Abstract: A frame for reinforcing a hull of a craft, particularly an aircraft, contains at least one frame element that is shaped in accordance with the curvature of the hull and has recesses at a side facing the hull for the passage of longitudinal beams of the craft. Each frame element is integrally formed from a fiber-reinforced plastic composite material and the recesses are configured as integral cut-outs of each frame element.

Abstract: A structural assembly for use in building applications is disclosed. The assembly has spaced inner and outer face sheets, as well as one or more intermediate panels positioned between the inner and outer face sheets. The intermediate panels are parallel to the inner and outer face sheets, and are supported by alternating flanged web members that engage either the inner or outer face sheets. The assembly provides an enhanced ability to dissipate blast or projectile impact forces and to carry the forces throughout the assembly, thus maintaining sufficient structural integrity in the building to enable the occupants to evacuate, to enable contents to be evacuated, and to enable reuse of the building itself.

Abstract: A shipping structure is formed from a mixture of small pieces of tumbled glass. The shipping structure can incorporate a wick element to allow the shipping structure to function as a candle. The glass and wax may be from post-consumer materials. The shipping structure can be chilled for use in shipping of materials where cooling of shipped materials will be beneficial. Multiple shipping structures can be combined to house or shield shipped items within a container.

Abstract: Disclosed is an organic light emitting diode device fabrication method that includes: preparing a substrate which is defined into a display area and a non-display area; forming a light emission portion, which includes a thin film transistor and an organic light emission layer in the display area, and a pad portion in a part of the non-display area; sequentially forming a sacrificial layer and an encapsulation passivation film throughout the display and non-display areas; and separating the sacrificial layer and the encapsulation passivation film from the pad portion through an irradiation of laser light.

Abstract: Devices and methods are contemplated in which a plurality of microfractures are generated on the surface of an article to so generate a non-abrasive surface having a COF of at least 0.6. Most preferably, the surface is the surface of a transparent polymer and is the surface is structured to allow high-resolution display of an image that is disposed on a surface opposite the surface with the microfractures. Consequently, numerous anti-slip products with such surfaces are contemplated.

Abstract: Security of communications between users involving mobile devices has to date focused to ensuring message integrity, preventing attacks as well as verification/authentication of the user to access the message. At the same time manufacturers of LCD displays for use within electronic devices, particularly mobile devices have focused to extending the viewing angle of these displays, their brightness and contrast. As a result content that has been securely encrypted, delivered, and decrypted is visible to malevolent individuals or organizations around the user when accessing this content. As such secure information, credentials, etc may be divulged without the user being aware. Accordingly the invention acts to limit the external viewing angle of LCD displays allowing reduced breaches of confidential information. Embodiments of the invention can be integrated with the LCD displays during manufacturing, added to the mobile device in assembly or form part of an after-sales option.

Abstract: In order to inexpensively provide gaskets which have good sealing performance, and which fulfill various applications by simply stamping out sheet-like gaskets in accordance with specifications, a gasket is obtained by integrally forming, with a sheet-like base material, a gasket part made of a rubber-like elastic material on at least one surface of the base material, said gasket part being composed of continuous protrusions provided with a fixed pattern. The sheet-like gasket parts produced in this manner are capable of inexpensively providing gaskets which fulfill various applications by simply stamping out the sheet-like gasket parts in accordance with various specifications.

Abstract: The present invention provides an active energy ray-curable resin composition comprising at least a multifunctional monomer having three or more radical polymerizable functional groups in the molecule in which the cured product of the composition exhibits anti-reflective function because of an uneven microstructure formed on the surface of the cured product, and provides a product having the uneven microstructure having high decontaminating properties such as fingerprint removal properties and high scratch resistance.

Abstract: The durability of a belt is enhanced by improving the strength of rubber itself while enhancing its peeling strength with respect to a cord, a fabric or a short fiber. A toothed belt (10) comprises a belt body (13) that is integrally formed by a tooth rubber (11) provided on one surface side thereof, a backing rubber (12) provided on the other surface side, and an embedded cord (14) spirally wound in a boundary portion between the tooth rubber (11) and the backing rubber (12) that extends in the longitudinal direction of the belt. A facing fabric (20) covering the tooth rubber (11) is adhered to a surface of the tooth rubber (11), or one surface of the belt body (13). The tooth rubber (11) is obtained by vulcanization-molding a rubber composition including rubber such as HNBR, resorcinol, a melamine compound, silica and the like.

