Abstract: An embossing apparatus for applying an embossing pattern to a wrapper for a smoking article, the embossing apparatus configured so as to act to at least partially minimise the reduction, in at least one direction, in the tensile strength of the wrapper resulting from the application of said embossing pattern.

Abstract: A transparent laminate film which has visible light transmittance, sunlight blocking properties, radio wave transmittance and good appearance is provided. A transparent laminate film includes a laminate structure formed on at least one side of a transparent polymer film, in which a metal oxide layer and a metal layer are laminated, the metal oxide layer containing an organic component, wherein grooves having a width of 30 ?m or less are formed in the laminate structure, and an overall surface resistance is 150 ?/? or more. Preferably, the grooves are numerous cracks, or are formed by laser processing. Further, preferably, the transparent polymer film has an easy adhesion layer formed on at least one side thereof, and the laminate structure is formed on top of the easy adhesion layer. Furthermore, preferably, the metal oxide layer containing the organic component is formed by a sol-gel method using optical energy during sol-gel curing.

Abstract: An uncured acoustic absorbing member for cavity sealing comprises a thermally inert carrier (8, 28) and a thermally expandable material (6, 26) applied to the carrier (8, 28). The carrier (8, 28) contains openings (3) which become covered when the thermally expandable material (6, 26) is expanded to seal the cavity. The thermally expandable material (6, 26) may be in the form of substantially discontinuous segments (25) having an area in the range of 0.25 to 400 mm2. The substantially discontinuous segments (25) provide a highly uniform expansion of the material when it is thermally expanded. The acoustic absorbing members are particularly useful for sealing automotive cavities to provide acoustical abatement and to prevent the entry of fluids into the cavity.

Abstract: A grain oriented electrical steel sheet has thickness of forsterite film at bottom portions of grooves formed on a surface of the steel sheet is ?0.3 ?m, groove frequency is ?20%, abundance ratio of grooves crystal grains directly beneath themselves, each crystal grain having orientation deviating from Goss orientation by ?10° and grain size ?5 ?m, total tension exerted on the steel sheet in the rolling direction by the forsterite film and tension coating is ?10.0 MPa, total tension exerted on the steel sheet in a direction perpendicular to the rolling direction by the forsterite film and tension coating is ?5.0 MPa and total tension satisfies 1.0?A/B?5.0, where A is total tension exerted in rolling direction by forsterite film and tension coating, and B is total tension exerted in direction perpendicular to rolling direction by forsterite film and tension coating.

Abstract: A grain oriented electrical steel sheet may reduce iron loss of material with linear grooves formed thereon for magnetic domain refinement and offer excellent low iron loss properties when assembled as an actual transformer, where the steel sheet has sheet thickness of 0.30 mm or less, linear grooves are formed at intervals of 2-10 mm in the rolling direction, the depth of each of the linear grooves is 10 ?m or more, the thickness of the forsterite film at bottom portions of the linear grooves is 0.3 ?m or more, total tension applied to the steel sheet by the forsterite film and tension coating is 10.0 MPa or higher in rolling direction, and the proportion of eddy current loss in iron loss W17/50 of the steel sheet is 65% or less when alternating magnetic field of 1.7 T and 50 Hz is applied to the steel sheet in the rolling direction.

Abstract: An easily applicable adhesive sheet includes a base sheet and an adhesive layer provided on the base sheet and which includes, in a surface portion thereof, air passages each including a plurality of grooves opening at an end edge portion of the adhesive sheet. Each groove has an opening width of 3 to 100 ?m; the distance between adjacent grooves is 1 to 100 ?m; each air passage has a width of 7 to 900 ?m; and the distance between adjacent air passages is 200 to 3,000 ?m. The easily applicable adhesive sheet can be smoothly applied to an adherend without formation of blisters (i.e., even when air bubbles are formed between the adhesive sheet and the adherend upon application thereof, air is easily released), and which exhibits excellent appearance after application thereof to the adherend.

Abstract: A composite for geotechnics and building, with an impermeable layer, comprising a sheet element that is impermeable to fluids and has, monolithically therewith, elements that protrude on the first and second faces, on at least one of the faces there being a layer that is integrally coupled to the protruding elements to form, at the first and/or second faces, two separate drainage and/or protection and/or grip systems adapted to withstand intense compression along a direction that is substantially perpendicular to the sheet element.

