Abstract: Metal wiring structures for integrated circuits include a seed layer formed on an integrated circuit substrate and a wetting layer formed on the seed layer opposite the integrated circuit substrate. A metal wiring layer is formed on the wetting layer opposite the seed layer. The seed layer and the metal wiring layer have the same crystal orientation. In a preferred embodiment, the seed layer is an aluminum layer having (111) crystal orientation and the metal wiring layer includes aluminum having (111) crystal orientation. The metal wiring layer may be aluminum or an aluminum alloy. The wetting layer preferably includes titanium.

Abstract: A laminate material comprising a metal substrate and a laser overlaid layer of a high temperature abrasion resistant copper alloy suitable for the material of engine parts such as valve seats and valve guides, wherein the copper alloy consists essentially of aluminum in an amount ranging from 1.0 to 15.0% by weight; at least one element selected from the group consisting of vanadium, niobium and tantalum in the group VB of the periodic table of elements, in an amount ranging from 0.1 to 5.0% by weight; and balance containing copper and impurities. The copper alloy has a structure in which at least one of intermetallic compounds is dispersed, each intermetallic compound contains at least one metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum and copper and at least one element selected from the group consisting of elements of the group VB of the periodic table. This copper alloy exhibits also high oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance at high temperatures.

Abstract: A joined ceramic structure including a ceramic member and a metallic joining member joined to each other through a joining layer made of a brazing material wherein a metallic member is buried in the ceramic member in the state that a metal-exposed portion is formed through partial exposure of the metallic member from such a joining surface of the ceramic member as contacting said joining layer, and the ceramic member and the metal-exposed portion are also joined to the joining layer along the joining surface of the ceramic member.

Abstract: The surfaces of silicon protrusions from hypereutectic alloy bearing surfaces are converted to a highly stable metal silicides which are more effectively lubricated by conventional polar lubricant additives.

Abstract: A resin composition for polymerization casting containing:20 to 60% by weight of a monomer (1) represented by the formula (1) ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 stands for a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, R.sup.2 stands for an alkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, m and n each is an integer of 2 to 5;10 to 40% by weight of a monomer (2) represented by the formula (2) ##STR2## wherein R.sup.3 stands for a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are the same or different groups and each stands for an alkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, j and k each is 0 or 1; and5 to 70% by weight of a monomer (3), the monomer (3) being identical with neither monomers (1) nor (2), and containing at least one vinyl group in a molecule thereof.

Abstract: An Al metal joined body is formed by joining Al metal members of Al or Al alloy or by joining such Al metal member and a member of a dissimilar material. The joined body comprises a first joined member, a second joined member and a brazed joining layer interposed between the two members. The brazed joining layer has a thickness from about 50 .mu.m to about 500 .mu.m and comprises from 0.05% to 14% by weight of Si, from 0.05% to 11% by weight of Cu, from 0.05% to 13% by weight of Zn, from 0.05% to 4% by weight of Mg, and at least 56.5% by weight of Al.

Abstract: A metallic sliding material including at least a support member with a sliding surface and an inorganic compound coating layer formed on the sliding surface is disclosed. The sliding surface is formed from an aluminum alloy or a reinforcing material-containing aluminum alloy. The inorganic compound coating layer is formed from at least one aluminum compound, and at least one phosphorus compound, and at least one member selected from the group of molybdenum compounds, tungsten compounds, and chromium compounds. These compounds are present in such concentrations that molybdenum, tungsten, and chromium collectively constitute 2 to 48% by weight of the inorganic compound coating layer, aluminum constitutes 1 to 25% by weight of the inorganic compound coating layer, phosphorus constitutes 1 to 25% by weight of the inorganic compound coating layer, and the balance of the inorganic compound coating layer is oxygen and impurities.

Abstract: When forming a conductor film of Ag, Au, Cu, Al on a substrate of ceramics or glass, an adhesive layer of Cr, NiCr is formed on the substrate, a mixed layer of adhesive layer material and conductor film material is formed on the adhesive layer, and a conductor film is formed on the mixed layer. According to this method, even if film forming is conducted below the temperature for inducing diffusion on the interface of the conductor film and adhesive layer, for example, below 100.degree. C., an alloy layer of adhesive layer material and conductor film material is present on the interface of the adhesive layer and conductor film to be closer to bulk state, and the attraction between molecules is increased, so that the bonding strength of the conductor film and adhesive layer is enhanced. Therefore, at 100.degree. C.

