate. The discharge-assisting electrodes are disposed dispersedly between the opposite electrodes of the discharge electrode pair. The vitreous substance covers the discharge-assisting electrodes in the inside of the hollow portion. A trial discharge is executed so as to induce creepage discharge between the electrodes of the discharge electrode pair in advance.

Abstract: During the coating of a component including cooling-air holes, it is necessary, when remachining the coated cooling-air holes, to determine the correct alignment of the cooling-air row. A process is provided in that at least two cooling-air holes are kept clear by a masking material during the coating and the alignment of the cooling-air row is effected on the basis of these two unclosed cooling-air hole.

Abstract: Coating compositions containing resins with dispersed nanoparticle precursors and methods for using said coatings as visual indicators of thermal and impact damage. The nanoparticle precursor/resin system reduces the nanoparticle precursor to its nanoparticle state when subjected to heat and/or physically impacted. The nanoparticles formed impart a color upon the coating at the point of exposure due to surface plasmon resonance. Microencapsulated leuco dyes are utilized to impart color when the coating is struck. The dye within the microcapsule is released as the microcapsule wall bursts or melts. Solubilizing agents can be utilized to improve the solubility of the nanoparticle precursor in the resin.

Abstract: In a conditioning method conditions interiors of a plurality of process chambers of a substrate processing apparatus, conditioning of the interior of the first process chamber is performed if a first integrated value set in connection with the process of the substrate reaches a set value N1. The second process chamber is set in a standby state when the conditioning of the first process chamber starts and the series of processes is stopped. By determining whether a second integrated value set in connection with process of the substrate in the second process chamber is equal to or greater than a set value N2, count of a third integrated value in the second process chamber is started if the second integrated value is equal to or greater than the set value N2. A conditioning of the second process chamber is performed if the third integrated value exceeds a set value N3.

Abstract: The embodiments disclosed herein relate to construction systems, assemblies, and methods. The construction systems can include concrete dispensing assemblies. The concrete dispensing assemblies can be configured to dispense a plurality of discrete units. The concrete dispensing assemblies can also be configured to simultaneously dispense two or more concrete mixtures. One or more dispensing parameter may be controllable, for example, by a computer control system. Additives and/or curing agents may also be used. Exemplary curing agents include carbon dioxide containing materials.

Abstract: A method of optimizing a reflector and light source by cyclically altering a configuration of the reflector or a distance between the reflector and the light source until light intensity is maximized or until scattered light is minimized. It is emphasized that this abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract that will allow a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. 37 C.F.R. §1.72(b).

Abstract: A system for processing a substrate includes a plasma chamber to generate a plasma therein. The system also includes a process chamber to house the substrate, where the process chamber is adjacent the plasma chamber. The system also includes a rotatable extraction electrode disposed between the plasma chamber and substrate, where the rotatable extraction electrode is configured to extract an ion beam from the plasma, and configured to scan the ion beam over the substrate without movement of the substrate by rotation about an extraction electrode axis.

Abstract: An apparatus for depositing an organic material and a depositing method thereof, wherein a deposition process is performed with respect to a second substrate while transfer and alignment processes are performed with respect to a first substrate in a chamber, so that loss of an organic material wasted in the transfer and alignment processes can be reduced, thereby maximizing material efficiency and minimizing a processing tack time. The apparatus includes a chamber having an interior divided into a first substrate deposition area and a second substrate deposition area, an organic material deposition source transferred to within ones of the first and second substrate deposition areas to spray particles of an organic material onto respective ones of first and second substrates and a first transferring unit to rotate the organic material deposition source in a first direction from one of the first and second substrate deposition areas to an other of the first and second substrate deposition areas.

Abstract: The present invention provides a reactive sputtering method and a reactive sputtering apparatus which suppress a film quality change caused by a temperature variation in continuous substrate processing. An embodiment of the present invention performs reactive sputtering while adjusting a flow rate of reactive gas according to the temperature of a constituent member facing a sputtering space. Specifically, a temperature sensor is provided on a shield and the flow rate is adjusted according to the temperature. Thereby, even when a degassing amount of a film adhering to the shield changes, a partial pressure of reactive gas can be set to a predetermined value. For a resistance change layer constituting a ReRAM, a perovskite material such as PrCaMn03 (PCMO), LaSrMnO3 (LSMO), and GdBaCoxOy (GBCO), a two-element type transition metal oxide material which has a composition shifted from a stoichiometric one, such as nickel oxide (NiO), vanadium oxide (V2O5), and the like are used.