Abstract: A surface covering that is a multilayered composite material. The multilayer composite material includes a top facing layer of polymeric film and a bottom layer of unsupported foam.

Abstract: Composite prepreg including a gas venting network that allows multi-dimensional escape of gas from the prepreg during the curing process. Penetrable barriers are also provided between the matrix precursor elements to promote long-term storability of the prepreg at ambient temperatures. All or a portion of the gas venting network may be integrated with the penetrable barriers.

Abstract: Discussed is an organic light emitting display device. The organic light emitting display device includes a substrate in which red, green, and blue pixel areas are defined, a first electrode and a first hole transporting layer that are formed on the substrate, first to third emission common layers formed in each of the pixel areas on the first hole transporting layer, and an electron transporting layer and a second electrode that are formed on the third emission common layer. Accordingly, color mixture is prevented, limitations due to a defective mask are overcome, a process is simplified, and the manufacturing cost is saved.

Abstract: A composite sheet having an elastic layer and an inelastic layer and high breathability and a method for manufacturing such improved composite sheet. The composite sheet includes an elastic layer and an inelastic layer joined and laminated through a plurality of joints. The elastic layer is formed with first depressions overlapping the joints and extending in a transverse direction and first protrusions. Interior space if the first protrusions is filled with constituent fibers of the elastic layer. The inelastic layer is formed with second depressions overlapping the joints and extending in a longitudinal direction and second protrusions. Along the second depressions, the elastic layer and the inelastic layer come in contact with each other at the joints and, along the second protrusions, the inelastic layer is spaced from the elastic layer to define clearance gaps in these layers.

Abstract: A method for making a variable-density carbon nanotube film is provided. A drawn carbon nanotube film, including a number of carbon nanotubes aligned along an aligned direction, is prepared. A number of thin regions are formed in the drawn carbon nanotube film along the aligned direction by reducing density of carbon nanotubes in each of the plurality of thin regions. A variable-density carbon nanotube film is provided and includes a number of thin regions and at least one normal region having a density of carbon nanotubes greater than that of the thin regions. The at least one normal region includes a number of carbon nanotubes substantially aligned along an aligned direction. The thin regions are arranged in the form of at least one row extending along the aligned direction.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a hard film containing boron and carbon, wherein the hard film includes a plurality of concave portions and a plurality of convex portions formed on a surface of the hard film, and wherein carbon concentration in the concave portion is higher than that in the convex portion and boron concentration in the convex portion is higher than that in the concave portion. Further, disclosed herein is a method of manufacturing a sliding part having a hard film containing boron and carbon disposed over a substrate; wherein the hard film is manufactured by using at least one of an unbalanced magnetron sputtering method or a high power pulsed magnetron sputtering method, both sputtering methods using a target containing at least one of elements of silicon, chromium, titanium, and tungsten and a boron carbide target.

Abstract: Sub-micron-structured (nanostructured) polymer film or coatings are made by coating a substrate with a mixture of materials. One of the materials is removed using a selective solvent, leaving pores or other nanostructure. The substrate may be grooved, providing a competing nanostructure. The coating may act as an antireflective coating, optical retarder, optical diffuser, or orientation layer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a thermoplastic film having improved tear and puncture resistance. The thermoplastic has a plurality of embossed regions that are comprised of a plurality of parallel, linear embosses. The plurality of embossed regions is arranged so that a straight line cannot traverse the thermoplastic film without intersecting at least one of the plurality of embossed regions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a coated object comprising at least (a) a metal layer, (b) a coupling layer, (c) an inner polymer layer, and (d) a substrate surface, wherein the coupling layer (b) is arranged between layers (a) and (c) and connects said layers, the polymer layer (c) being arranged on the substrate surface (d) and the sum of the diameters of layers (a) and (b) being between 5 nm and 500 nm. The invention also relates to methods and devices for producing the object.

Abstract: Herein are disclosed face masks that are provided in a generally flat configuration and are capable of being expanded to a cup-shaped configuration. Such masks comprise at least one porous layer that comprises at least one pleat and that is capable of being expanded by at least partially unfolding the at least one pleat. The mask further comprises reinforcing netting laminated to the outer surface of the porous layer.

