Abstract: Provided is a copper foil for a printed wiring board including a roughened layer on at least one surface thereof. In the roughened layer, the average diameter D1 at the particle bottom being apart from the bottom of each particle by 10% of the particle length is 0.2 to 1.0 ?m, and the ratio L1/D1 of the particle length L1 to the average diameter D1 at the particle bottom is 15 or less. In the copper foil for printed wiring board, when a copper foil for printed wiring having a roughened layer is laminated to a resin and then the copper layer is removed by etching, the sum of areas of holes accounting for the resin roughened surface having unevenness is 20% or more. The present invention involves the development of a copper foil for a semiconductor package substrate that can avoid circuit erosion without causing deterioration in other properties of the copper foil.

Abstract: Multilayer material comprising a zirconium-based substrate covered with a multilayer coating, the multilayer coating comprising metallic layers composed of identical or different substances chosen from chromium, a chromium alloy or a ternary alloy of the Nb—Cr—Ti system. Such a material has improved resistance to oxidation in accident conditions of a nuclear reactor. The invention also relates to a multilayer coating, a part composed wholly or partly of the multilayer material or of the multilayer coating, as well as the method for manufacturing the multilayer material such as for example a magnetron cathodic sputtering process.

Abstract: The present application provides an ultrathin shielding film of high shielding effectiveness, comprising two or more solid shielding layers. An electrically-conductive adhesive layer is coated onto the outer surface at one side of the solid shielding layers, and one or more insulation film layers are formed on the outer surface at the other side of the solid shielding layers. A carrier film layer is provided on the outer surface of the insulation film layers. A protective film covers the lower surface of the electrically-conductive adhesive layer. The present application further discloses a manufacturing method of an ultrathin shielding film of high shielding effectiveness.

Abstract: A strip product consists of a metallic substrate, such as stainless steel, and a coating, which in turn comprises at least one metallic layer and one reactive layer. The coated strip product is produced by providing the different layers, preferably by coating, and thereafter oxidizing the coating to accomplish a conductive surface layer comprising perovskite and/or spinel structure.

Abstract: The invention pertains to creating new extremely low resistance (“ELR”) materials, which may include high temperature superconducting (“HTS”) materials. In some implementations of the invention, an ELR material may be modified by depositing a layer of modifying material unto the ELR material to form a modified ELR material. The modified ELR material has improved operational characteristics over the ELR material alone. Such operational characteristics may include operating at increased temperatures or carrying additional electrical charge or other operational characteristics. In some implementations of the invention, the ELR material is a cuprate-perovskite, such as, but not limited to YBCO. In some implementations of the invention, the modifying material is a conductive material that bonds easily to oxygen, such as, but not limited to, chromium.

Abstract: A coated article has: a metallic substrate; a bondcoat; and a thermal barrier coating (TBC). The bondcoat has an MCrAlY first layer and an MCrAlY second layer, the second layer having a lower Cr content than the first layer.

Abstract: A heat-resistant molybdenum alloy of this invention comprises a first phase containing Mo as a main component and a second phase comprising a Mo—Si—B-based intermetallic compound particle phase, wherein the balance is an inevitable impurity and wherein the Si content is 0.05 mass % or more and 0.80 mass % or less and the B content is 0.04 mass % or more and 0.60 mass % or less.

Abstract: An article may include a substrate, a diffusion barrier layer formed on the substrate, and a protective layer formed on the diffusion barrier coating. The diffusion barrier layer may include iridium.

Abstract: A coated article includes a substrate and a color layer formed on the substrate. The color layer is a chromium-aluminum-silicon layer containing chromium atoms, aluminum atoms and silicon atoms. The color layer has an L* value between about 25 to about 28, an a* value between about ?1 to about ?6, and a b* value between about ?5 to about ?9 in the CIE L*a*b* (CIE LAB) color space. A method for making the coated article is also described.

Abstract: A coated article is provided. A coated article includes a composite substrate made from carbon fiber and zirconium diboride. A chromium layer is deposited on the substrate. A chromium diffusing layer is formed between the substrate and the chromium layer. A chromium-nitrogen layer is deposited on the chromium layer. A iridium layer is deposited on the chromium-nitrogen layer opposite to the chromium layer, wherein the chromium-nitrogen layer includes a first chromium-nitrogen layer and a second chromium-nitrogen layer. The first chromium-nitrogen layer abuts the chromium layer. The second chromium-nitrogen layer abuts the iridium layer. The atomic nitrogen content in the first chromium-nitrogen layer gradually increases with the thickness of the first chromium-nitrogen layer. The atomic nitrogen content in the second chromium-nitrogen layer gradually decreases with the thickness of the second chromium-nitrogen layer.