Abstract: Methods of increasing the haze of a thermoplastic film include incrementally stretching thermoplastic films in the machine direction. In one or more implementations, methods of incrementally stretching thermoplastic films include reducing the gauge of the films without reducing the films' haze. The methods can involve cold stretching the films and imparting rib patterns into the film. The linear ribs can have alternating thick and thin gauges. Incrementally stretched thermoplastic films can have a haze that is approximately equal to or greater than the haze of the film prior to stretching.

Abstract: In one embodiment, there is provided a master for producing a stamper. The master includes: a substrate made of a first material and comprising a first surface, wherein the first surface of the substrate is formed with a groove; a first layer made of a second material and formed in the groove, wherein the second material is different from the first material, and wherein a surface of the first layer is substantially flush with the first surface of substrate; and a projection portion formed on at least one of the first surface of the substrate and the surface of the first layer. The first material is silicon and the second material is selected from silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, and glass.

Abstract: A tread for use in a tire retread process includes a first side and a second, flat side. A plurality of lugs is formed on a first side of the tread and arranged along in a periodically repeating tread pattern. A set of marks is formed in at least one outer lug and defines a finite linear distance along the tread within which the tread is adapted to be cut into the length of tread, such that when the length of tread is deposited around the casing of the tire and the ends of the length of tread are placed in abutting relationship one relative to the other along a seam, the periodically repeating tread pattern appears substantially continuous. The set of marks is predetermined in advance of retreading to be located in positions where at least some of the performance and processing characteristics of the tread may be improved.

Abstract: Aircraft component, such as an aircraft wing, that comprises at least one panel (11) of a composite material formed by a skin (13) and at least a stiffening stringer (15) configured by a web (17) and a foot (19) bonded to said skin (13); the stringer (15) having a run-out zone inside said panel (11) subjected to a high load level; the stringer (15) having a web (17) of decreasing height in said run-out zone and a foot (19) having a first section (31) of variable width from an initial value W1 to a final value W2 and a second section (33) with a width W2 in said run-out zone; the foot (19) and the web (17) of said stringer (15) having a decreasing thickness in said run-out zone for improving the load transfer from the stringer (15) to the skin (13).

Abstract: A method for coating a surface comprises applying a layer of coating composition onto the surface, mechanically forming parallel ribs on the layer, and simultaneously polymerizing the layer with ultraviolet radiations. The coating composition comprises a mass percentage of urethan-acrylate oligomer, with an average molar mass in number between 1000 and 5000 g·mol?1, between 35% and 75%. The coating composition further comprises a mass percentage of a diluting agent, copolymerizable with urethan-acrylate oligomers, between 15% and 60%, and a mass percentage of pyrogenic silica between 0.5% and 5%.

Abstract: The present document describes a padding layer for a multi-layered sports playing field. Various improvements are proposed for enhancing athlete's safety, surface hardness, water drainage, heat management, ease of assembly/installation, durability/longevity, uniformity, resistance to change in weather according to seasons, and stability. The improvements include: matching (multiple-wise) of spacing between rows of backstitches of the top layer and the drainage channels on top surface of the padding layer; a slit in the external tab portion of the padding layer panel, a slit near the lateral part of the tab or blank portion providing a hinging effect thereto, and/or protrusions at various positions on the tab or blank portions to account for change in size of the padding layer panel; drainage holes within the drainage channels; and various configurations of drainage channels on the bottom surface of the padding layer to improve evacuation of water toward the sides of the playing surface.

Abstract: Disclosed are a flooring material having excellent nonslip characteristics, and synthetic wood flooring using the same. The flooring material having excellent nonslip characteristics is made of synthetic wood, and includes grooves formed on an upper surface thereof in a longitudinal direction, and embossed patterns, which are similar to patterns of natural wood and formed between the grooves. The flooring material having excellent nonslip characteristics can be used alone or can be used together with a synthetic wood flooring material having embossed patterns or grooves, thereby providing nonslip characteristics and good design.