Abstract: An aspect of the present invention relates to a method of manufacturing an eyeglass lens, comprising determining a manufacturing condition by a method of determining a manufacturing condition of an eyeglass lens comprising a vapor-deposited film formed by vapor deposition using a vapor deposition source the main component of which is ZrO2, and forming a vapor-deposited film by vapor deposition using a vapor deposition source the main component of which is ZrO2 under the manufacturing condition that has been determined

Abstract: A method can be used to coat a vehicle body. The method includes: (a) providing a metallic substrate; (b) applying a foundation coat over the metallic substrate; (c) applying a basecoat over the foundation coat; (d) applying a clearcoat over the basecoat; and (e) heating the metallic substrate, the foundation coat, the basecoat, and the clearcoat simultaneously in order to cure the foundation coat, the basecoat, and the clearcoat. The foundation coat is inherently UV stable and is configured to protect the vehicle body against corrosion, and bonds the metallic substrate to the basecoat and the clearcoat. A vehicle body includes a metallic substrate, a foundation coat bonded to the metallic substrate, a basecoat disposed over the foundation coat, and a clearcoat disposed over the basecoat.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a structured, at least partly optically transparent varnish surface on a surface of a substrate board, preferably of a wood material board, having a decoration. The steps of the method include applying a transparent or at least partly transparent varnish to an applicator roll thereby producing a structured varnish surface and transferring the structured varnish surface to a substrate board having a decoration. The varnish is applied to the applicator roll by a plurality of digitally controlled nozzles in a distribution defining a structure and/or is transformed on the applicator roll into a distribution defining a structure. Furthermore, a device for carrying out the method is described.

Abstract: A system and method for depositing a coating may comprise a coating chemical reactor, surface activation component, and a deposition component. A target surface may be prepared for deposition with the surface activation component. The coating chemical reactor may comprise a coating chemical dispenser and a coating chemical verifier that prepares the coating chemical for deposition. The coating chemical verifier may utilize an optical excitation source and at least one optical detector, wherein chemical substances are identified by unique signatures composed of binary code. The coating chemical may be received by the deposition component to depositing the coating chemical on the target surface.

Abstract: A precoated metal sheet produced by simultaneous multilayer coating, and a process for producing the same, is provided with improved color shading prevention and adhesion. In the precoated metal plate, the centerline average roughness Ra in the coating film interface is not less than 0.3 ?m, and the maximum height from the waviness center line in the interface is not more than 50% of the layer thickness. Also provided is (i) a top clear coated metal plate, which comprises a clear layer as an upper layer, has an interfacial centerline average roughness Ra of 0.3 to 0.7 ?m and has excellent weathering resistance; and (ii) a precoated metal plate having excellent processability and corrosion resistance, which contains not less than 30% by mass of a rust preventive pigment.

Abstract: Techniques for assembling a lipid bilayer on a substantially planar solid surface are described herein. In one example, a lipid material such as a lipid suspension is deposited on a substantially planar solid surface, a bubble filled with fast diffusing gas molecules is formed on the solid surface, and the gas molecules are allowed to diffuse out of the bubble to form a lipid bilayer on the solid surface.

Abstract: A inspection method for a solution discharge device includes a discharge step, a imaging step, an acquisition step, and a judgement step of identifying a main drop among deposits found to have a deposit surface area falling within a deposit surface area standard for each imaging area. An upper bound and a lower bound of the deposit surface area standard are determined according to timing of imaging in the imaging step, such that the values applied to deposits in an imaging area imaged at a second imaging time that is later than a first imaging time are smaller than those applied to deposits in an imaging area imaged at the first imaging time.

Abstract: An ion implanter includes an energy analyzer electromagnet provided between an ion source and a processing chamber. The energy analyzer electromagnet includes a Hall probe configured to generate a measurement output in response to a deflecting magnetic field and an NMR probe configured to generate an NMR output. A control unit of the ion implanter includes a magnetic field measurement unit configured to measure the deflecting magnetic field in accordance with a known correspondence between the deflecting magnetic field and the measurement output, a magnetic field determination unit configured to determine the deflecting magnetic field from the NMR output, and a Hall probe calibration unit configured to update the known correspondence by using the deflecting magnetic field determined from the NMR output and a new measurement output of the Hall probe corresponding to the determined deflecting magnetic field.

Abstract: A system for purging a plural component coating application system including: a first pressure regulator for receiving an inert gas, providing the gas at a first pressure; a first valve; a first operator connected to the first valve capable of being controlled by a logic controller; a first check valve; a mixing manifold; a second pressure regulator for receiving an inert gas, providing the gas at a second pressure that is less than the first pressure; a second valve; a second operator connected to the second valve capable of being controlled by a logic controller; a second check valve; a static mixer in fluid communication with the mixing manifold; an outlet from the static mixer for receiving a connection to at least two spraying members; and where the second regulator is capable of providing the second pressure at a pressure that is less than one-fifth of the first pressure.