Abstract: This application relates a liquid crystal alignment film, a manufacturing method of the liquid crystal alignment film, an optical filter, and a display device. According to one illustrative liquid crystal alignment film, for example, a stereoscopic image can be displayed in wide viewing angles without losses of the brightness.

Abstract: A method of forming a continuous sheet of pleated, hook-form, fastener product includes training a substrate about a pressure roll having an outer surface defining circumferential grooves. As the substrate approaches a nip between the pressure roll and a mold roll calendered with the pressure roll, a portion of the substrate is disposed within a corresponding one of the grooves between the pressure roll and a stationary horn extending into the groove whereby a longitudinally-extending pleat is formed in the substrate. The pleated substrate is then passed through the nip where resin regions are laminated to a side of the substrate opposed to the pleat.

Abstract: A rope for a hoisting device, which rope is belt-shaped and includes several load bearing members spaced apart in the width direction of the belt-shaped rope and embedded in a common coating, each of the load bearing members including several load bearing strings twisted together. The load bearing strings are made of composite material including reinforcing fibers embedded in polymer matrix.

Abstract: An electronic component manufacturing method that efficiently grinds a cover layer provided on a substrate even when the substrate is warped includes the step of forming first grooves at intervals in a cover layer provided on a substrate by repeating grinding with a rotary blade at a pitch more than a thickness W of the rotary blade. Next, at least portions provided in the cover layer along the first grooves are removed to reduce the thickness of the cover layer by repeating grinding at a pitch equal to or less than the thickness W of the rotary blade.

Abstract: An anti-dazzling laminate made of an optical laminate including a light transparent base material and an anti-dazzling layer having a concavoconvex shape provided on the material. The laminate simultaneously satisfies formulae: 0?G100?15 (I), 0.1?Hs?5.0 (II), 0.3?Rz?1.8 (III) wherein G100 represents a scintillation value which is a standard deviation of a variation in brightness distribution at a resolution of 100 ppi measured on the surface of the laminate; Hs represents the surface haze value of the laminate; and Rz represents the average roughness of the concavoconvex shape of the anti-dazzling layer.

Abstract: A composite molded article comprising: a main body portion including, a bottom wall portion formed of an elastically deformable polymer material, and a peripheral wall portion protruding so as to surround a peripheral edge of the bottom wall portion and formed of an elastically deformable polymer material; a vent hole passing through the bottom wall portion; and a gas permeable membrane integrally connected to the main body portion and is permeable to gas but is impermeable to liquid, wherein the gas permeable membrane is arranged to the bottom wall portion so as to cover the vent hole and connected to the bottom wall portion at a periphery of the vent hole, and wherein the bottom wall portion includes at least one rigid body portion which is more difficult to be deformed than the bottom wall portion at an outer peripheral part of the gas permeable membrane.

Abstract: A tape comprising: a first hot melt adhesive composition or plastic composition that provides weft strength to the tape; a second hot melt adhesive composition that includes a release agent; an encapsulated fibrous material layer, wherein the fibrous material is encapsulated by (i) the first hot melt adhesive composition or (ii) the second hot melt adhesive composition; and a pressure sensitive adhesive layer that defines an outer pressure sensitive adhesive surface of the tape; wherein the first hot melt adhesive composition or plastic composition is located between the second hot melt adhesive composition and the pressure sensitive adhesive layer.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a door skin having an exterior surface with a wood grain pattern formed therein, and an etched plate for use as an embossing plate or with a molded die set, for forming the woodgrain pattern in the door skin.

Abstract: In a grommet for a vehicle floor cover, receptacles formed in a generally cylindrical inner surface of a female tubular body making up part of one grommet portion receive protrusions formed on a generally cylindrical outer surface of a male tubular body making up part of a second grommet portion. The bottom grommet portion may have chamfered gussets formed adjacent a bottom retention flange in order to accommodate vehicle floor mats or trays of different thicknesses. Stud holes created in respective ones of the grommets receive studs of intentionally different shape or orientation, thereby militating against installation of the floor cover upside down.