Abstract: Substrates for electronic device fabrication and methods thereof. A reusable substrate with at least a plurality of grooves for electronic device fabrication includes a substrate body made of one or more substrate materials and including a top planar surface, the top planar surface being divided into a plurality of planer regions by the plurality of grooves, the plurality of grooves including a plurality of bottom planar surfaces. Each of the plurality of grooves includes a bottom planar surface and two side surfaces, the bottom planar surface being selected from the plurality of bottom planar surfaces, the two side surfaces being in contact with the top surface and the bottom surface. The bottom planar surface is associated with a groove width from one of the two side surfaces to the other of the two side surfaces, the groove width ranging from 0.1 ?m to 5 mm.

Abstract: A plastic bag may include flexible thermoplastic sidewalls that have a pattern of ribs alternating between thinner areas. The ribs may also be alternating between two types of ribs having different lengths and shapes. The bag may also include a network pattern above the pattern of ribs.

Abstract: An industrial traffic curtain can be formed of a plurality of overlapping strips suspended contiguously to each other from a hanger fixed adjacent to a top margin of the opening. Each strip is of a flexible transparent material of substantially uniform longitudinal character having a lateral cross-section defined by an alternating series of thicker portions separated from each other by thinner portions, the thicker and thinner portions having approximately the same width, the thinner and thicker portions being united by narrower tapered regions of changing thickness. The traffic curtain thus formed exhibits a surprisingly lower electrostatic attraction between the strips so that the resistance to separation from each other as goods and transporting vehicles attempt to pass through the curtain is much lower than prior art curtains.

Abstract: A laminate of laminae of uniform rectangular cross-sections or depths and lengths arranged randomly or otherwise in the laminate, such laminae having been derived from a feedstock comprising a population of logs (single or multigrade) wherein the population of laminae comprises all of the laminae that can be derived from the population of logs (exclusively only of laminae or material for laminae that are not of acceptable rectangular cross-section and/or length), and where each cross-section of each laminae represents a maximum of one thirtieth of the log cross-section, or the thickness of each lamina represents a maximum of one fifteenth of the small end log diameter.

Abstract: A three-dimensional nano-structure array includes a substrate and a number of three-dimensional nano-structures. Each three-dimensional nano-structure has a first peak and a second peak aligned side by side. A first groove is defined between the first peak and the second peak. A second groove is defined between the two adjacent three-dimensional nano-structures. A depth of the first groove is lower than that of the second groove.

Abstract: A composite material as a sheet material is described, being relatively cheap, most useful as a raw material of a sanitary product or the like, such as underwear, dust-proof mask or dispensable paper diaper, etc., and good in processability, stretchability, gas-permeability, softness, and touch. The composite material is formed by laminating a stretchable layer and a conjugate spunbonded nonwoven fabric including conjugate fibers including a low-melting-point component and a high-melting-point component. The conjugate fibers are partially bonded to each other by thermocompression, wherein each bonded portion has fine folded structures including alternate hill and valley regions in the CD, and the distance between neighboring hills is 100-400 ?m in average. The conjugate spunbonded nonwoven fabric exhibits stretchability through the spread of the fine folded structures, and has, at 5% elongation, a CD-strength of 0.1 N/5 cm or less and an MD/CD strength ratio of 200 or more.

Abstract: A manufacturing method includes forming one or more grooves in a component that comprises a substrate with an outer surface. The substrate has at least one interior space. Each groove extends at least partially along the substrate and has a base and a top. The manufacturing method further includes applying a structural coating on at least a portion of the substrate and processing at least a portion of the surface of the structural coating so as to plastically deform the structural coating at least in the vicinity of the top of a respective groove, such that a gap across the top of the groove is reduced. A component is also disclosed and includes a structural coating disposed on at least a portion of a substrate, where the surface of the structural coating is faceted in the vicinity of the respective groove.

Abstract: A method of transferring graphene includes patterning an upper surface of a substrate to form at least one trench therein, providing a graphene layer on the substrate, the graphene layer including an adhesive liquid thereon, pressing the graphene layer with respect to the substrate, and removing the adhesive liquid by drying the substrate.

Abstract: Disclosed is a gas-permeable film that has increased gas permeability and can be used as a packaging film suitable for a wide range of applications, in particular for packaging a wide variety of articles. Said gas-permeable film 1 has gas-permeable sections provided on a base plastic film of a prescribed thickness. Each gas-permeable section 3L is a recession 3 that is recessed and distended a prescribed amount from one surface of the base plastic film 2 towards the other surface such that the bottom of said recession protrudes outwards from said other surface. Each recession 3 is formed such that the thickness thereof decreases gradually from the top opening towards the aforementioned bottom, with the bottom being the thinnest part.

