Abstract: The fabrication of robust interfaces between transition metal oxides and non-aqueous electrolytes is one of the great challenges of lithium ion batteries. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of aluminum tungsten fluoride (AlWxFy) improves the electrochemical stability of LiCoO2. AlWxFy thin films were deposited by combining trimethylaluminum and tungsten hexafluoride. in-situ quartz crystal microbalance and transmission electron microscopy studies show that the films grow in a layer-by-layer fashion and are amorphous nature. Ultrathin AlWxFy coatings (<10 ?) on LiCoO2 significantly enhance stability relative to bare LiCoO2 when cycled to 4.4 V. The coated LiCoO2 exhibited superior rate capability (up to 400 mA/g) and discharge capacities at a current of 400 mA/g were 51% and 92% of the first cycle capacities for the bare and AlWxFy coated materials.

Abstract: A battery includes a battery casing defining a chamber therein, and an electrolyte powder disposed in the chamber. The electrolyte powder is configured to surround a zinc material that is separated from the electrolyte powder by a permeable separator sheet. The battery also includes a conductive member having a first end configured for electrical communication with an anode terminal of the battery, and, a second end configured for electrical communication with the zinc material. A conductive layer is also disposed between an inner surface of the casing and the electrolyte powder, the conductive layer being configured for electrical communication with a cathode terminal of the battery. There is also a liquid release mechanism configured for allowing release of a liquid in the chamber to activate an ion flow between the electrolyte powder and the zinc material via the permeable separator sheet.

Abstract: A battery mounting mechanism that allows for one or more battery assemblies to be mounted in various positions within a vehicle via a securely attached mounting assembly that may allow for quick and easy adjustment of the position of the battery assemblies while further preventing rotation of the battery assemblies. Further provided herein is a mechanism for connecting multiple battery assemblies into a single battery unit while still allowing these battery assemblies to take advantage of the battery mounting mechanism provided herein.

Abstract: The fabrication of robust interfaces between transition metal oxides and non-aqueous electrolytes is one of the great challenges of lithium ion batteries. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of aluminum tungsten fluoride (AlWxFy) improves the electrochemical stability of LiCoO2. AlWxFy thin films were deposited by combining trimethylaluminum and tungsten hexafluoride. in-situ quartz crystal microbalance and transmission electron microscopy studies show that the films grow in a layer-by-layer fashion and are amorphous nature. Ultrathin AlWxFy coatings (<10 ?) on LiCoO2 significantly enhance stability relative to bare LiCoO2 when cycled to 4.4 V. The coated LiCoO2 exhibited superior rate capability (up to 400 mA/g) and discharge capacities at a current of 400 mA/g were 51% and 92% of the first cycle capacities for the bare and AlWxFy coated materials.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device for an electrochemical cell, comprising a first layer of substrate material having a plurality of first hydrophilic areas of the substrate and at least one hydrophobic area separating said first hydrophilic areas, the first layer of substrate material comprising at least two first electrodes made on at least two first hydrophilic areas; a second layer of substrate material having a plurality of second hydrophilic areas of the substrate and at least one hydrophobic area separating said second hydrophilic areas, the second layer of substrate material comprising at least two second electrodes made on at least two second hydrophilic areas; and one or more electrical conductors connected to at least two of said first electrodes.

Abstract: A method of generating an electrical current and a multi-cell electrochemical device. The method includes extracting oxygen from an aqueous ambient environment surrounding an electrochemical system; transporting the extracted oxygen through a selectively oxygen-permeable membrane to an enclosed electrolyte configured to surround an anode and a cathode in the electrochemical system, wherein the electrolyte is separated from the aqueous ambient environment; transporting the oxygenated electrolyte to the cathode; reducing the oxygen at the cathode; and oxidizing a metal at the anode. The device includes a metal anode; a cathode; an enclosed electrolyte configured to surround the cathode and the anode, wherein the electrolyte is separated from an aqueous ambient environment surrounding the electrochemical device; and a selectively oxygen-permeable membrane configured to extract oxygen from the aqueous ambient environment.