Abstract: A magnetic detection element includes a magnetoresistance effect portion composed of a magnetoresistance effect material and a pair of yoke portions. The pair of yoke portions is composed of a soft magnetic material and are respectively arranged so as to be electrically connected to both sides of the magnetoresistance effect portion. The pair of yoke portions guides magnetic flux into the magnetoresistance effect portion. The magnetic detection element also includes a bypass portion, which is composed of a soft magnetic material and is saturated with magnetic flux at lower magnetic field intensity than the yoke portions, and which guides a part of the magnetic flux generated in the yoke portions so as to divert the magnetic flux from the magnetoresistance effect portion.

Abstract: A method of repairing a component removes a prior coating from an underlying metal substrate. Small cooling air holes extend through the substrate and the coating that is to be removed. A new coating layer is placed on the metal substrate, and over the existing cooling air holes. The location of the cooling air holes is identified by inspecting the coated component for the location of indicators of the coating passing over the cooling air holes. The identified location of the indicators is used to control a cutting tool to remove any new coating from the cooling air holes. The basic method may also benefit new manufacture.

Abstract: Processes for real time process control of the Polymer Dispersion Index (PDI) during polymerization processes. By tuning this chain length distribution in real time, a resulting polymer can have predetermined physical properties such as thickness, physical yield strength, decomposition time, thermal stability, etc. Techniques herein can dynamically control chain length distribution through use of a mass density measurement device located within a processing chamber and providing real time feedback of polymer growth. Chamber parameters can be controlled or modified before and during polymerization based on mass density feedback. Such chamber parameters can include pressure, temperature, chemistry, and process gas flow rates and flow periods.

Abstract: It is described a method for changing parameters for controlling a transfer of solder paste onto a printed circuit board (150, 250).

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for treating a steel band or steel plate provided with a metal coating with an after-treatment agent, which contains at least one polyalkylene glycol and is applied as a liquid solution to the surface of the metal coating. According to the invention, in order to achieve improved wetting and adhesion of the covering and at the same time the lowest possible coefficient of friction of the coated surface and in order to ensure good workability of the coated steel band or plate, the after-treatment agent contains a fluorescent antioxidant in addition to the polyalkylene glycol. The invention further relates to a steel band or steel plate provided with a metal coating, particularly a tin plate, which, on the surface of the metal coating, has a thin coat of an after-treatment agent which contains polyalkylene glycol and a fluorescent antioxidant.

Abstract: When a plate-like sample 20 extracted from a polycrystalline rod is evaluated, peaks can appear in a ?-scanning chart. The smaller the number of such peaks, and the narrower the half-value width of the peak, the more suitable the polycrystalline silicon rod is as a raw material for producing single-crystal silicon. It is preferable that the number of peaks in the ?-scanning chart is, for both the Miller index planes <111> and <220>, equal to or smaller than 24/cm2 when converted into unit per area of the plate-like sample. It is also preferable that the value obtained by multiplying the peak half-value width by ?L=21/2?R0/360, where R0 is the radius of the sample, is defined as an inhomogeneous crystal grain size, and that a polycrystalline silicon rod of which all the inhomogeneous crystal grain sizes are smaller than 0.5 mm is selected as a raw material for producing single-crystal silicon.

Abstract: An optical-based sensing apparatus and method are provided. A sensing apparatus (10) may include a tube (30). An optical fiber (12) may be encased in the tube. A buffering layer (14) may be interposed between the optical fiber and the tube. The buffering layer and/or the tube may be selectively configured to form along a length of the apparatus a plurality of optical sensing zones (16, 18, 20) spatially arranged to sense parameters involving different parameter modalities.

Abstract: A system and method for reducing lumber misuse is disclosed. Specifically, a system can comprise lumber marked according to a coded chart. The chart can comprise one or more attributes associated with the lumber. The lumber can also comprise a plurality of identifiers, each of the identifiers associated with at least one of the attributes. The method for reducing lumber misuse can comprise marking lumber with a plurality of unique identifiers, said identifiers associated to one or more attributes.

Abstract: Systems and methods for fabricating multi-functional articles comprised of additively formed gradient materials are provided. The fabrication of multi-functional articles using the additive deposition of gradient alloys represents a paradigm shift from the traditional way that metal alloys and metal/metal alloy parts are fabricated. Since a gradient alloy that transitions from one metal to a different metal cannot be fabricated through any conventional metallurgy techniques, the technique presents many applications. Moreover, the embodiments described identify a broad range of properties and applications.