Abstract: Provided is a rolled copper foil or electrolytic copper foil for an electronic circuit to be used for forming a circuit by etching, wherein the copper foil comprises a heat resistance layer composed of zinc or zinc alloy or its oxide formed on an etching side of the rolled copper foil or electrolytic copper foil, and a layer of nickel or nickel alloy, which is a metal or alloy with a lower etching rate than copper, formed on the heat resistance layer.

Abstract: Provided is a metal covered polyimide composite comprising a tie-coat layer and a metal seed layer formed on a surface of a polyimide film by electroless plating or a drying method, and a copper layer or a copper alloy layer formed thereon by electroplating, wherein the copper plated layer or copper alloy plated layer comprises three layers to one layer of the copper layer or copper alloy layer, and there is a concentrated portion of impurities at the boundary of the copper layer or copper alloy layer when the copper layer or copper alloy layer is three layers to two layers, and there is no concentrated portion of impurities when the copper layer or copper alloy layer is a single layer. Additionally provided are a method of producing the composite and a method of producing an electronic circuit board.

Abstract: A method for producing a coating made of metal or a metal alloy on a substrate (1) using a diffusion process is disclosed, in which the substrate undergoes a heat treatment in an atmosphere (4), wherein the atmosphere includes at least one metal halide of the to-be-deposited metal or the metal alloy and wherein, in addition, the substrate is provided at least partially with a layer (2, 3), which includes at least one metal halide in solid and/or liquid form, which preferably has the same constituent parts as the metal halide of the atmosphere. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a chromium coat, which was produced in particular with the method according to the invention and has a chromium proportion of ?30% by weight in a diffusion zone in the coated substrate.

Abstract: An article includes a substrate made of carbon fiber and zirconium diboride composites; an chromium layer deposited on the substrate; an chromium diffusing layer formed between the substrate and the chromium layer; and a iridium layer deposited on the chromium layer opposite to the chromium diffusing layer.

Abstract: A metal article such as a gas turbine component may include a super-diffusion coating with unusually high content of the desired constituent. The coating may be provided by combining two or more diffusion coating processes, each process interdiffusing the desired constituent with the metal article from a different metal source. The metal article can be placed in physical contact with a metal source in powder form as a first source, and the article can also be exposed an additional metal vapor source. Super-chromide coatings can be produced with alpha-chrome content in a manner that also provides the coating with sufficient ductility for long-term durability. For example, a shank portion of a gas turbine blade may be provided with a chromide coating with at least a portion of the coating having from 60-90% chromium content.

Abstract: A article made by vacuum deposition, includes a substrate; and a color layer deposited on the substrate, wherein the color layer has an L* value between about 75 to about 80, an a* value between about ?5 to about ?10, and a b* value between about 15 to about 20 in the CIE LAB color space.

Abstract: A coated article is described. The coated article includes a substrate, a combining layer formed on the substrate, a plurality of chromium nitride layers and a plurality of copper-titanium alloy layers formed on the combining layer. The combining layer is a chromium layer. Each chromium nitride layer interleaves with one copper-titanium alloy layer. A method for making the coated article is also described.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a plate including multiple metal layers is provided. The method includes: disposing a semi-finished plate formed of a first metal in a mold, wherein a surface of the semi-finished plate is roughened; and injecting a second metal in liquid form onto the roughened surface of the semi-finished plate, so as to form a second metal layer on the semi-finished plate, wherein the second metal in liquid form covers and fills the roughened surface of the semi-finished plate. Not only does the multi-layer metal plate manufactured according to the method have the strength and elasticity of a composite metal, but also increase the joining, bonding or engagement strength between the first and second metal layers without laser welding.

Abstract: A coated article is described. The coated article includes a substrate, a combining layer formed on the substrate, a plurality of chromium nitride layers and a plurality of copper-zinc alloy layers formed on the combining layer. The combining layer is a chromium layer. Each chromium nitride layer interleaves with one copper-zinc alloy layer. A method for making the coated article is also described.