Abstract: A Water Activated Battery characterized by a) At least one anode selected from the group consisting of magnesium, aluminum, zinc and alloys thereof; b) A cathode comprising at least one basic copper salt comprising Cu(OH)2combined with a copper salt CuX (with (n?1) the molar ratio between the CuX and the Cu(OH)2in the basic copper salt), such that a discharge reaction in saline versus a Mg anode could be written nMg+Cu(OH)2.(n?1)CuX=Mg(OH)2+(n?1)MgX+nCu) on a skeletal frame, the cathode further comprising a non-hygroscopic soluble, ionically conductive material; c) at least one cavity separating said cathode and said at least one anode; and d) at least one aperture leading to said at least one cavity for the ingress of an electrolyte-forming, aqueous liquid.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus to form biocompatible energization elements are described. In some embodiments, the methods and apparatus to form the biocompatible energization elements involve forming cavities comprising active cathode chemistry. The active elements of the cathode and anode are sealed with a laminate stack of biocompatible material. In some embodiments, a field of use for the methods and apparatus may include any biocompatible device or product that requires energization elements.

Abstract: A secondary alkaline battery using manganese dioxide is described. The battery includes a mixed cathode material with birnessite-phase manganese dioxide or electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD), a bismuth compound and a copper compound selected from the group consisting of elemental copper and a copper salt. In some embodiments, a conductive carbon and/or a binder may also be included.

Abstract: A water-activated power bank structure, comprising: a bottle body with a top opening and a bottom opening, wherein the bottle body is configured to accommodate a first electrode structure and a second electrode structure. The water-activated power bank structure further comprises: a top cap configured to mate with the top opening of the bottle body; a first bottom cap configured to mate with the bottom opening of the bottle body; a second bottom cap configured to mate with the first bottom cap; and a power output module disposed in the second bottom cap; wherein the first electrode structure has a cylindrical shape and the second electrode structure has a mesh shape, and wherein the power output module is electrically connected to the first electrode structure and the second electrode structure.

Abstract: A battery separator for a lead/acid battery is resistant to oxidation arising from the use of water or acid containing contaminants, for example chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), titanium (Ti), copper (Cu), and the like. The separator is a microporous membrane including a rubber. The rubber is no more than about 12% by weight of the separator. The rubber may be rubber latex, tire crumb, and combinations thereof. The rubber may be impregnated into the microporous membrane. The microporous membrane may be a microporous sheet of polyolefin, polyvinyl chloride, phenol-formaldehyde resins, cross-linked rubber, or nonwoven fibers. A method for preventing the oxidation and/or extending battery life of the separator is also included.

Abstract: A power storage unit (e.g., a battery) may replace the structural components that support the display of an electronic device. The power storage unit may be adhered to the back surface of the display to provide structural support and to allow for bend or flex of the display. A self-healing layer may prevent or inhibit leaking of materials from within the power storage unit if the power storage unit is cracked or pierced. Alternatively, the power storage unit may be built on a flexible circuit that is associated with the display of the electronic device, where the flexible circuit/power storage unit may be folded around the display and affixed to the back surface of the display. The power storage unit may also be built on substrate associated with the back surface of the display. These configurations may cause a significant reduction in the depth or thickness of the electronic device.

Abstract: A large capacity lithium-ion-battery pack includes an dielectric housing having receiving barrels; single lithium ion batteries each received in a receiving barrel and comprises an anode currency collector and a cathode currency collector; a dielectric cover member assembled to the housing; and a conductive connecting assembly. The conductive connecting assembly includes a number of upper contact plates embedded in the cover member and a number of lower contact plates embedded in the housing. A part of each upper contact plate protrude out of the cover member for electrically contacting the anode currency collector or the cathode currency collector of a single lithium battery, a part of each lower contact plate protrude out of the housing for electrically contacting the anode currency collector or the cathode currency of a corresponding single lithium battery, all of the single lithium ion batteries are in a series-parallel connection state through the conductive connecting assembly.

Abstract: A water activated lithium battery cell having a thermal agent component for warming up cell components upon deployment. Also a water-activated battery system that is adapted to operate in and/or on the surface of a waterbody (i.e., a body of water including those which are natural or man made). In various embodiments the battery system comprises an operably breachable hermetic enclosure and at least one lithium battery cell having an open-cathode architecture, the lithium cell disposed inside the hermetic enclosure and therein maintained in an open ionic circuit condition (i.e., an inactive state) throughout battery system storage. Moreover, optionally, a thermal agent may be disposed inside the hermetic enclosure for warming up one or more battery cell components, the agent typically water activated, which is to mean that it (the thermal agent) evolves heat by reacting with water.