Abstract: A remanufactured planet carrier is disclosed having a first plate and a second plate spaced apart from and oriented generally parallel to the first plate. Supports join and support the first and second plates. The remanufactured planet carrier further has a plurality of first pin bores in the first plate and a plurality of second pin bores in the second plate. The first pin bores are parallel and generally aligned with the second pin bores. A cylindrical member extends from a central axis of the second plate away from the first plate with a shaft bore formed within the cylindrical member. The first and second pin bores and the shaft bore each have a surface layer with a hardness of at least about 180 BHN and a strength of at least about 500 MPa.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a sensor for an electronic tongue or nose for analysing a sample or detecting a target. The sensor comprises a support, on one surface of which a plurality of sensitive areas are located, each sensitive area comprising at least one receptor and being capable of transmitting a measurable signal generated by the interaction of at least one constituent of the sample or one target with at least one receptor. The sensor is characterised in that it comprises at least three sensitive areas that differ from one another in terms of their respective receptor compositions, at least one of the sensitive areas comprising a mixture of at least two different receptors, while the two other sensitive areas each comprise at least one of the two receptors.

Abstract: Systems and methods for adjusting a moisture concentration of veneer are provided. In at least one specific embodiment, the method for adjusting a moisture concentration of a veneer can include estimating a moisture concentration of a veneer surface at one or more locations thereon. The method can also include comparing the one or more estimated locations to a minimum moisture concentration level. The method can also include moisturizing at least a portion of the one or more estimated locations that are below the minimum moisture concentration level to increase the moisture concentration thereof.

Abstract: To provide an apparatus and process capable of continuously forming a fluorinated organosilicon compound thin film having high durability while a substrate is transported.

Abstract: A multi-plume pulsed laser deposition (MPPLD) system has been provided for fabrication of an array of diverse materials in predefined regions on a substrate. In one embodiment, the method comprises splitting a high power laser beam into multiple laser beams, split laser beams being focused onto target materials, multiple plumes being generated on the surfaces of target materials, deposition of ablated target materials non-uniformly on a substrate covered with a mask, and heating the substrate during deposition.

Abstract: The invention addresses the problem of providing a method for producing microparticles. Provided is a method for producing microparticles. For the first process, seed microparticles are separated in a thin film fluid that forms between at least two processing surfaces, which are disposed facing each other, which can approach or separate from each other and at least one of which rotates relative to the other, and the fluid comprising the separated seed microparticles is discharged as a discharge fluid. Subsequently, for the second process, the separated seed microparticles are grown in the discharged discharge fluid to obtain the intended microparticles. Uniform and homogeneous micropartcles are obtained as a result of the microparticle producing method comprising the two process.

Abstract: According to one example there is provided a system for applying fluid to a substrate using a first and second array of fluid applicators.

Abstract: A vacuum drying apparatus and a method of manufacturing a display apparatus by using the same. A vacuum drying apparatus according to embodiments of the present invention includes a chamber having a space formed therein, a support unit that is installed in the chamber and on which a substrate coated with a treatment solution is stably placed, a gas injection unit that is connected to the chamber to inject a treatment gas into the chamber, a decompression unit that is connected to the chamber to decompress the chamber, and a gas sensing unit that is installed with at least one of the chamber and the decompression unit to detect gas generated during drying of the treatment solution.

Abstract: A detection of urethane applied to a workpiece, and more particularly to automated infrared detection of urethane application on a workpiece in order to detect improper application of the urethane.

Abstract: Systems and methods of reducing outgassing of a substance within a reaction chamber of a reactor are disclosed. Exemplary methods include depositing a barrier layer within the reaction chamber and using a scavenging precursor to react with species on a surface of the reaction chamber. Exemplary systems include gas-phase deposition systems, such as atomic layer deposition systems, which include a barrier layer source and/or a scavenging precursor source fluidly coupled to a reaction chamber of the system.

Abstract: A three dimensional (3D) cursor maneuvering system for use by a computer or electro-mechanical system requiring 3D control, includes a tinted 2D planar or locally planar reference surface and a color sensitive mobile device that moves along the tinted reference surface and generates high sensitivity and high resolution absolute positional and motional data by accurately determining variations in the tint. Color index data (e.g. CIE 1931 RGB, etc.) on the tinted reference plane varies from place to place and methods are disclosed for imprinting the reference plane with that data in the form of dyes and pigments that may be reflective, refractive or emissive. When the mobile device moves on or over the reference surface, it captures a series of images whose data (e.g. CIE 1931 RGB) varies in correspondence with the movement of the device. The color index data measured by the mobile device can be mathematically converted into 3D positional and motional data.