Abstract: A positive electrode for a rechargeable lithium battery includes a positive active material and activated carbon, wherein an average particle diameter of the activated carbon is about 100% to about 160% relative to 100% of an average particle diameter of the positive active material.

Abstract: A polymer that combines high ionic conductivity with the structural properties required for Li electrode stability is useful as a solid phase electrolyte for high energy density, high cycle life batteries that do not suffer from failures due to side reactions and dendrite growth on the Li electrodes, and other potential applications. The polymer electrolyte includes a linear block copolymer having a conductive linear polymer block with a molecular weight of at least 5000 Daltons, a structural linear polymer block with an elastic modulus in excess of 1×107 Pa and an ionic conductivity of at least 1×10?5 Scm?1. The electrolyte is made under dry conditions to achieve the noted characteristics.

Abstract: An electrode for a lithium secondary battery is provided. A metal nanofiber has a network structure. A metal thin film or a metal oxide thin film includes the metal nanofiber. According to the electrode improves a charge migration performance.

Abstract: This invention relates to a nonaqueous electrolytic solution containing an electrolyte, a nonaqueous solvent, and a compound represented by formula (3): wherein R1 represents an optionally fluorine-atom substituted hydrocarbon group having 1-12 carbon atoms; R2 to R6 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, or an optionally fluorine-atom substituted alkyl group having 1-12 carbon atoms, such that at least one of R2 to R6 represents an optionally fluorine-atom substituted alkyl group having 2 or more carbon atoms; and n represents an integer of 0 or 1, such that when n is 1, at least one of R2 to R6 represents an optionally fluorine-atom substituted alkyl group having 5 or more carbon atoms.

Abstract: A method of producing an alkaline single ion conductor with high conductivity includes: a) providing a hydrocarbon oligomer or polymer having immobilized acidic substituent groups selected from the group consisting of a sulfonic acid group, sulfamide group, a phosphonic acid group, or a carboxy group, in its alkaline ion form wherein at least a part of the acidic protons of the substituent groups have been exchanged against alkali cations, and b) solvating the hydro-carbon oligomer or polymer of step a) in an aprotic polar solvent for a sufficient time to effect a solvent uptake of at least 5% by weight and to obtain a solvated product, wherein the molar ratio of solvent/alkaline cation is 1:1 to 10,000:1, and which solvated product has a conductivity of at least 10?5 S/cm at room temperature (24° C.).

Abstract: The present invention provides a water based lithium secondary battery that can inhibit deteriorations in capacity owing to charge-and-discharge operations and maintain a high capacity even after it is charged and discharged repeatedly. The water based lithium secondary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator 4 sandwiched between these, and an aqueous electrolyte solution obtained by dissolving an electrolyte made of a lithium salt in a water based solvent. As the water based solvent, a pH buffer solution is employed. The buffer solution is obtained by dissolving an acid and its conjugate base's salt, a base and its conjugate acid's salt, a salt made from a weak acid and a strong base, a salt made from a weak base and a strong acid, or a salt made from a weak acid and a weak base in water.

Abstract: The invention relates to a diazonium aryl salt devoid of hydroxyl functions of the following general formula (1): X?+N?N-A-R1—(OR2)n—O—R4-A?-N?N+X???(1) in which: n is an integer comprised between 1 and 10, preferably between 1 and 4, X— represents a counter-ion of the diazonium cation chosen from the halogenides, BF4-, NO3-, HSO4-, PF6-, CH3COO—, N(SO2CF3)2-, CF3SO3-, CH3SO3-, CF3COO—, (CH3O)(H)PO2-, N(CN)2-, R1, R2 and R4 are identical or different and chosen independently from the group formed by —CH2-, a cyclic or acyclic, linear or branched alkyl chain and, A? and A? are identical or different and independently represent a mono or polycyclic, aromatic hydrocarbonated group chosen from the group formed by phenyl, aryl groups, condensed polyaromatic groups, which may be substituted.

Abstract: A hybrid energy storage device includes a positive electrode comprising open-structured carbonaceous materials and at least one lithium-containing inorganic compound characterized by LixAy(DtOz), wherein Li is lithium, A is a transition metal, D is selected from the group consisting of silicon, phosphorous, boron, sulfur, vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten, O is oxygen, and x, y, z, t are stoichiometric representation containing real numbers constrained by 0<x?4, 1?y?2, 1?t?3, 3?z?12, wherein y, t, and z are integers; a negative electrode; and a non-aqueous, lithium-containing electrolyte.