Abstract: An electrolyte for a lithium sulphur cell comprising at least one lithium salt and at least one organic solvent; and a surfactant, wherein the concentration of surfactant in the electrolyte is 0.5-3 weight %.

Abstract: Method of operating a secondary Metal-Air electrochemical cell with a metal anode and an air cathode including the steps of (a) at start of a charging session, creating in less than 2 seconds an oxygen gas-shield on the electrolyte side of the air-electrode obstructing ion passage between the bulk of the electrolyte and the air-electrode; (b) charging the cell without anodic polarization of the air-electrode with the help of (i) electric conductive material placed between the electrolyte side of air-electrode and the bulk of electrolyte, and, (ii) the oxygen gas-shield obstructing passage of ions of the electrolyte between the electrolyte side of air-electrode and the bulk of electrolyte; (c) removing the oxygen gas-shield at start of a discharging session.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus to form biocompatible energization elements are described. In some embodiments, the methods and apparatus to form the biocompatible energization elements involve forming cavities comprising active cathode chemistry. The active elements of the cathode and anode are sealed with a laminate stack of biocompatible material. In some embodiments, a field of use for the methods and apparatus may include any biocompatible device or product that requires energization elements.

Abstract: A device (1) and method for filling at least one cell (2) of a rechargeable battery (3) with electrolyte liquid (30) has an evacuatable sealing container (20) to accommodate a filling apparatus (10) and the rechargeable battery (3). A feed means (11) passes through the container wall (21) to supply the filling apparatus (10) with electrolyte liquid (30). The filling apparatus (10) has at least one reservoir (13) for electrolyte liquid (30) that is in a state of pressure balance with the interior of the sealing container (20) when filled above the level (31) of the electrolyte liquid. Via at least one outlet (12) located below the level (31) of the electrolyte liquid, the reservoir (13) can be flow-connected to a filling opening (4) of the cell (2) that is to be filled, while the interior (5) of the cell (2) is sealed so as to be pressure-tight vis-à-vis the interior (22) of the sealing container (20).

Abstract: A silicon-based anode comprising silicon, a carbon coating that coats the surface of the silicon, a polyvinyl acid that binds to at least a portion of the silicon, and vinylene carbonate that seals the interface between the silicon and the polyvinyl acid. Because of its properties, polyvinyl acid binders offer improved anode stability, tunable properties, and many other attractive attributes for silicon-based anodes, which enable the anode to withstand silicon cycles of expansion and contraction during charging and discharging.

Abstract: A submersible power supply apparatus provides the ability to provide power for recharging batteries used to operate underwater vehicles, manned and unmanned. A battery charging station apparatus containing at least one modular reserve battery magazine with a plurality of compartments is provided. A plurality of reserve battery modules may be respectively provided in the plurality of compartments, each of the plurality of reserve battery modules being configured to provide power when a reserve battery provided therein is activated.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus to form three-dimensional biocompatible energization elements are described. In some embodiments, the methods and apparatus to form the three-dimensional biocompatible energization elements involve forming conductive traces on the three-dimensional surfaces and depositing active elements of the energization elements on the conductive traces. The active elements are sealed with a biocompatible material. In some embodiments, a field of use for the methods and apparatus may include any biocompatible device or product that requires energization elements.

Abstract: A portable intake air sterilizing apparatus is disclosed, which allows prevention of a worker's infection with virus/bacteria and which can allow, at the same time, the worker to work comfortably. The apparatus includes a cover member C for covering one or both of the nose and the mouth, an air intake portion K for the inner space of the cover member C, and a chlorine dioxide slow-release portion J capable of releasing chlorine dioxide gas into an intake air in association with introduction of this intake air from the air intake portion K.