Abstract: A barrier film for a flexible copper substrate comprising a Co—Cr alloy film containing 5 to 30 wt % of Cr and a balance of unavoidable impurities and Co is provided. The barrier film has a thickness of 3 to 150 nm and a film thickness uniformity of 10% or less at 1?. A sputtering target for forming a barrier film comprising a Co—Cr alloy containing 5 to 30 wt % of Cr and a balance of unavoidable impurities and Co is also provided. The relative magnetic permeability in the in-plane direction of the sputtered face of the target is 100 or less. The barrier film for a flexible copper substrate and the sputtering target for forming such barrier film have a film thickness that is thin enough to prevent film peeling and inhibiting the diffusion of copper to a resin film such as polyimide, is capable of obtaining a sufficient barrier effect even in a minute wiring pitch and has barrier characteristics that will not change even when the temperature rises due to heat treatment or the like.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus with a structured hard chrome layer electrodeposited onto a work-piece, the structured hard chrome layer being cup-shaped and/or labyrinth-like and/or column-shaped. The structured hard chrome layer can be electrodeposited from an electrolyte onto the work-piece, said electrolyte containing (a) a Cr (VI) compound in an amount corresponding to 50 g/l to 600 g/l of chromic acid anhydride; (b) 0.5 g/l to 10 g/l of sulphuric acid; (c) 1 g/l to 20 g/l of aliphatic sulphonic acid, comprising 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and (d) 10 g/l to 200 g/l of at least one compound forming a dense cathode film, said compound being selected from among ammonium molybdate, alkali molybdate and alkaline earth molybdate, ammonium vanadate, alkali vanadate and alkaline earth vanadate, ammonium zirconate, alkali zirconate and alkaline earth zirconate.

Abstract: A coated article is described. The coated article includes a substrate, a bonding layer formed on the substrate, a plurality of nickel-chromium-nitrogen layers and a plurality of silver-cerium alloy layers formed on the bonding layer. The bonding layer is a nickel-chromium layer. Each nickel-chromium-nitrogen layer interleaves with one silver-cerium alloy layer. One of the nickel-chromium-nitrogen layers is directly formed on the bonding layer. A method for making the coated article is also described.

Abstract: A coated article is described. The coated article includes a substrate, a bonding layer formed on the substrate, a plurality of nickel-chromium-nitrogen layers and a plurality of copper-cerium alloy layers formed on the bonding layer. The bonding layer is a nickel-chromium layer. Each nickel-chromium-nitrogen layer interleaves with one copper-cerium alloy layer. One of the nickel-chromium-nitrogen layers is directly formed on the bonding layer. A method for making the coated article is also described.

Abstract: Wear-resistant coating systems suitable for protecting surfaces subjected to contact wear at high temperatures, such as surfaces of an assembly comprising high-temperature components of gas turbine engines. The components have surfaces in wear contact with each other. One of the surfaces has a wear-resistant coating system thereon so as to be in wear contact with the surface of the other component. The wear-resistant coating system contains alternating layers of TiAlN and CrN.

Abstract: The invention relates to a component having a coating system, which comprises at least one bonding coat applied directly onto the component and at least one thermal barrier coat formed on the bonding coat, the bonding coat comprising from 22 to 36 wt. % Cr, from 15 to 30 wt. % Ni, at most 55 ppm Al, and Fe as a basis.

Abstract: Provided is a copper foil for a printed circuit board comprising a layer including nickel, zinc, a compound of nickel and that of zinc (hereinafter referred to a “nickel zinc layer”) on a roughened surface of a copper foil, and a chromate film layer on the nickel zinc layer, wherein the zinc add-on weight per unit area of the nickel zinc layer is 180 ?g/dm2 or more and 3500 ?g/dm2 or less, and the nickel weight ratio in the nickel zinc layer {nickel add-on weight/(nickel add-on weight+zinc add-on weight)} is 0.38 or more and 0.7 or less. This surface treatment technology of a copper foil is able to effectively prevent the circuit corrosion phenomenon in cases of laminating a copper foil on a resin base material and using a sulfuric acid hydrogen peroxide etching solution to perform soft etching to the circuit.