Abstract: Structured surface articles such as molds or sheeting are formed on a compound substrate including a machined substrate and a replicated substrate. In one embodiment, the structured surface is a cube corner element on a compound substrate. In another embodiment, the structured surface is a geometric structure that has a plurality of faces, where one face is located on the machined substrate and another face is located on the replicated substrate. In yet another embodiment, at least some of the faces include a compound face with a portion formed on the machined substrate and a portion formed on the replicated substrate.

Abstract: A release liner formed of a highly recyclable polypropylene-based resin sheet and capable of assuring excellent operability over a wide range of environmental temperature is provided. A pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) sheet with release liner is also provided. A PSA sheet with release liner according to the present invention comprises a PSA sheet including a support and a PSA layer; and a release liner formed of a polypropylene-based resin sheet which is obtained by molding into a sheet a polypropylene-based resin composition containing a nucleating agent. The PSA sheet with release liner provides excellent operability even in a high temperature environment of, for example, about 35° C. The PSA sheet with release liner is preferably applicable in an attachment operation wherein the PSA sheet is attached to an adherend while the liner is released from the PSA sheet.

Abstract: A cover assembly includes a cover, a grating and a pattern section. The grating is adhered to the cover. And the grating includes a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface. The first surface defines a granting surface. The pattern section is adhered on the second surface and located between the cover and the grating.

Abstract: A cover is made of transparent or semi-opaque material by injection molding. The cover includes a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface. The first surface defines a grating surface. The invention further provides a portable electronic device using the cover.

Abstract: A protective pad to be employed by a person engaged in athletic activity utilizes to protect the user's hands formed from a very thin rectangular piece of rubber having a thickness of approximately 0.032 inch. On the top side of the protective pad are located treads upraised from the top surface of the pad. The treads are evenly spaced and approximately ½ inch apart and have triangular cross sections. The bottom side of the protective, which is the side placed against the grip portion of the piece of athletic equipment, is generally flat and has a tacky surface. The user wraps the protective pad around the grip portion of the piece of athletic equipment with the bottom tacky side of the pad adjacent to the grip.

Abstract: An improved structure of a segment positioning belt characterized in that it includes a flexible belt body having the form of an elongated strip. The belt body made of plastic or rubber materials presents flexibility, and also has a positioning end and an extension. The positioning end is provided with a mounting portion. Several segment positioning portions are set at interval onto the belt body along its extension. A strengthened metal core is integrally located into the belt body in an elongated form, so as to cover the positioning end and extension of the belt body. The present invention enables production of tensile stress against breakage of the belt body through arrangement of the strengthened metal core, making it possible to improve the endurance of the segment positioning belt, extend its service life and enhance the safety with better anti-burglary effect.

Abstract: A transfer film including a protection layer and a substrate is provided. The substrate has a first surface with a first three-dimensional pattern and a second surface. The first three-dimensional pattern has at least one protrusion portion or at least one recess portion. The protection layer is disposed on the substrate and has a third surface and a fourth surface. The third surface contacts the first surface and has a second three-dimensional pattern complementary to the first three-dimensional pattern. The second three-dimensional pattern of the third surface is formed by covering the first three-dimensional pattern of the first surface. The protection layer and the substrate are separated after transfer, so as to expose the second three-dimensional pattern.

Abstract: A mat for collecting water from under cabinet leaks. The mat is an elastomeric material sized to fit within the cabinet space and has ribs defining inclined channels which direct water to a forward collection area which is viewable when the cabinet is opened. The ribs and webs on the underside of the mat provide support for items that may be placed on the mat. In an alternate embodiment, a wireless alarm signal is provided to a wireless device user. The alarm having conductivity probes which are insertable in a reservoir in the fluid collection area to emit an alarm when a leak occurs.