Abstract: A power storage device using an organic solvent as a nonaqueous solvent for a nonaqueous electrolyte, in which a CV charging period in CCCV charging can be prevented from being extended and which has high performance, can be provided. The power storage device includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a nonaqueous electrolyte. The nonaqueous electrolyte includes an ionic liquid including an alicyclic quaternary ammonium cation having one or more substituents and a counter anion to the alicyclic quaternary ammonium cation, a cyclic ester, and an alkali metal salt. In particular, in the power storage device, the ionic liquid content is greater than or equal to 70 wt % and less than 100 wt % per unit weight of the ionic liquid and the cyclic ester in the nonaqueous electrolyte, or greater than or equal to 50 wt % and less than 80 wt % per unit weight of the nonaqueous electrolyte.

Abstract: A protected anode including an anode including a lithium titanium oxide; and a protective layer including a compound represented by Formula 1 below, a lithium air battery including the same, and an all-solid battery including the protected anode: Li1+XMXA2?XSiYP3?YO12??<Formula 1> wherein M may be at least one of aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), indium (In), scandium (Sc), or chromium (Cr), A may be at least one of germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), hafnium (Hf), and zirconium (Zr), 0?X?1, and 0?Y?1.

Abstract: A lithium air battery including an electrolyte including lithium ion conductive polymers and lithium salts between a positive electrode and a lithium ion conductive solid electrolyte membrane. The lithium ion conductive polymers are hydrophilic matrix polymers.

Abstract: In one aspect, a lithium secondary battery that includes a positive electrode including a high-voltage positive active material; and a separator is provided. The high voltage positive active material can have a discharge plateau voltage of greater than or equal to about 4.6V with respect to a Li counter electrode, and the separator can include a porous substrate having a porosity of about 40% to about 60%.

Abstract: The invention generally encompasses phosphonium ionic liquids, salts, compositions and their use in many applications, including but not limited to: as electrolytes in electronic devices such as memory devices including static, permanent and dynamic random access memory, as electrolytes in energy storage devices such as batteries, electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) or supercapacitors or ultracapacitors, electrolytic capacitors, as electrolytes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), as electrolytes in fuel cells, as a heat transfer medium, among other applications. In particular, the invention generally relates to phosphonium ionic liquids, salts, compositions, wherein the compositions exhibit superior combination of thermodynamic stability, low volatility, wide liquidus range, ionic conductivity, and electrochemical stability. The invention further encompasses methods of making such phosphonium ionic liquids, salts, compositions, operational devices and systems comprising the same.

Abstract: Electrode structures, and more specifically, electrode structures for use in electrochemical cells, are provided. The electrode structures described herein may include one or more protective layers. In one set of embodiments, a protective layer may be formed by exposing a lithium metal surface to a plasma comprising ions of a gas to form a ceramic layer on top of the lithium metal. The ceramic layer may be highly conductive to lithium ions and may protect the underlying lithium metal surface from reaction with components in the electrolyte. In some cases, the ions may be nitrogen ions and a lithium nitride layer may be formed on the lithium metal surface. In other embodiments, the protective layer may be formed by converting lithium to lithium nitride at high pressures. Other methods for forming protective layers are also provided.

Abstract: An electrolytic solution for a lithium battery including a positive electrode having a nickel-cobalt-manganese based active material, the electrolytic solution including a nonaqueous organic solvent and a lithium salt, the nonaqueous organic solvent including ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate, a lithium battery including the electrolytic solution, and a method of operating the lithium battery.

Abstract: An electrolyte includes a lithium salt; a polar aprotic solvent; a primary redox shuttle; and a lithium borate cluster salt. The lithium borate cluster salt may be compound of formula Li2B12X12-nHn, LixX10-nHn, where X is F, Cl, Br, or I; and n is an integer ranging from 0 to 12, inclusive.

Abstract: A supercapacitor-like electronic battery exhibits a conventional electrochemical capacitor structure with a first nanocomposite electrode positioned within said conventional electrochemical capacitor structure. Said nanocomposite electrode shows nano-scale conductive particles dispersed in a electrolyte matrix, said nano-scale conductive particles being coated with a designed and functionalized organic or organometallic compound. A second nanocomposite electrode is positioned within said conventional electrochemical capacitor structure with similar properties. An electrolyte within said conventional electrochemical capacitor structure separates said first from said second nanocomposite electrode. Two current collectors in communication with said first and second nanocomposite electrode complete the electric scheme.