Abstract: A coated hard metal for a cutting tool is excellent in wear resistance and chipping resistance. The coated hard metal includes a hard coating layer on a surface of a base material of cemented carbide or cermet. The hard coating layer includes an inner layer (2) on the base material (1), an intermediate layer (3) on the inner layer (2) and an outer layer (4) on the intermediate layer (3). The inner layer (2) consists of a carbide, a nitride, a carbo-nitride, a carbo-oxide, a carbonitrogen oxide or a boronitride of Ti. The intermediate layer (3) consists of Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 or ZrO.sub.2. The outer layer (4) consists of a carbide, a nitride, a carbo-nitride, a carbo-oxide, a carbonitrogen oxide or a boronitride of Ti. The thickness of the inner layer (2) is 0.1 to 5 .mu.m, the thickness of the intermediate layer (3) is 5 to 50 .mu.m in the case of it being an Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 layer and 0.5 to 20 .mu.m in the case of it being a ZrO.sub.2 layer, and the thickness of the outer layer (4) is 5 to 100 .mu.m.

Abstract: A joint of Ti--Al intermetallic compounds, comprising a plurality of base members made of a Ti--Al intermetallic compound and having Ti--Al lamellar grains, and a junction provided between the base members, made of a Ti--Al intermetallic compound and having Ti--Al lamellar grains, wherein some of the lamellar grains of the junction extend into the base members, and some of the lamellar grains of each base member may extend into the junction or pass through the junction into the other base member.

Abstract: A coating for protecting titanium aluminide alloys, including the TiAl .gamma.+Ti.sub.3 Al (.alpha..sub.2) class, from oxidative attack and interstitial embrittlement at temperatures up to at least 1000.degree. C. is disclosed. This protective coating consists essentially of titanium, aluminum, and chromium in the following approximate atomic ratio:Ti(41.5-34.5)Al(49-53)Cr(9.5-12.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium comprises a substrate and a magnetic layer provided on the substrate, and has a surface profile satisfying the following conditions (1) to (6):(1) the number of peaks which project above a slice line at a depth of 25 .ANG. from the maximum peak height (PC25) is 5 to 100/mm;(2) the ratio of the number of peaks which project above a slice line at a depth of 50 .ANG. from the maximum peak height (PC50) to PC25 (PC50/PC25) is 1 to 3;(3) the ratio of a high spot count (HSC) at the center line to PC25 (HSC/PC25) is 1 to 4;(4) the skewness is 1 to 5;(5) the maximum peak height is 60 to 200 .ANG.; and(6) the bearing ratio at a depth of 50 .ANG. from the maximum peak height is not more than 3%.

Abstract: A coated metal substrate disk for magnetic-recording applications is disclosed having a first coating selected from the group consisting of nitrides, carbides, or borides of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, or tungsten, or the group consisting of aluminum nitride, silicon nitride, or silicon carbide on the metal substrate and a magnetic-recording material coating on the first coating. The first coatings are applied by evaporative reactive ion plating or by reactive sputtering.

Abstract: An article having a protective coating thereon includes a substrate having a substrate composition and a substrate surface, and a protective coating contacting and overlying at least a portion of the substrate surface. The substrate is preferably a Ti--Nb aluminide, an .alpha.2-titanium aluiminide, or a .gamma.-titanium aluminide. The protective coating includes a metallic layer contacting the substrate surface and having a composition, in atomic percent, of from about 5 to about 40 percent chromium, from about 44 to about 59 percent aluminum, balance titanium plus incidental impurities. The protective coating may further include a ceramic layer contacting and overlying the metallic layer, with the metallic layer lying between the ceramic layer and the substrate.

Abstract: A stamper for manufacturing a base of an optical disc where grooves having a track pitch of 1.6 .mu.m and width of 1.3 .mu.m or less are formed by using synthetic resin material includes a plurality of projections for forming grooves and a plurality of recessed portions. The plurality of projections have a flat upper portion and a pair of rising portions provided on the both sides of the upper surface portion. The plurality of recessed portions are formed so that bottom surfaces provided continuously to the rising portions of the respective projections become flat. In this case, when width dimension of the rising portion is .epsilon./2, width .epsilon./2 of the rising portion is given by the following expression:0.05 .mu.m.ltoreq..epsilon./2.ltoreq.0.15 .mu.