Abstract: A laminate of thermoplastic film materials exhibiting throughgoing porosity and comprising plies A and B, A having an inner surface A1 partly in contact with B and an outer surface A2, and B having an inner surface BI partly in contact with A and an outer surface B2, A and B consisting of continuous material except for a multitude of perforations in each ply, whereby essentially no perforation in A corresponds directly to a perforation in B, the lamination between A and B on surfaces A1 and B1 being a) through a coextruded lower melting lamination layer on A and/or B and b) established in such discontinuous manner that there is formed a channel system between A1 and B1 connecting the majority of the perforations in A each with at least one of the perforations in B, and connecting the majority of the perforations in B each with at least one of the perforations in A is provided in addition to a process and apparatus for producing such a laminate.

Abstract: An epoxy resin-containing thermally expandable resin composition sheet which is a laminate of one or more epoxy resin-containing thermally expandable resin composition layers having at least one of linear grooves continuously formed and linear grooves intermittently formed, and two or more of the respective linear grooves being formed onto at least one surface of the epoxy resin-containing thermally expandable resin composition sheet with an interval, and one or more substrate layers. The epoxy-resin-containing thermally expandable resin composition sheet can be wound around a pipe by bending the sheet through use of the grooves even when the temperature is low.

Abstract: A hard faced surface comprises a metal substrate. Inserts are attached to the substrate as a covering layer on the substrate. Each insert comprises a thermally stable polycrystalline diamond (TSP) body (or polycrystalline diamond or cubic boron nitride) having a plan section, a contact surface and a flat top surface. A boundary coating on the ultra-hard body renders the body wettable by first braze material. A tungsten carbide cap is brazed with said first braze material to at least the top surface of the TSP block. The inserts are brazed to the substrate in a closely packed side-by-side formation with a second braze material that penetrates the gaps between the inserts and between the contact surface of the bodies and the metal substrate. The tungsten carbide caps of the inserts provide a gauge for the hard faced surface, which caps are ground in a finishing step exposing the caps and providing the hard faced surface with a desired dimension including an amount of the thickness of the caps.

Abstract: To reduce sound emission and at the same time improve stability, a multilayer board for acoustic insulation is proposed that includes, but is not limited to a core sheet arranged between a first and a second covering layer. At least one of the two covering layers is of a closed design. The core sheet is firmly connected in a planar fashion to the covering layers. The core sheet comprises slits that extend within the core sheet in the direction of the core sheet thickness, which slits reduce the shear stiffness of the board and thus ensure an improved acoustic insulation effect. On both sides the core sheet comprises continuous edge zones, which extend parallel to the covering layers. An aircraft can have an interior lining formed by panels that comprise the multilayer boards in order to provide acoustic insulation.

Abstract: There is provided a method of cutting or drilling workpiece including stone such as marble and granite, brick, concrete and asphalt, using a frame gang saw. There are provided a workpiece cut by a frame gang saw that includes one or a plurality of blades having multiple cutting tips or that includes a blade without including a cutting tip; a method of cutting the workpiece by using a frame gang saw; and a product provided by the cutting method. The workpiece is provided to include one or more grooves into which at least a portion of at least one cutting tip among the multiple cutting tips or at least a portion of the blade without a cutting tip is inserted and which is formed in a surface thereof. Here, an initial cutting time on a workpiece may be shortened to greatly improve productivity and the quality of a product and a lifespan of a frame gang saw blade may be improved by significantly decreasing deflection in the blade.

Abstract: A wrappable protective sleeve for providing protection to an elongate member contained therein and method of construction thereof is provided. The sleeve includes a textile wall having opposite edges extending lengthwise along a longitudinal axis between opposite ends. The edges are wrappable to overlap one another to form an enclosed cavity. At least one reinforcement rib extends along at least a portion of the wall. The at least one reinforcement rib is formed of material fused and bonded on and/or in the wall.

Abstract: One or more implementations of a multi-layer film include a first substantially un-pigmented layer non-continuously bonded to a second pigmented layer. The multi-layer film includes an unexpected appearance differing from the appearance of the pigmented layer. In one or more embodiments, the multi-layer film includes a metallic appearance despite the pigmented layer being devoid of metallic pigment. The multi-layer film also includes areas that are visually distinct from areas of the film with the unexpected appearance. The visually-distinct areas comprise areas in which the first substantially un-pigmented layer non-continuously bonded is in intimate contact with the second pigmented layer. The visually-distinct areas have the appearance of the pigmented layer. One or more implementations also include methods of making multi-layer films and bags with an unexpected appearance and visually-distinct areas.