Abstract: A lithium ion battery includes a first electrode made of a cathodic material; a second electrode made of an anodic material; an electrolyte solution; and an additive added to the electrolyte solution, wherein the additive comprises a conjugated system and a bi-functional hydrogen bonding moiety. The additive includes a ?OH group and an N atom. The additive includes a compound having a structure shown as follows: wherein R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7 are each independently selected from H, halogen, —OH, —NH2, —NO2, —CN, —CHO, —Si(CH3)3,—NH-alkyl, —O-alkyl, or an alkyl, wherein the alkyl group is C1-C12 alkyl; preferably, C1-C6 alkyl; more preferably C1-C3 alkyl; and wherein the alkyl group may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from —OH, —NH2, —NO2, —CN, —CHO.

Abstract: Disclosed is a lithium ion secondary battery having a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a non-aqueous electrolyte composition (electrolytic solution), characterized in that: the positive electrode includes a positive electrode active material represented by: aLi[Li1/3M12/3]O2.(1?a)LiM2O2 (where M1 represents at least one kind of metal element selected from the group consisting of Mn, Ti, Zr and V; M2 represents at least one kind of metal element selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, Mn, Al, Cr, Fe, V. Mg and Zn; and a represents a composition ratio and satisfies a relationship of 0<a<1); the negative electrode includes a negative electrode active material containing silicon; and the non-aqueous electrolyte composition includes a lithium salt (CnF2n+1SO2)(CmF2m+1SO2)NLi (where in and n each independently represent an integer of 2 or more as a support electrolyte. This lithium ion secondary battery attains a high capacity and good cycle characteristics.

Abstract: An electrolyte for a rechargeable lithium battery and rechargeable lithium battery including the same is provided. The electrolyte includes a film-forming compound; a lithium salt; and an organic solvent.

Abstract: A lithium super-battery cell comprising: (a) A cathode comprising a cathode active material having a surface area to capture or store lithium thereon, wherein the cathode active material is not a functionalized material and does not bear a functional group; (b) An anode comprising an anode current collector; (c) A porous separator disposed between the two electrodes; (d) A lithium-containing electrolyte in physical contact with the two electrodes, wherein the cathode active material has a specific surface area of no less than 100 m2/g being in direct physical contact with the electrolyte to receive lithium ions therefrom or to provide lithium ions thereto; and (e) A lithium source implemented at one or both of the two electrodes prior to a first charge or a first discharge cycle of the cell. This new generation of energy storage device exhibits the best properties of both the lithium ion battery and the supercapacitor.

Abstract: A secondary battery capable of improving cycle characteristics, conservation characteristics, and load characteristics is provided. The secondary battery includes a cathode, an anode, and an electrolytic solution. A separator provided between the cathode and the anode is impregnated with an electrolytic solution. The electrolytic solution includes one or more of a dicarbonic ester compound, a dicarboxylic compound, a disulfonic compound, a monofluoro lithium phosphate, and difluoro lithium phosphate and one or more of fluorinated lithium phosphate, fluorinated lithium borate, and imide lithium.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electrolyte battery comprising a negative electrode containing a carbon material capable of doping and dedoping lithium ions as a negative electrode active material; a positive electrode containing a composite oxide of lithium and a transition metal as a positive electrode active material; and a non-aqueous electrolytic solution; wherein the non-aqueous electrolytic solution contains 0.001% by weight or more and 5% by weight or less of a diamine compound having two tertiary amino groups capable of interacting with a proton.

Abstract: There is provided a lithium ion secondary battery excellent in cycle characteristics in which the conductivity of an electrode using a graphite material which is less deformed and oriented by pressurization is improved. A negative electrode mixture which includes at least a negative electrode active material comprising graphite as a main component, a binder, and a conductive aid has a ratio of a peak intensity of a (002) plane to a peak intensity of a (110) plane in an X-ray diffraction spectrum of 30 or more and 70 or less, the spectrum being measured after the negative electrode mixture is pressed at 98 MPa (1000 kgf/cm2), and the conductive aid includes carbon black having a DBP absorption (cm3/100 g) of 250 or more and 500 or less.

Abstract: An electrolyte for a rechargeable lithium battery, including a lithium salt, an organic solvent, lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), and at least one kind of tris(trialkylsilyl)borate represented by following Chemical Formula 1. In the above Chemical Formula 1, R1 to R9 are the same as described in the detailed description.