Abstract: The present invention concerns an aluminum alloy conductor of a cryostatic stabilizer for use at ultra low temperatures of 30.degree. K. or lower which is provided on and around a superconductor. The aluminum alloy conductor is made of 6 to 200 weight ppm of at least one element selected from the group of metallic and semimetallic effective elements consisting of B, Ca, Ce, Ga, Y, Yb and Th, and aluminum and inevitable impurities. The aluminum alloy conductor is obtained by adding at least one of these elements into a high purity aluminum whose purity is at least 99.98 wt. %. The aluminum alloy conductor has a 0.2% proof strength of not greater than 2.6 Kg/mm.sup.2.

Abstract: An optical recording medium comprising a substrate with grooves, a surface smoothing layer less than 1 .mu.m thickness deposited on the grooved substrate, and a recording layer. The medium reduces noise and improves sensitivity relative to media which do not have a surface smoothing layer.

Abstract: Article of manufacture and method of making the same in which a metal substrate has an undercoating is made from a combination of at least one pulverulent metal and a transition metal compound and a coating thereon containing an autodeposited resin formed under autodepositing conditions.

Abstract: A ceramic article containing a core comprising zirconia and ZrB.sub.2 composite wherein zirconia is preferably doped with yttria, and a shell comprising zirconium nitride.

Abstract: A coated member comprising a substrate, an intermediate layer on the substrate consisting essentially of aluminum and titanium, and a hard coating of (Al, Ti) (N, C) on the intermediate layer. The coated member has an improved wear resistance because the intermediate layer raises the level of adhesion between the substrate and the hard coating.

Abstract: An optical element which exhibits a great improvement in durability even after repeated use. The optical element comprising a substrate having thereon (a) a recording layer comprising a liquid crystal polymer composition and (b) a surface protective layer in this order, in which the protective layer comprises a plurality of layers laminated such that the hardness thereof increases from the layer adjacent to the recording layer toward the uppermost layer in order, or the protective layer comprises a plurality of layers laminated such that the glass transition point thereof becomes higher from the layer adjacent to the recording layer toward the uppermost layer in order. Furthermore, the layer adjacent to the recording layer preferably has a pencil hardness of HB or higher and the uppermost layer preferably has a pencil hardness of 3 H or higher.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium is disclosed, which contains a substrate, an uneven layer and a metallic magnetic layer provided on the substrate in that order, wherein the uneven layer is made of an Al--M (wherein M is a metal capable of forming a carbide) and has an uneven surface. This magnetic recording medium enables a magnetic head to float at a low height, and prevents the magnetic head from sticking to the magnetic recording medium. Further, the uneven layer has an excellent adhesivity to the substrate preventing it from peeling off the substrate, and thus a magnetic recording medium having an appropriate surface roughness and excellent durability is provided. This magnetic recording medium can cope with high density recordings.

Abstract: The surface of an aluminide is treated to make it less chemically reactive. In particular, this treatment inhibits oxidation of the aluminide at high temperatures. According to the invention, one coats the aluminide with a solution that containing phosphoric or phosphorous acid, and then one heats the aluminide, so as to calcine the coating. The phosphoric or phosphorous acid reacts with the aluminide to form a surface that resists oxidation. One can use this process to coat the blades of a gas turbine, or to coat other aluminide structures intended for use in high-temperature environments.

Abstract: A resin article comprising a shaped body of a synthetic resin having a surface, and a coated resin layer covering the surface of the shaped body, said coated resin layer being made of an amino group-containing polymer and/or a polymer containing (meth) acrylate of (iso)cyanuric acid as a constituent unit and having a top surface, wherein the top surface of the coated resin layer is chemically converted to have an anti-static property by chemical reaction with a quaternary compound-forming reagent. Alternatively, a resin article having stable anti-static properties may comprise a shaped body of a synthetic resin covered with an anti-static coating layer made of a reaction product of at least one of an amino group-containing alkoxy silane, an amino group-containing alkoxy titanium compund, or an oligomer thereof, with a quaternary compound-forming reagent.