Abstract: It is an object of the invention to provide a nonwoven fabric having projections and recesses, comprising extensible fiber and elastic fiber, which has excellent feel on the skin and elasticity, and excellent air permeability in the planar directions and the thickness direction, as well as a method of producing the nonwoven fabric. A nonwoven fabric having projections and recesses, comprising extensible fiber and elastic fiber, wherein the first surface of the nonwoven fabric has a plurality of projections and a plurality of recesses, and the proportion of extensible fiber in the projections is higher than the proportion of extensible fiber in the recesses.

Abstract: Disclosed is an optical sheet for use in liquid crystal displays, which is not easily damaged by external impact, thus facilitating handling thereof and decreasing defective rates, resulting in reduced production costs and increased production efficiency. Decreases in the luminance of the optical sheet due to damage can be prevented.

Abstract: Methods of enhancing one or more physical properties of a thermoplastic film include incrementally stretching thermoplastic films in the machine direction and/or transverse direction. In one or more implementations, methods of incrementally stretching thermoplastic films include reducing the gauge of the films without reducing the films' machine-direction tear resistance. The methods can involve cold stretching the films and imparting rib patterns into the film. The linear ribs can have alternating thick and thin gauges. Incrementally stretched thermoplastic films can have a machine-direction tear resistance that is approximately equal to or greater than the machine-direction tear resistance of the film prior to stretching.

Abstract: Methods of incrementally stretching thermoplastic films in the machine direction include elongating the films in the machine direction without reducing the films' machine-direction tear resistance. In one or more implementations, methods of incrementally stretching thermoplastic films include reducing the gauge of the films without reducing the films' machine-direction tear resistance. The methods can involve cold stretching the films and imparting transverse-direction extending linear rib pattern into the film. The linear ribs can have alternating thick and thin gauges. Incrementally stretched thermoplastic films can have a machine-direction tear resistance that is approximately equal to or greater than the machine-direction tear resistance of the film prior to stretching.

Abstract: A sheet of nonwoven fabric which has surface irregularities, the shape of the surface irregularities being less apt to be changed by external pressure, etc. The sheet has a machine, cross and thickness which are perpendicular to one another. The upper surface has a plurality of protrusions continuously extending, in parallel, in the cross direction and further has a plurality of recesses (3) that are located between the adjacent protrusions and extend in the cross direction. The sheet includes first and second fibrous layers located on the upper-surface side and the lower-surface side, respectively. The first fibrous layer comprises heat-fusible fibers, and the second fibrous layer comprises coil-shaped three-dimensional crimp fibers that are oriented mainly in the machine direction and form a network by entanglement thereof without having been fused at the sites where the crimp fibers cross one another.

Abstract: A sheet of nonwoven fabric for use in absorbent articles such as disposal diapers, sanitary napkins, wipes, etc., the sheet of nonwoven fabric being suitable for holding high-viscosity excreta such as soft feces. The sheet of nonwoven fabric has, formed in a first surface thereof, a plurality of ridges and grooves which extend in the machine direction. The sheet comprises a first fibrous layer and a second fibrous layer, the first fibrous layer being located on the first-surface side and the second fibrous layer being located on the second-surface side, which is on the reverse side from the first surface. The second fibrous layer comprises fibers having the ability to be crimped, and the first fibrous layer comprises heat-fusible fibers which are not crimped at the crimping initiation temperature of the fibers having the ability to be crimped. In a plan view from the first-surface side, the peripheries of the ridges have a shape which is composed of repeated meanders.

Abstract: Crosslaminates of thermoplastic films have at least one of the films formed as a fluted structure, and two films are laminated to one another in such a manner that pockets are formed which contain gas. The pockets allow passage of gas between at least two adjacent flutes, whereby the product has an improved handle, and bags formed of the laminate have good stacking properties when filled with coarse particulates. The flute pitch is generally no more than 3 mm, while the pocket length is less than 50 mm. The bonding method involves spot bonding between the films, achieved by adhering the films together between crown portions of bosses on one film with molten material on the other film under a low pressure process, for instance achieved by provision of air pressure through adaptation of production apparatus, for instance die portions.

Abstract: A downhole component, including a surface exposed to a downhole fluid. A plurality of ridges extending from the surface. The ridges pointed for impeding growth of crystalline structures or other deposits thereon. A plurality of grooves alternatingly spaced between adjacent pairs of the plurality of ridges. The grooves sized to impede growth of crystalline structures or other deposits therein.