Abstract: An electrode active material for a power storage device of the invention includes a ketone compound that includes a ring structure in a molecule, the ring structure being a five-membered or seven-membered ring composed of atoms at least three adjacent ones of which are each bonded to a ketone group. The electrode active material for a power storage device of the invention has a high weight-energy density and good reversibility of oxidation-reduction reaction. The use of the electrode active material for a power storage device of the invention can provide a power storage device having a high capacity, a high voltage, and good charge/discharge cycle characteristics.

Abstract: Described herein are materials for use in electrolytes that provide a number of desirable characteristics when implemented within batteries, such as high stability during battery cycling up to high temperatures high voltages, high discharge capacity, high coulombic efficiency, and excellent retention of discharge capacity and coulombic efficiency over several cycles of charging and discharging. In some embodiments, a high voltage electrolyte includes a base electrolyte and a set of additive compounds, which impart these desirable performance characteristics.

Abstract: In one aspect, a rechargeable lithium battery including a positive electrode having a positive active material, a negative electrode having a negative active material, and an electrolyte is provided. The positive active material can include manganese-based oxide, and the electrolyte can include fluoroethylene carbonate, lithium bis(oxalato)borate, and tris(trialkylsilyl)borate.

Abstract: An energy storage device includes a first electrode comprising a first material and a second electrode comprising a second material, at least a portion of the first and second materials forming an interpenetrating network when dispersed in an electrolyte, the electrolyte, the first material and the second material are selected so that the first and second materials exert a repelling force on each other when combined. An electrochemical device, includes a first electrode in electrical communication with a first current collector; a second electrode in electrical communication with a second current collector; and an ionically conductive medium in ionic contact with said first and second electrodes, wherein at least a portion of the first and second electrodes form an interpenetrating network and wherein at least one of the first and second electrodes comprises an electrode structure providing two or more pathways to its current collector.

Abstract: A nonaqueous electrolytic solution capable of improving the low-temperature cycle properties, which is a nonaqueous electrolytic solution of an electrolyte salt dissolved in a nonaqueous solvent, wherein the nonaqueous solvent contains at least two cyclic carbonates selected from ethylene carbonate, 1,2-butylene carbonate, a cyclic carbonate having a methyl group at least at 4-position of ethylene carbonate, and a cyclic carbonate having a fluorine atom at least at 4-position of ethylene carbonate, and the content of the cyclic carbonate having a methyl group at least at 4-position of ethylene carbonate and/or the cyclic carbonate having a fluorine atom at least at 4-position of ethylene carbonate is from 1 to 40% by volume of the total volume of the nonaqueous solvent, and which contains trimethylene glycol sulfite in an amount of from 0.1 to 5% by mass, and an electrochemical element using the same.

Abstract: An electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery, the electrolyte including a lithium salt, a non-aqueous organic solvent, and an additive represented by Formula 1 below: wherein CY1 and R1 through R7 are the same as defined above; and a lithium secondary battery containing the electrolyte

Abstract: An energy storage device includes a first electrode comprising a first material and a second electrode comprising a second material, at least a portion of the first and second materials forming an interpenetrating network when dispersed in an electrolyte, the electrolyte, the first material and the second material are selected so that the first and second materials exert a repelling force on each other when combined. An electrochemical device, includes a first electrode in electrical communication with a first current collector; a second electrode in electrical communication with a second current collector; and an ionicaily conductive medium in ionic contact with said first and second electrodes, wherein at least a portion of the first and second electrodes form an interpenetrating network and wherein at least one of the first and second electrodes comprises an electrode structure providing two or more pathways to its current collector.