Abstract: The improved sputtered memory disk of the present invention comprises a substrate coated with a nucleating layer, a subsequent magnetic layer, and a protective coating. As a result of texturing in the circumferential direction and epitaxy involving the nucleating layer, an anisotropic orientation of coercivity in the circumferential direction has occurred during the sputtering that provides an improved memory disk having enhanced coercivity, a reduced amplitude modulation, an improved squareness of the hysteresis loop, e.g., lower switching field distribution, and a high production, relatively low cost production system. As a result, a higher recording density due to the higher coercivity and low switching field distribution can be experienced with the magnetic disk of the present invention.

Abstract: An optical recording disk having a sealcoat layer provided on at least one surface of the disk, wherein the sealcoat layer is a cured composition obtained from ingredients comprising a radiation-curable component; a nonionic perfluoro surfactant; and a radiation curable silicone-containing compound. Optionally the sealcoat layer is a cured composition of ingredients further comprising an anticorrosion agent and photoinitiator.

Abstract: A magneto-optical disc comprising a recording layer and a protective coating on a substrate is operated for magneto-optical recording in a magnetic field modulation mode such that the protective coating is in sliding contact with a magnetic head. The protective coating is obtained by curing with radiation a polymerizable composition which contains a fatty acid ester and radiation-curable compounds including a monofunctional (meth)acrylic monomer, a polyfunctional (meth)acrylic monomer, and optionally, an acrylic oligomer.

Abstract: An optical recording medium is provided with a masking layer on a side of a recording layer for receiving a reproducing beam. The masking layer is prepared from that containing photochromic dye molecules having absorption at the wavelength of the reproducing beam and causing a photon mode reaction by absorbing the reproducing beam to be reduced in absorption.

Abstract: A magneto-optical disc has a resin substrate and a magneto-optical film. A birefringence distribution of the substrate in a static state is so set that a disc phase difference during rotation of the disc is eliminated.

Abstract: A component made of an intermetallic compound of titanium and aluminum, or of alloys of such intermetallic compounds with alloying additions forming the base material, and with an aluminum diffusion coating on the base material, is provided. The component has, between the base material and the aluminum diffusion coating, a closed zone which is close to the surface and has a recrystallization structure. For this purpose, the component is cold-formed or slightly melted in a zone which is close to the surface, is then annealed at the recrystallization temperature, and finally has an aluminum diffusion coating applied to the recrystallized zone. The process is used for components in engines and, particularly, for components in the hot-gas duct of an engine.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a multilayer material more particularly intended for producing an anti-erosion and anti-abrasion coating, as well as the process for producing this multilayer material. The aim of the invention is to produce a material which has a greater resistance and which can be deposited at low temperatures. This aim is achieved with the aid of a multilayer material, which is characterized in that it comprises a substrate covered with at least one metallic tungsten ductile layer and at least one hard layer of a solid solution of an additional element chosen from among carbon or nitrogen or a mixture of carbon and nitrogen in tungsten or a tungsten alloy, the two types of layers are alternating. The invention more particularly relates to the production of a coating for parts used in aeronautics.

Abstract: A silicon-enriched aluminide coating for a superalloy article has a composite microstructure including a plurality of bands of silicon rich phases (S.sub.1, S.sub.2, S.sub.3) and a plurality of bands of aluminum rich phases (A.sub.1, A.sub.2, A.sub.3), these bands being spaced apart through the thickness of the coating. The composite microstructure is created by depositing a slurry containing both silicon and aluminum in elemental or pre-alloyed form on the article and heating the coated article above the melting temperature of aluminum to cure the coating, the depositing and curing steps being repeated at least once before diffusion heat treating the resulting layers. Thereupon, all the above process steps are repeated at least once.

Abstract: A woven fabric useful for air bags capable of smoothly opening in an initial stage of inflation and having a high burst strength and an excellent safety satisfies all the requirement that(A) a stress strain curve of the woven fabric in at least one of the warp and weft directions is a substantially downwardly convex curve, where the elongation .epsilon. is in the range: 1%.ltoreq..epsilon..ltoreq.20%;(B) where the elongation .epsilon. is in the range: .epsilon..ltoreq.10%, the tensile strength S(.epsilon.) of the woven fabric is 10 to 100 kg/3 cm in both the warp and weft directions; and(C) the woven fabric has a tensile toughness of 2,000 to 4,000 kg.%/3 cm in both the warp and weft directions, the tensile toughness being represented by an area of a region, in a graph showing a stress-strain curve of the woven fabric in each of the warp and weft directions, defined by the stress-strain curve and an abscissa corresponding to a stress of zero.