Abstract: A coating applied to at least a portion of the surfaces of reactors, reactor internals, other reactor components, and/or heater tubes is provided in order to minimize the formation of metal catalyzed coke in hydrocarbon conversion processes operating at temperatures at about 350° C. (662° F.) or greater and in reducing environments. These coatings may comprise Nickel coatings or complexes thereof, such as Ni—Al, Ni—Cr/Cr carbide, as well as aluminum painted coatings that are applied in a reduction cure process (e.g., application temperatures of about 600° C. (1112° F.)). Additionally, where H2S is necessary for the process, such as to minimize thermal cracking, the coatings also reduce corrosion of base metal due to sulfidation attack and eliminate the requirement of continuous replacement of reactor internals and other components.

Abstract: A housing includes a substrate; a tin layer deposited on the substrate; a magnesium-tin layer formed between the substrate and the tin layer; a chromium layer deposited on the tin layer; a chromium-tin layer formed between tin layer on the chromium layer; and a chromium oxide or nitrogen layer deposited on the chromium layer. The substrate is made of magnesium or magnesium alloy; the tin layer is comprised of tin; the magnesium-tin layer is a magnesium-tin layer; the chromium layer is comprised of chromium; the chromium-tin layer is a chromium-tin layer; the chromium oxide or nitrogen layer is a chromium oxide nitrogen layer.

Abstract: A method for making a housing comprises of providing a metal substrate; forming a base paint coating on the substrate; vacuum depositing a first metal coating on the base paint coating, the first metal coating being a chromium coating or a stainless steel coating; vacuum depositing a second metal coating on the first metal coating, the second metal coating being a commix metal coating containing chromium and stainless steel; and vacuum depositing a third metal coating on the second metal coating, the third metal coating being a stainless steel coating. A housing made by the above mentioned method is also described there.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a medical implant component. The method may comprise producing a substrate from a first material in which the substrate has a bearing portion, and causing particles of a second material to be formed onto at least the bearing portion of the substrate. The second material may be formed from a biocompatible material and a carbide source, in which the carbide source is 6.17% or more of the second material by weight. The particles of the second material may be formed onto at least the bearing portion of the substrate by a predetermined spraying technique, a CVD process, a PVD process, or a carburization process. The biocompatible material may be cobalt chrome and the carbide source may be graphite.

Abstract: Conventionally, cavities and cracks are filled with a solder metal which forms brittle phases with a subsequently applied coating, which have a negative effect on the mechanical properties. According to the invention, the components which form brittle phases are removed from the solder metal. The above is achieved, whereby a second material is applied which reacts with said component and which is removed again with the brittle phases, before the coating.

Abstract: A solid particle erosion resistant surface treated coating has a solid particle erosion resistance that is largely enhanced and a rotating member having the coating gains oxidation resistance without deteriorating a fatigue strength. Also, a rotating machine can have this coating applied thereto. The solid particle erosion resistant surface treated coating has a nitrided hard layer formed on a surface of a base material and a PVD (physical vapor deposition) hard layer of at least one layer formed on the nitrided hard layer by a PVD method. Deformation of the base material by collisions by solid particles is prevented and cracking of the coating is prevented. Thereby, the solid particle erosion resistance is secured, life of the solid particle erosion resistant surface treated coating can be increased and oxidation resistance and fatigue strength are enhanced.

Abstract: An nickel plating layer (5a) intended for corrosion current distribution is formed over a body (2), and a 0.05 to 2.5 micrometers thick surface chrome plating layer (6) made of trivalent chromium is formed on the surface thereof using basic chromium sulfate as a source of metal. Further on the same, a not less than 7 nm thick chromium compound film (7) is formed by cathode acidic electrolytic chromatin. The corrosion distribution nickel plating layer (5a) has a function of forming a microporous structure, a microcrack structure, or the both of the same in the surface chrome plating layer (6).

Abstract: A blade of a turbomachine such as a gas turbine includes a blade vane with a blade tip and a blade base. A blade tip armor cladding is applied on the blade tip. A coating covers at least the armor cladding and includes at least one multilayer coating system, and preferably plural such coating systems stacked repetitively on one another. Each coating system includes at least two different layers stacked successively on one another, with one layer of a metal material closer to the blade tip and one layer of a ceramic material farther from the blade tip.