Abstract: A prepreg base material includes reinforcing fibers arranged substantially in one direction and a matrix resin between the reinforcing fibers, wherein the prepreg base material has substantially throughout its entire surface incisions, each incision extending in a direction substantially crossing the reinforcing fibers, wherein substantially all of the reinforcing fibers are divided by the incisions, a length (L) of each of reinforcing fiber segments formed by the incisions is in the range of 10 to 100 mm, a thickness H of the prepreg base material is in the range of 30 to 300 ?m, and a fiber volume content by Vf of the reinforcing fibers is in the range of 45 to 65%.

Abstract: A flattened bamboo panel is disclosed having one single, solid layer of pressed bamboo culm wall with most of the exterior and interior zones. The processed bamboo panel provides at least one of its longitudinal surfaces seamless and both longitudinal cross sections parallel to each other and perpendicular to the longitudinal surfaces. Also disclosed is the process of constructing such flattened bamboo panel.

Abstract: A radiant barrier rafter vent defining an elongate radiant heat reflective panel formed from a sheet of aluminum or other heat reflective material having longitudinal creases that permit compressing the panel a selected amount in a direction transverse to its length and panel strengthening spaced apart formations on the remainder of the panel. The panel have a high reflectivity and are installable in various buildings between the rafters or roof supports spaced apart from the roof and optionally coated with a sound absorbing material or include small perforations therein.

Abstract: In one embodiment, there is provided a master for producing a stamper. The master includes: a substrate made of a first material and comprising a first surface, wherein the first surface of the substrate is formed with a groove; a first layer made of a second material and formed in the groove, wherein the second material is different from the first material, and wherein a surface of the first layer is substantially flush with the first surface of substrate; and a projection portion formed on at least one of the first surface of the substrate and the surface of the first layer. The first material is silicon and the second material is selected from silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, and glass.

Abstract: An impact pad comprising an upper part, a middle part, and a lower part, the said upper part being configured as a single piece with a plurality of protrusions on a under side there of facing the middle part, such that said protrusions are adapted to fit in the grooves provided on the top surface of the middle part, the bottom surface of the middle part being provided with the third part, namely means for fastening impact pads on the main support frame with clamps.

Abstract: A backed paneling unit comprised of a backing portion that includes at least one rib. In an exemplary embodiment, a rib may be adjacent to a drainage groove or between adjacent drainage grooves. A rib may enable ventilation behind the backing portion. In addition, a rib may also assist with liquid drainage.

Abstract: A cover member having plural peak portions and plural trough portions, and freely stretched and shrunk in an array direction of the plural peak portions and the plural trough portions or freely bent, the cover member includes: a hollow part formed in each of the plural peak portions, the hollow part being hollowed toward an inner side from a peak of each of the plural peak portions, being formed in a circumferential direction, and having edge parts, a bottom part and side parts located between the edge parts and the bottom part. The edge parts of the hollow part are brought into contact with each other before the side parts of the hollow part are brought into contact with each other, when at least one of the plural peak portions is subjected to force in a direction intersecting with the array direction from an outside.

Abstract: A wrapping tape for automatically circumferentially wrapping an axially extending article, in particular a cable or a cable loom, the tape suitable for wrapping around the article and then tautened and joined to itself in an overlapping manner by a joining tool. The wrapping tape comprises a core with a contact area, which is designed to rest on the article; and tabs protruding laterally from the core. A tab forms such an angle with the contact area that the joining tool can engage behind the tab when the tape is wrapped tightly around the article, and without the tool engaging behind the contact area, while tabs of overlapping tape portions are joined to one another.

Abstract: A power transmission belt having a body made at least in part from ethylene-?-olefin rubber. At least one load carrying member is embedded in the ethylene-?-olefin rubber. First, second and third films are formed on the load carrying member. The first film is made from at least one of an isocyanate compound and an epoxy compound, the second film from polybutadiene rubber, and the third film from an ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer.

Abstract: A carbon-based composite material includes a graphite substrate and a carbon-based sheet. The carbon-based sheet is adhered to a surface of the graphite substrate with a heat-resistant adhesive. The carbon-based sheet has at least one of slits and grooves.

Abstract: A textured surface for improving grip on plectra and other hand-held implements. A series of parallel ridges serve to frictionally engage thumb and forefinger surfaces and “lock” the grip in place.