Abstract: The invention relates to an activation device for an electric battery unit, in particular, for a battery part of a torpedo. The invention also relates to a battery unit with activation devices of this type. An activation device 1 incorporates an operating supply connection 34, to which an operating supply reservoir can be connected. A movably arranged cutting element 38 can be pneumatically actuated via a pneumatic connection 43 of the activation device 1 by means of an actuation element 42, wherein a sealing element 36 arranged in the path of travel of the cutting element 38 controls the operating supply connection 34. In order to guarantee a safe storage, ready for operation, and a safe activation of a battery unit, it is provided in accordance with the invention that the activation device 1 incorporates a pneumatic outlet 44, which can be fluidically connected to the pneumatic connection 43, depending on the position of the actuation element 42.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the present invention relates generally to a system for providing a flow through battery cell and uses thereof. In one embodiment, the flow through battery cell includes an inlet for receiving a flow of water, a solid oxidizer coupled to the inlet for reacting with the flow of water to generate a catholyte, wherein the solid oxidizer comprises at least one of: an organic halamine, a succinimide or a hypochlorite salt, a galvanic module coupled to the solid oxidizer for receiving the catholyte and generating one or more effluents and an outlet for releasing the one or more effluents.

Abstract: A battery includes a first battery. The first battery includes a first anode, a first cathode, and a dry electrolyte. The dry electrolyte is configured to be activated by a first biological fluid to electrically connect the first anode and the first cathode to generate an electrical current.

Abstract: The present invention provides a galvanic cell having an aluminum anode and a cathode compartment design suitable for carrying out the aqueous electrochemical reaction between solid aluminum metal and aqueous peroxide ions. The galvanic cell is activated when water, aqueous hydroxide solution, or an aqueous salt solution is added to the cell. This reaction releases a significant amount of electrochemical energy from a small size (mass or volume) cell. This cell reaction and design leads to an improvement in energy released over state-of-the-art aluminum/hydrogen peroxide galvanic cells.

Abstract: A power supply including: a reserve power source for providing power, the reserve power source including: a liquid reserve battery which requires activation to produce power; an activator having a liquid electrolyte for activating the liquid reserve battery upon a mechanical activation such that the liquid electrolyte is forced from the activator into the liquid reserve battery through a communication between the activator and the liquid reserve battery; a pair of terminals operatively connected to the liquid reserve battery for outputting the produced power; and a mechanical stop for preventing the activator from activating the liquid reserve battery, the stop being selectively removable when activation is desired. Where the activator includes a container having the liquid electrolyte contained therein and the activator further includes: a top and a bellow attached on one end to the top and to a portion of the liquid reserve battery at an other end.

Abstract: A system and method for improving electrochemical power sources through the dispensing encapsulation and dispersion into galvanic chambers of an electrochemical cell. Features of the method include the optimization of the concentration levels of chemicals involved in desired energy producing reactions.

Abstract: The non-aqueous electrolyte secondary cell comprises a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material composed of a lithium transition metal composite oxide, a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material composed of carbon material, a non-aqueous electrolyte solution, and an outer body in which the positive electrode, the negative electrode and the non-aqueous electrolyte solution are housed; the mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution per cell capacity of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary cell is 10.0 to 12.0 g/Ah; and the volume of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution per void volume in the outer body is 70 to 85%.

Abstract: A battery includes a first battery. The first battery includes a first anode, a first cathode, and a dry electrolyte. The dry electrolyte is configured to be activated by a first biological fluid to electrically connect the first anode and the first cathode to generate an electrical current.

Abstract: A reserve power source for charging a device, such as a depleted power source or a vehicle. The reserve power source including: a reserve battery which requires activation to produce power, such as a thermal battery or a liquid reserve battery; an activator for activating the reserve power upon one of an electrical or mechanical activation; and a pair of terminals operatively connected to the reserve battery for outputting the produced power. The reserve power source can also include a cable connected to each of the pair of terminals for connecting outputting the produced power to the depleted power source and/or conditioning circuitry for conditioning the produced power prior to output at the terminals. The reserve battery can also include a stop for preventing the activator from activating the reserve power source, where the stop is selectively removable when activation is desired.

Abstract: A wet-to-use organic cell battery includes a container filled with an electrolyte that is made from organic materials, an electrolyte solution, such as water, can be repeatedly added into the container to mix with the electrolyte, and two electrodes electrically connected to a mixture of the electrolyte and the electrolyte solution, and insulated from each other. Thus, the organic cell battery of the present invention has the advantages of being able to preserve the electrodes from consumption and rustiness, being refreshable, and being benign to environment and public health.