Abstract: An optical disc comprises two facing disc units, at least one of which has a recording layer formed on its surface facing to the other disc unit. The disc units are bonded together by a layer of adhesive which may be a room-temperature curing thermosetting adhesive having a glass transition temperature higher than the upper limit of the range of temperatures of environments in which the disc may be used. Alternatively, the adhesive may be a room-temperature curing two-pack epoxy adhesive which comprises a bisphenol epoxy resin base agent and a modified aliphatic polyamine curing agent, and which has a viscosity of 100-1000 cps, a pot life of one hour or more, a cure shrinkage of 1.0% or less, a water absorption, after curing, of 0.2% or less, and a Shore hardness, after curing, of 80-90.

Abstract: A recording medium, showing sufficient resistance to contamination and having excellent reproducing characteristics, comprises a film provided on a surface thereof and this film comprises a copolymer formed by polymerizing a composition which comprises a compound A having a (meth)acryloyl group and a reactive antistatic agent B having a quaternary ammonium salt group, an alkylene glycol chain, a hydrocarbon group of which carbon number is four or more and a copolymerizable group.

Abstract: An optical recording disk having an antistatic hard coat layer provided on at least one surface of the disk, wherein the hard coat layer comprises a fluorinated ionic salt; a polymer comprising a plurality of pendant fluorinated groups, and optionally a nonionic fluorinated surfactant. The polymer comprising a plurality of pendant fluorinated groups is preferably a copolymer derived from monomers comprising a nonfluorinated vinyl monomer; and a vinyl monomer comprising a fluorinated group.

Abstract: The present invention is a novel multilayered structure comprising alternating layers of a base metal and a metal selected from a group of barrier metals. The base metal, in any given layer, is deposited to a thickness less than its critical thickness--a thickness beyond which hillocks are more likely to form for a given temperature. Between each such layer of base metal, a layer of barrier metal is interposed. The intervening layer of barrier metal acts to suppress the formation of hillocks in the base metal.

Abstract: A magneto-optical disc having an optical-magnetic recording layer, formed on the surface of a transparent base plate opposite its beam incident surface is disclosed, wherein a layer excellent in lubriciousness is formed in superimposition on the optical-magnetic recording layer to enable the magnetic head to be in direct sliding contact with the disc surface to provide for stable recording and improved recording performance as well as to reduce adverse effects caused by deposition of foreign matter such as dust and dirt.

Abstract: A substrate plate of plastic material instead of glass for the manufacture of a metal mold for the production of optical registration carriers of plastic material. Polyether imide is a suitable plastic material for forming the substrate plate. A suitable molding process is injection molding, wherein a highly polished mold is used.

Abstract: An optical recording medium has a substrate, a recording layer having a bare portion at the end face, and a protecting layer. The bare portion of the recording layer and the vicinity thereof are resinified so as to be substantially incapable of optical recording.

Abstract: Article of manufacture and method of making the same in which a metal substrate has an undercoating is made from a combination of at least one pulverulent metal and a transition metal compound and a coating thereon containing an autodeposited resin formed under autodepositing conditions.

Abstract: An optical recording medium has a transparent substrate with a recorded pattern formed thereon and a saturable absorption dye containing layer disposed on the recorded pattern and containing at least a saturable absorption dye. The saturable absorption dye has a molecular extinction coefficient .epsilon. of 10.sup.4 or greater at the wavelength of reproducing light, and a relaxation time .tau. in the range of 1 ns.ltoreq..tau..ltoreq. 100 ns. A reflecting layer having a reflectivity of 70% or higher on an air boundary thereof may be disposed on the saturable absorption dye containing layer. The saturable absorption dye containing layer may have such a thickness that substantially minimizes the intensity of reflected light due to interference with respect to the intensity of the reproducing light. The saturable absorption dye may comprise a naphthalocyanine-based dye.