Abstract: A resin product (e.g., a millimeter-wave radar device cover) comprises a plate-like resin substrate, a base film formed on the resin substrate, and a metallic gloss film having a discontinuous structure formed on the base film, a top coat, a block coat, or the like being formed as a protective film on the metal film. The metal film contains a first film having a discontinuous structure obtainable by vacuum deposition of a first metal, a modified surface obtainable by modification of the surface of the first film by bringing the surface into contact with air, and a second film having a discontinuous structure obtainable by vacuum deposition of a second metal on the modified surface.

Abstract: A crystalline chromium deposit having a lattice parameter of 2.8895+/?0.0025 ?, and an article including the crystalline chromium deposit. An article including a crystalline chromium deposit, wherein the crystalline chromium deposit has a {111} preferred orientation. A process for electrodepositing a crystalline chromium deposit on a substrate, including providing an electroplating bath comprising trivalent chromium and a source of divalent sulfur, and substantially free of hexavalent chromium; immersing a substrate in the electroplating bath; and applying an electrical current to deposit a crystalline chromium deposit on the substrate, wherein the chromium deposit is crystalline as deposited.

Abstract: A method for making a housing comprises of providing a metal substrate; forming a base paint coating on the substrate; vacuum depositing a first metal coating on the base paint coating, the first metal coating being a chromium coating or a stainless steel coating; vacuum depositing a second metal coating on the first metal coating, the second metal coating being a commix metal coating containing chromium and stainless steel; and vacuum depositing a third metal coating on the second metal coating, the third metal coating being a stainless steel coating. A housing made by the above mentioned method is also described there.

Abstract: Provided is a metal covered polyimide composite comprising a tie-coat layer and a metal seed layer formed on a surface of a polyimide film by electroless plating or a drying method, and a copper layer or a copper alloy layer formed thereon by electroplating, wherein the copper plated layer or copper alloy plated layer includes three layers to one layer of the copper layer or copper alloy layer. The provided metal covered polyimide composite can effectively prevent peeling in a non-adhesive flexible laminate (especially a two-layer flexible laminate), particularly can effectively inhibit peeling from the interface of a copper layer and tin plating. Additionally provided are a method of producing the composite and an apparatus for producing the composite.

Abstract: A thermal spraying powder contains 30 to 50% by mass of chromium carbide with the remainder being an alloy containing chromium, aluminum, yttrium, and at least one of cobalt and nickel. The thermal spraying powder has an average particle size of 20 to 60 ?m. The thermal spraying powder may contain 20% by mass or less of yttrium oxide in place of a part of the alloy. A thermal spray coating obtained by thermal spraying of the thermal spraying powder, particularly, a thermal spray coating obtained by high-velocity flame spraying of the thermal spraying powder is suitable for the purpose of a hearth roll.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of manufacturing or repairing a coating on a metallic substrate. Production of said coating comprises forming a pre-layer on the substrate or on a sub-layer of the coating placed on the substrate by applying one or more layers of a paint containing at least one metal selected from the group constituted by platinum class metals (platinoids) and chromium. Application to the formation or localized repair of a thermal barrier on a superalloy turbo engine part.

Abstract: Provided is an adhesion assisting agent fitted metal foil, comprising an adhesion assisting agent layer having a thickness of 0.1 to 10 ?m on a metal whose surface has a ten-point average roughness Rz of 2.0 ?m or less, wherein the adhesion assisting agent layer is formed from an adhesion assisting agent composition comprising: (A) an epoxy resin selected from the group consisting of a novolak epoxy resin and an aralkyl epoxy resin; and (C) an epoxy resin curing agent.

Abstract: By using a plating bath containing chromic acid: 100 to 250 g/L, sulfate radical: 3.0 to 5.5 g/L, and a catalyst: 100 to 200% (a weight ratio to the chromic acid content) for conducting electroplating, a Cr-plating film which has an increased film crack density is formed on the surface of a mandrel bar base metal, whereby peeling-off of the Cr-plating film can be suppressed in mandrel mill rolling for extending the service life of the mandrel bar.