Abstract: A battery including: a metal tube having opposed first and second ends, and an inner peripheral surface defining a chamber in which a liquid-activatable powder mixture is disposed therein; a permeable separator sheet for electrically isolating the powder mixture from the metal tube; a conductive rod having a first end located adjacent the first end of the metal tube and extending to a second end in contact with the powder mixture; and a passage extending between the first and second opposed ends of the metal tube to allow flow of liquid therethrough, wherein said liquid is able to be delivered from the passage into contact with the powder mixture via the permeable separator sheet substantially along the length of the metal tube so as to activate the powder mixture, whereby the activated powder mixture is adapted to generate a potential difference between the conductive rod and the metal tube.

Abstract: A system and method for improving electrochemical power sources through the dispensing, encapsulation and dispersion into galvanic chambers of an electrochemical cell. Features of the method include the optimization of the concentration levels of chemicals involved in desired energy producing reactions.

Abstract: Water activated alkali metal battery cells, protected anode bi-polar electrodes and multi-cell stacks are configurable to achieve very high energy density. The cells, bi-polar electrode and multi-cell stacks include a protected anode and a cathode having a solid phase electro-active component material that is reduced during cell discharge.

Abstract: A battery device includes a photoelectric conversion device and a secondary battery. The photoelectric conversion device includes a first positive electrode, a first negative electrode, and a photoelectric conversion layer provided between the first positive electrode and the first negative electrode, the photoelectric conversion layer including an inorganic semiconductor and a pigment. The secondary battery includes a second positive electrode, a second negative electrode, and an electrolyte layer provided between the second positive electrode and the second negative electrode. Here, one of a first electrode pair and a second electrode pair is adhered directly, the first electrode pair including the first and the second positive electrodes, and the second electrode pair including the first and the second negative electrodes.

Abstract: A battery includes a plurality of closed cells disposed in a predetermined feature pattern on at least a first surface of an electrode. Each of the closed cells has an inner surface. The battery also includes a plurality of cell electrodes. Each of the cell electrodes is disposed along a portion of the inner surface of a respective one of the closed cells in the plurality of closed cells.

Abstract: Halogenated organic compounds that are inexpensive and are readily available have been used to present the examples of the invention. These chemicals, when in contact with water experience a reaction that releases oxy-halogenated acid. These compounds are weak acids and release hydrogen ions according to their ionization constant keeping a constant level of oxy-halogenated ion. These ions are capable of reacting with catalytic cathodes and can be coupled with anode materials to fabricate galvanic cells. Exemplary embodiments of the present invention include cells with flat and cylindrical form factors having a variety of anodes.

Abstract: This invention provides a lead battery that becomes usable by injecting an electrolyte thereinto. The battery includes: positive and negative electrode plates each having a grid comprising a Pb—Ca based alloy; separators that separate the positive electrode plates from the negative electrode plates; the electrolyte comprising sulfuric acid; and a battery container accommodating the positive and negative electrode plates, the separators, and the electrolyte. The battery container is sealed, and part of the positive and negative electrode plates is immersed in the electrolyte. The height Y0 of the positive and negative electrode plates and the distance Y1 from the bottom of the positive and negative electrode plates to the level of the electrolyte satisfy the relation: 15?Y1/Y0×100?60.

Abstract: A battery having an electrode with at least one nanostructured surface is disclosed wherein the nanostructured surface is divided into cells and is disposed in a way such that an electrolyte fluid of the battery is prevented from contacting the portion of electrode associated with each cell. When a voltage is passed over the nanostructured surface associated with a particular cell, the electrolyte fluid is caused to penetrate the nanostructured surface of that cell and to contact the electrode, thus activating the portion of the battery associated with that cell. The current/voltage generated by the battery is controlled by selectively activating only a portion of the cells. Multiple cells can be active simultaneously to produce the desired voltage. The more cells that are active, the higher the current/voltage and the lower the overall life of the battery. The life of the battery can be extended by activating fewer cells simultaneously.

Abstract: Controlled activation identifiers for use in ingestible compositions, such as pharma-informatics enabled compositions, are provided. The identifiers include a controlled activation element that provides for activation of the identifier in response to the presence of a predetermined stimulus at a target site of interest. The invention finds use in a variety of different applications, including but not limited to, monitoring of therapeutic regimen compliance, tracking the history of pharmaceutical agents, etc.