Abstract: A composite optical film has the functions of brightness enhancement, self-diffusion and defect blocking. The film comprises: a structured substrate including a structured light incidence surface and a light emitting surface opposite the structured light incidence surface, wherein the structured light incidence surface includes longitudinal prism structures or longitudinal lens structures transversely arranged in rows; a support base plate adjacent to the light emitting surface of the structured substrate, the support base plate having a light incidence surface on one side and a light emitting surface on another side opposite the light incidence surface, wherein at least one of the light incidence surface and the light emitting surface has a plurality of buried particles, and at least one portions of the buried particles are protruded on the light emitting surface of the support base plate.

Abstract: A backed paneling unit comprised of a backing portion that includes at least an elevated portion. A depth portion may also be included. An elevated portion and/or a depth portion may be formed using any suitable method including, but not limited to, molding, machining and heat stamping. Optionally, a backing portion may comprise a hydrophobic material. Such features may enable fluid flow (e.g., ventilation or liquid drainage) behind the backing portion. Additionally, the elevated portion of the backing portion may eliminate the need for the use of furring strips when installing, for example, siding.

Abstract: The fluid philicity/phobicity adjustable surface structure is provided to hold a liquid. The surface structure includes a base and many small bumps located on the base. The small bumps are boxy in shape. Every small bump has at least one corner boundary, and the corner boundary is defined as a sudden change of the surface orientation. The gap between every two adjacent small bumps is smaller than the shortest cohesion diameter of the liquid. Additionally, the contact angle between the liquid and the hydrophilic hydrophobic adjustable surface structure is ? which satisfies the condition: ?*???(180??)+?*, where ?* is the contact angle between the base and the liquid, ? is the boundary edge angle of the small bump.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for coating metal oxide on a PDMS surface. The method includes preparing a mixture that contains a sol-gel precursor, reacting the mixture to form a preconverted sol-gel precursor, where the preconverted sol-gel precursor does not diffuse into PDMS and is not in the form of a gel, forming a reactive PDMS surface, applying the preconverted sol-gel precursor onto the reactive PDMS surface, binding the preconverted sol-gel precursor to the re-active PDMS surface, and converting the bound preconverted sol-gel precursor to a metal oxide to form a metal oxide coating on the PDMS surface. The present invention also provides a PDMS microfluidic device where one or more channels of the microfluidic device is provided with a metal oxide coating covalently bound only on the surface of the one or more channels.

Abstract: A wall insulation panel for use on a wall comprises at least the successive layers of: a first protective panel having a wall-meeting surface and a vacuum insulating panel (VIP) facing surface, an intermediate VIP panel; and a second protective panel having a VIP facing surface and an outward facing surface. There is an expansion region between at least one of the first and second protective panels and the VIP panel to allow for expansion of the VIP panel without deformation of the outward facing surface of the second protective panel. In this way, the expansion region allows for expansion of the VIP panel without deformation of the VIP facing surface of the second panel, and thus without deformation of the outward facing surface. This maintains the integrity and aesthetic appearance of the outward facing surface, and any further surface or layer thereon, such as a rendered layer.

Abstract: A power transmission belt having a body with a length, an inside, and an outside. The body has a plurality of teeth formed on the inside of the body and spaced along the length of the body. The body has a first surface at the inside of the body defined at least in part by the teeth. A cloth component has a first side attached to the first surface and a second side exposed to engage a cooperating pulley. The cloth component has first fibers at the first side of the cloth component with a first performance characteristic and second fibers at the second side of the cloth component with a second performance characteristic. The first side of the cloth component has different properties than the second side of the cloth component by reason of the presence of the first and second fibers.

Abstract: A safety drop cloth is provided having a first face, and a reverse second face; the second face substantially contacts with a subordinate surface in use; and the first face includes a body and periphery. The cloth is arranged with demarcation to distinguish the periphery from the body by light transmission characteristics where in various light levels, the cloth acts to demarcate an area for safety purposes.