Abstract: A welding material, to be used for welding a base metal made of an austenitic alloy comprising C?2.0%, Si?4.0%, Mn: 0.01 to 3.0%, P: more than 0.03% to not more 0.3%, S?0.03%, Cr: 12 to 35%, Ni: 6 to 80%, sol. Al: 0.001 to 1% and N?0.3%, with the balance being Fe and impurities to a base metal made of another austenitic alloy, which comprises C: more than 0.3% to 3.0%, Si?4.0%, Mn?3.0%, P?0.03%, S?0.03%, Cr: more than 22% to 55%, Ni: more than 30% to not more than 70%, sol. Al: 0.001 to 1% and N?0.3%, with the balance being Fe and impurities can suppress the weld solidification cracking which occurs in an austenitic alloy having a high P content and showing fully austenitic solidification. Therefore, the said welding material can be widely used in such fields where a welding fabrication is required. The said welding material may contain a specific amount or amounts of one or more elements selected from Cu, Mo, W, V, Nb, Ti, Ta, Zr, Hf, Co, B, Ca, Mg and REM.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for deposition of chromium layers as hard-chrome plating for protection against wear or corrosion and/or for decorative purposes and also an electroplating bath with which chromium layers of this type can be deposited. The invention also relates to hard-chrome surfaces produced accordingly.

Abstract: A material composite has at least one region of copper or a copper alloy, at least one region of a predominantly graphitic material, and at least one boundary region between them. The boundary region has one or more carbides from the group of the IVb, Vb, VIb transition metals and one or more elements of the group consisting of Si, B, Al, Ge, Mn, Sn. In a preferred implementation of the invention, the composite is produced with a back-casting process.

Abstract: A method is provided for depositing a hard wear resistant surface onto a porous or non-porous base material of a medical implant. The wear resistant surface of the medical implant device may be formed by a Laser Based Metal Deposition (LBMD) method such as Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS). The wear resistant surface may include a blend of multiple different biocompatible materials. Further, functionally graded layers of biocompatible materials may be used to form the wear resistant surface. Usage of a porous material for the base may promote bone ingrowth to allow the implant to fuse strongly with the bone of a host patient. The hard wear resistant surface provides device longevity, particularly when applied to bearing surfaces such as artificial joint bearing surfaces or a dental implant bearing surfaces.

Abstract: An abrasive article includes a carrier element, an abrasive component, and a bonding region between the abrasive component and the carrier element. The abrasive component includes abrasive particles bound in a metal matrix. The abrasive component further includes a network of interconnected pores substantially filled with an infiltrant. The infiltrant has an infiltrant composition containing at least one metal element. The bonding region includes a bonding metal having a bonding metal composition containing at least one metal element. The bonding region is a region distinct from the carrier element and is a separate phase from the carrier element. An elemental weight percent difference is the absolute value of the difference in weight content of each element contained in the bonding metal composition relative to the infiltrant composition. The elemental weight percent difference between the bonding metal composition and the infiltrant composition does not exceed 20 weight percent.

Abstract: A fired heater tube that is resistant to corrosion and fouling is disclosed. The fired heater tube comprises an advantageous high performance coated material composition resistant to corrosion and fouling comprises: (PQR), wherein P is an oxide layer at the surface of (PQR), Q is a coating metal layer interposed between P and R, and R is a base metal layer, wherein P is substantially comprised of alumina, chromia, silica, mullite, spinels, and mixtures thereof, Q comprises Cr, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ni, Al, Si, Mn, Fe, Co, B, C, N, P, Ga, Ge, As, In, Sn, Sb, Pb, Sc, La, Y, Ce, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Re, Ru, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au and mixtures thereof, and R is selected from the group consisting of low chromium steels, ferritic stainless steels, austenetic stainless steels, duplex stainless steels, Inconel alloys, Incoloy alloys, Fe—Ni based alloys, Ni-based alloys and Co-based alloys.

Abstract: A method of depositing a hard wear resistant surface onto a porous or non-porous base material of a medical implant. The medical implant device formed by a Laser Based Metal Deposition (LBMD) method. The porous material of the base promotes bone ingrowth allowing the implant to fuse strongly with the bone of a host patient. The hard wear resistant surface provides device longevity when applied to bearing surfaces such as artificial joint bearing surface or a dental implant bearing surface.

Abstract: A flexible film and a display device including the same are disclosed. The flexible film includes an insulating film including at least one hole. The insulating film further includes a first surface corresponding to an inner circumferential surface of the hole, a second surface corresponding to an upper surface of the insulating film, and a third surface corresponding to a lower surface of the insulating film. The flexible film includes a first metal layer and a second metal layer that is positioned on the first surface and at least one of the second and third surfaces. A thickness of the first metal layer is smaller than a thickness of the second metal layer.