Abstract: A battery having an electrode with at least one nanostructured surface is disclosed wherein the nanostructured surface is divided into cells and is disposed in a way such that an electrolyte fluid of the battery is prevented from contacting the portion of electrode associated with each cell. When a voltage is passed over the nanostructured surface associated with a particular cell, the electrolyte fluid is caused to penetrate the nanostructured surface of that cell and to contact the electrode, thus activating the portion of the battery associated with that cell. The current/voltage generated by the battery is controlled by selectively activating only a portion of the cells. Multiple cells can be active simultaneously to produce the desired voltage. The more cells that are active, the higher the current/voltage and the lower the overall life of the battery. The life of the battery can be extended by activating fewer cells simultaneously.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the present invention relates generally to a method and system for providing a flow through battery cell and uses thereof. In one embodiment, the flow through battery cell includes an inlet for receiving a flow of water, a solid oxidizer coupled to said inlet for reacting with said flow of water to generate a catholyte, wherein the solid oxidizer comprises at least one of: an organic halamine, a succinimide or a hypochlorite salt, a galvanic module coupled to the solid oxidizer for receiving the catholyte and generating one or more effluents and an outlet for releasing the one or more effluents.

Abstract: A water detection and alarm system to monitor household plumbing fixtures for leaks. A wick attached to a water activated battery cell connects to a charge accumulator, pulse timer, and audio transducer. The wick draws water from the leak and transports it into the battery cell. A sponge inside the cell absorbs the water and expands, chemically activating the cell, and subsequently providing the electrical energy for the charge accumulator and timer. The timer utilizes the energy stored in the charge accumulator to generate a pulse that drives an audio transducer. No conventional battery is used or required; thus periodic battery replacement is not necessary nor is there a need for a battery monitoring circuit to test for battery depletion.

Abstract: A battery having a nanostructured battery electrode is disclosed wherein it is possible to reverse the contact of the electrolyte with the battery electrode and, thus, to return a battery to a reserve state after it has been used to generate current. In order to achieve this reversibility, the nanostructures on the battery electrode comprise a plurality of closed cells and the pressure within the enclosed cells is varied. In a first embodiment, the pressure is varied by varying the temperature of a fluid within the cells by, for example, applying a voltage to electrodes disposed within said cells. In a second illustrative embodiment, once the battery has been fully discharged, the battery is recharged and then the electrolyte fluid is expelled from the cells in a way such that it is no longer in contact with the battery electrode.

Abstract: A portable water-activated power supply has an insulating body, at least one carbon rod, a metal, a base and a cover. The insulating body has at least one side slot containing water, a middle slot containing water and communicating with the at least one side slot, at least one anode terminal extending to the at least one side slot and a cathode terminal extending to the middle slot. The at least one carbon rod is correspondingly mounted in the at least one side slot and connected to the at least one anode terminal. The metal is mounted in the middle slot and connected to the cathode terminal. The base is mounted on a bottom surface of the insulating body. The cover is mounted on a top surface of the insulating body and has watering holes respectively corresponding to the slots. The water-activated power supply is recyclable and pollution-free.

Abstract: Provided is a lithium secondary battery comprising a controlled-release capsule which continuously releases a desired amount of additives necessary for electrolytes or electrodes at a constant level and is included in an electrolyte and/or an electrode material, thereby providing inherent effects of additives while simultaneously minimizing adverse side reactions of surplus additives, consequently optimizing the battery performance.

Abstract: A small current environmental-friendly battery includes a positive electrode substrate and a negative electrode substrate that are conductors of different potentials, in which the positive electrode substrate can activate or ionize water. A film is interposed between the positive electrode substrate and the negative electrode substrate. The ions in water transmit electricity in the battery. The potential difference between the positive electrode substrate and the negative electrode substrate provides electricity of the battery.

Abstract: A water-activated cell comprises an acidic medium including an acidic substance and having a first electrode disposed therein, a basic medium including a basic substance and having a second electrode disposed therein, which basic medium is disposed adjacent to or near the acidic medium, a first reaction substance including a first active material that causes an oxidation reaction at the first electrode, a second reaction substance including a second active material that causes a reduction reaction at the second electrode, and a water-injecting device for injecting water or an aqueous solution into an area where the acidic medium, the basic medium, the first reaction substance, and the second reaction substance exist together, so as to initiate a discharging reaction by the acidic substance, the basic substance, the first active material, and the second active material.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell includes a first cell, a second cell and a barrier isolating a fluid in the first cell from the second cell in which the barrier, in response to an activation signal, changes to a second state to allow the fluid to pass into the second cell and activate the electrochemical cell.