Abstract: The inventors of the subject matter of the present disclosure have developed an electrolyte solution usable in a lithium or lithium-ion battery, among other types of batteries that offers one or more of the following: improved stability (e.g., stable discharge capacities even after several cycles), elimination of the risk of unintentionally producing hydrochloric acid, improved thermal stability, and reduced production costs associated with manufacturing a battery. Indeed, the inventors have discovered an unexpected result that by including an additive to a dinnimitride salt (e.g., LiDN), the discharge capacity of the battery may improve beyond what is available in the prior art, including LiPF6. For example, production costs may be decreased since LiDN is not water-sensitive, so precautions to ensure that the compound is not exposed to water may be avoided. Further benefits include thermal stability since LiDN may be more thermally stable when compared to LiPF6.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electrolyte solution is provided that realizes a large capacity, exhibits high storage characteristics and cycle characteristics, and is capable of inhibiting gas generation. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution comprises a lithium salt and a non-aqueous solvent, and further comprises: a cyclic carbonate compound having an unsaturated bond in a concentration of 0.01 weight % or higher and 8 weight % or lower; and a compound expressed by general formula (Ia) in a concentration of 0.01 weight % or higher and 5 weight % or lower. (in the formula (Ia), R11 and R12 represent, independently of each other, an organic group that is composed of one or more carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms and may optionally contain one or more oxygen atoms but excludes unsaturated bonds, provided that at least either R11 or R12 has an ether linkage. The total number of carbon atoms of R11 and R12 is between 3 and 18, and the total number of oxygen atoms contained in R11 and R12 is between 1 and 6.

Abstract: An electrolyte for a rechargeable lithium battery includes a first lithium salt; a second lithium salt including a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1, Chemical Formula 3-1 or 3-2, or combinations thereof; a non-aqueous organic solvent; and an additive including a compound represented by Chemical Formula 9.

Abstract: An electrochemical energy generation system can include a sealed vessel that contains inside (i) at least one electrochemical cell, which has two electrodes and a reaction zone between them; (ii) a liquefied halogen reactant, such as a liquefied molecular chlorine; (iii) at least one metal halide electrolyte; and (iv) a flow circuit that can be used for delivering the halogen reactant and the electrolyte to the at least one cell. The sealed vessel can maintain an inside pressure above a liquefication pressure for the halogen reactant. Also disclosed are methods of using and methods of making for electrochemical energy generation systems.

Abstract: A positive active material for a rechargeable lithium battery, a method of manufacturing the same, and a rechargeable lithium battery using the same, the positive active material including a secondary particle formed of a plurality of primary particles, the primary particles being made of a metal compound capable of intercalating/deintercalating lithium; and a coating layer on a surface of the secondary particle in an island arrangement, the coating layer including a metal oxide, wherein the secondary particle includes pores formed by the primary particles, the pores including a surface pore on the surface of the secondary particle and an internal pore inside the secondary particle, and the metal oxide of the coating layer fills a portion of the surface pore of the secondary particle.

Abstract: There are provided a nonaqueous-type electrolyte solution having high flame retardancy and a good capacity retention rate, and a device comprising the nonaqueous-type electrolyte solution. The nonaqueous-type electrolyte solution is used in a device comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode and the nonaqueous-type electrolyte solution, and contains a lithium salt and a compound having a phosphazene structure, and further contains 0.05% by mass or more and 12.0% by mass or less of at least one disulfonate ester selected from a cyclic disulfonate ester and a chain disulfonate ester based on the total of the nonaqueous-type electrolyte solution.

Abstract: Disclosed are copper foil or net comprising a Cu-nitrile compound complex formed on the surface thereof, a method for preparing the same, and a lithium secondary battery that comprises an electrode using the same copper foil or net as a collector. The lithium secondary battery, which uses a copper collector comprising a Cu-nitrile compound complex formed on the surface thereof through the application of a certain voltage level, can prevent the corrosion of Cu occurring at a voltage of 3.6V or higher under overdischarge conditions away from the normal drive condition, and thus can significantly improve the capacity restorability after overdischarge.

Abstract: An electrolyte for a rechargeable lithium battery including a lithium salt, a non-aqueous organic solvent, and an alkyl benzonitrile compound represented by the following Chemical Formula 1, and a rechargeable lithium battery including the same are provided. In Chemical Formula 1, R is a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C5 alkyl group.

Abstract: The present invention provides a electrolyte solution, particularly useful for lithium batteries that includes succinonitrile and a co-solvent that has improved conductivity and, in turn, better battery performance.

Abstract: An electrochemical energy generation system can include a sealed vessel that contains inside (i) at least one electrochemical cell, which has two electrodes and a reaction zone between them; (ii) a liquefied halogen reactant, such as a liquefied molecular chlorine; (iii) at least one metal halide electrolyte; and (iv) a flow circuit that can be used for delivering the halogen reactant and the electrolyte to the at least one cell. The sealed vessel can maintain an inside pressure above a liquefication pressure for the halogen reactant. Also disclosed are methods of using and methods of making for electrochemical energy generation systems.