Abstract: An optical recording medium comprises a transparent substrate, an inner protection layer, a recording material layer, an outer protection layer, and a reflection layer, which are laminated in this order. In an in-groove recording mode, the ratio of the thickness of the recording material layer to the thickness of the outer protection layer is in a range between 0.52 and 0.95. In an on-land recording mode, the ratio of the thickness of the recording material layer to the thickness of the outer protection layer is in a range between 0.32 and 0.6.

Abstract: The invention relates to the thermal barriers, to a process and material for their production, and to their application. Thermal barriers consist of a material comprising at least one refractory oxide with low thermal diffusivity and at least one quasicrystalline aluminum alloy, the proportion of which represents from 2-30% by volume. They can be produced by deposition of a mixture of refractory oxide and of quasicrystalline alloy in vapor phase, or from a mixture of refractory oxide and quasicrystalline aluminum alloy in the molten state, or else by deposition onto the support to be protected with the aid of an oxygen-gas torch fed with material using a flexible cord which contains the refractory oxide and the quasicrystalline alloy. The applications include the protection of components of aircraft or motor vehicle engines, of aeronautical or aerospace components, of chemical reactors or of electrical households appliances.

Abstract: The application relates to conductive lamellar pigments in which lamellar substrate is coated with an electrically conductive layer, characterized in that a lamellar metal oxide or a lamellar material coated with one or more metal oxides is present as the lamellar substrate and that an optionally hydrated silicon dioxide layer or a layer of another insoluble silicate is arranged between the metal oxide layer and the conductive layer.

Abstract: An optical memory material includes a two-photon storage component which can be written from a first to a second state in response to WRITE light, mixed with a signal component which fluoresces by one-photon absorption only at the written locations in response to READ light. The storage material may be a fulgide. The memory material may also include a frequency upconversion material to aid writing. Writing is performed by a spatial light modulator (SLM) with a dynamic focussing system, for concentrating sufficient power at WRITE locations for nonlinear two-photon absorption. Crosstalk is avoided during simultaneous writing in some embodiments, by spacing the individual WRITE beams apart by an integer number of inter-beam spacings, so that non-adjacent datels are written simultaneously in a "paragraph," and the non-written areas are written at a different time with different paragraphs.

Abstract: An information recording medium has a recording layer which comprises a composition containing:I) at least one organic polymer selected from the group consisting of:(a) conjugated polymers whose conformations change by thermal energy, for example, polythiophene, and(b) polymers containing as a component a diene monomer and/or an aromatic-ring-containing vinyl monomer, for example, polystyrene; andII) a dye having light-absorbing ability, for example, naphthalocyanine. Despite the recording layer is of the organic type that features non-toxicity and low manufacturing cost as advantages, the recording layer makes it possible to produce a rewritable optical disc which can be recorded by a semiconductor laser (830, 780 nm) employed widely.

Abstract: An aircraft structure, such as a wing, is made of fiber composite material and includes a shell structural component also made of fiber composite material. The structural component has at least one access opening closeable by a cover. The shell structural component has a first area containing the access opening closeable by the cover. In the longitudinal direction of the wing the first area is predominantly flexible while a second area surrounding the first area is predominantly stiff, whereby these areas take up different longitudinally effective forces, relative to the length of the wing. Both areas are capable of transferring shear forces in the same manner.

Abstract: An active energy ray-curable composition comprising (A) an epoxy resin, (B) a compound selected from the group consisting of sulfonium salts and cyclopentadienyl iron compounds, (C) a compound selected from the group consisting of acrylates, methacrylates and oligomers thereof, and (D) an organic peroxide, and optionally (E) a rubber component. The composition is useful for an adhesive layer of an optical recording medium.

Abstract: A magnetic recording disk has a layered structure comprising a metal substrate, a layer of NiP atop the metal substrate, the NiP layer having a surface roughness of less than 2.0 nanometers RMS, a metal layer over the polished NiP layer, the metal layer having a desired textured outer surface as a result of the sputter deposition, the textured outer surface being characterized by a cobblestone-like metallic grain structure with between 10 and 100 grains per square micron, an RMS surface roughness of between 1.0 and 8.0 nanometers, and with peak heights as measured from the mean plane of the surface over a 10 micron square area of between 2.0 and 20.0 nanometers, a magnetic layer atop the metal layer.