Abstract: Methods of incrementally stretching thermoplastic films in the machine direction include elongating the films in the machine direction without reducing the films' machine-direction tear resistance. In one or more implementations, methods of incrementally stretching thermoplastic films include reducing the gauge of the films without reducing the films' machine-direction tear resistance. The methods can involve cold stretching the films and imparting transverse-direction extending linear rib pattern into the film. The linear ribs can have alternating thick and thin gauges. Incrementally stretched thermoplastic films can have a machine-direction tear resistance that is equal to or greater than the machine-direction tear resistance of the film prior to stretching.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for making absorbent cores used in disposable hygiene pads, the method or device comprising three steps: (A) suctioning of wood pulp fibers mixed with super absorbent polymers into a net structure on a base tissue to form an absorbent core; (B) compressing and embossing absorbent material; and (C) shaping of the absorbent core. The method of the current invention can be used for making different kinds of absorbent pad products. While increasing the tear strength of the product, the method realizes and simplifies the process of making both the absorbent material and the hygiene pad utilizing the absorbent material on the same manufacturing line, and reduces the cost of making the absorbent pads. The absorbent core made by applying the method of the current invention has a new structure formed by super absorbent polymers and wood pulp fibers, wherein the structure enables the super absorbent polymers to be evenly distributed in between the wood pulp fibers.

Abstract: A floor mat has a cavity accommodating an insert supporting a releasable sheet member. An adhesive releasably attaches the sheet member to the insert to allow the sheet member to be removed from the mat and replaced with another sheet member. The sheet member has visual indicia providing persons with information. Signal transmitter and receiver antennas of an electronic article surveillance system are located within the floor mat.

Abstract: Structured surface articles such as molds or sheeting are formed on a compound substrate including a machined substrate and a replicated substrate. In one embodiment, the structured surface is a cube corner element on a compound substrate. In another embodiment, the structured surface is a geometric structure that has a plurality of faces, where one face is located on the machined substrate and another face is located on the replicated substrate. In yet another embodiment, at least some of the faces include a compound face with a portion formed on the machined substrate and a portion formed on the replicated substrate.

Abstract: An article may include an array of features formed in a substrate and may be coated by a thermal barrier coating (TBC). The array of features may mitigate thermal stress experienced by the coated article. In particular, the array of features may reduce or limit crack propagation at or above the interface of a thermally insulative layer and a bond coat in the TBC. In some embodiments, the array may be formed proximate to and substantially aligned with cooling holes formed in the substrate. In other embodiments, an article may include a first array of features formed in a first location of a substrate and a second array of features formed in a second location of a substrate. The first and second locations may be determined or selected based on a prediction of thermal stresses that the substrate will experience at the first and second locations during use.

Abstract: A preparatory tempered glass structure for a cutting treatment includes a glass substrate and at least one trench. The glass substrate is given a strengthening treatment to form, from a surface to the inside of the glass substrate, at least one compression stress layer and a tensile stress layer corresponding to the compression stress layer. The trench is formed in the compression stress layer of the glass substrate and overlaps a predetermined cutting path for the cutting treatment.

Abstract: Disclosed is a panel that includes: a board element formed from a rigid material and having at least one folding groove formed in a first surface thereof; and a surface laminate formed from a flexible material and coupled to a second surface of the board element opposite the first surface of the board element, where the folding groove comprises two triangular grooves, which are formed adjacent to and symmetrically to each other, and each of which is formed in a triangular shape with sides of substantially equal length, and the board element is folded at a particular angle at the folding groove such that the surface laminate is positioned outward and a chamfer is formed at a portion corresponding to the folding groove. This panel fabricated by a simple method using a smaller amount of material can still provide high structural stability and durability with improved user convenience and appearance.

Abstract: A method for forming a curved surface in a planar composite sandwich panel, the method including: providing a sandwich panel having a first outer layer and a second outer layer spaced from the first outer layer by a panel core. The first outer layer, the second outer layer and the panel core are substantially planar. The sandwich panel includes a first end, a second end and at least one edge. One or more recesses are formed in the second outer layer and the panel core of the sandwich panel, wherein each of the one or more recesses form a continuous channel between the first end and the second end along a first axis. A bonding material is applied to at least one edge of the sandwich panel. A force is applied to at least a portion of the sandwich panel to impart a curved outer surface in the sandwich panel, wherein the curved outer surface is formed by the first outer layer. The sandwich panel is then secured for a predetermined period of time to maintain the curved outer surface.