Abstract: An electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery, which includes a lithium salt, a nonaqueous organic solvent and at least one additive selected from the group consisting of vitamin G (vitamin B2, riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacinamide), vitamin B4 (adenine), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin H (vitamin B7, biotin), vitamin M (vitamin B9, folic acid), vitamin BX (4-aminobenzoic acid), vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol), vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), ascorbyl palmitate, and sodium ascorbate.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electrolyte including a lithium salt, an organic solvent, and an electrolyte additive is provided. The electrolyte additive is a meta-stable state nitrogen-containing polymer formed by reacting Compound (A) and Compound (B). Compound (A) is a monomer having a reactive terminal functional group. Compound (B) is a heterocyclic amino aromatic derivative as an initiator. A molar ratio of Compound (A) to Compound (B) is from 10:1 to 1:10. A lithium secondary battery containing the non-aqueous electrolyte is further provided. The non-aqueous electrolyte of this disclosure has a higher decomposition voltage than a conventional non-aqueous electrolyte, such that the safety of the battery during overcharge or at high temperature caused by short-circuit current is improved.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electrolyte including a lithium salt, an organic solvent, and an electrolyte additive is provided. The electrolyte additive is a meta-stable state nitrogen-containing polymer formed by reacting Compound (A) and Compound (B). Compound (A) is a monomer having a reactive terminal functional group. Compound (B) is a heterocyclic amino aromatic derivative as an initiator. A molar ratio of Compound (A) to Compound (B) is from 10:1 to 1:10. A lithium secondary battery containing the non-aqueous electrolyte is further provided. The non-aqueous electrolyte of this disclosure has a higher decomposition voltage than a conventional non-aqueous electrolyte, such that the safety of the battery during overcharge or at high temperature caused by short-circuit current is improved.

Abstract: To provide a power storage device having a solid electrolyte, in which a charge-discharge capacity can be increased, and a method for manufacturing the power storage device. The power storage device includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte provided between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and the electrolyte includes an ion-conductive high molecular compound, an inorganic oxide, and a lithium salt, and the inorganic oxide is included in the electrolyte at more than 30 wt % and 50 wt % or less to the total of the ion-conductive high molecular compound and the inorganic oxide.

Abstract: In a molten salt battery 1, a positive electrode 2 including an active material film 22 arranged on an Al collector 21, a separator 3 formed of a glass cloth impregnated with a molten salt serving as an electrolyte, and a negative electrode 4 including an active material film 43 and a Zn film 42 arranged on an Al collector 41 are accommodated in an Al case 5. The active material film 43 contains an active material composed of a Sn—Na alloy. The active material film 22 and the active material film 43 occlude and emit Na ions of the molten salt. Thereby, provided are a negative electrode material for a battery, the negative electrode material having higher hardness on a surface side (active material side) than a Na negative electrode during the operation of the battery, suppressing the formation of Na dendrites.

Abstract: An electrode of a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprises a current collector and a mixture comprising an electrode active material and a binder on the current collector. The electrode active material comprises a porous composite material, in which the porous composite material comprises a lithium absorbing material and a conductive material. The lithium absorbing material may be silicon, tin, silicon oxide, tin oxide, and mixtures thereof. The lithium absorbing material may specifically be the nanoparticles of silicon, tin, silicon oxide, tin oxide, and mixtures thereof. The conductive material may be, for example, acetylene black, ketchen black, carbon black, vapor grown carbon fibers (VGCF), and mixtures thereof. The conductive material may be disposed within the electrode active material rather than outside of the active material. The electrode active material is used in the electrodes of non-aqueous secondary batteries, preferably as the negative electrode active material.

Abstract: An anode active material comprising silicon particles with an interfacial layer formed on the surface of the silicon is provided. The interfacial layer has good electron conductivity, elasticity and adhesion among anode materials, thereby enhancing anode capacity and reducing stress caused by expansion of silicon particles during charge and discharge cycles. Direct contact between silicon particles and electrolyte is remarkably reduced as well. In addition, anodes and lithium batteries including the anode active material exhibit excellent capacity and cycle efficiency.

Abstract: Electrochemical cells having molten electrodes having an alkali metal provide receipt and delivery of power by transporting atoms of the alkali metal between electrode environments of disparate chemical potentials through an electrochemical pathway comprising a salt of the alkali metal. The chemical potential of the alkali metal is decreased when combined with one or more non-alkali metals, thus producing a voltage between an electrode comprising the molten the alkali metal and the electrode comprising the combined alkali/non-alkali metals.