Abstract: Disclosed is a thermoelectric composite material includes a thermoelectric material including crystal grains; and a MXene inserted at boundaries of the crystal grains consisting of the thermoelectric material. Accordingly, the thermoelectric composite material may have a reduced thermal conductivity and an increased electrical conductivity. Furthermore, mechanical properties of the thermoelectric composite material may be improved. Thus, the thermoelectric composite material may improve the thermoelectric ability of a thermoelectric module including the same. A method of manufacturing the thermoelectric composite material includes coating MXene on a surface of a thermoelectric material powder including crystal grains; and sintering the thermoelectric material powder coated with the MXene to form a sintered body including the MXene inserted at boundaries of the crystal grains consisting of the thermoelectric material.

Abstract: A flow battery includes a first liquid containing a first electrode mediator dissolved therein, a first electrode immersed in the first liquid, a first active material immersed in the first liquid, and a first circulation mechanism that circulates the first liquid between the first electrode and the first active material, wherein the first electrode mediator includes a tetrathiafulvalene derivative, and the tetrathiafulvalene derivative has a chain-forming substituent at positions 4,4? and 5,5? of a tetrathiafulvalene skeleton thereof.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell including at least one nitrogen-containing compound is disclosed. The at least one nitrogen-containing compound may form part of or be included in: an anode structure, a cathode structure, an electrolyte and/or a separator of the electrochemical cell. Also disclosed is a battery including the electrochemical cell.

Abstract: A lithium metal secondary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a solid electrolyte, and a soft electrolyte. The negative electrode includes a negative electrode current collector having at least one hole, in which lithium metal is deposited in a charged state. The solid electrolyte is disposed on the surface, which face negative electrode current collector, of the positive electrode. The soft electrolyte fills the space between the negative electrode current collector and solid electrolyte and entering into the at least one hole. The solid and soft electrolytes have lithium ion conductivity.

Abstract: The present invention provides for a composition of matter comprising: poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-fluorenone-co-methylbenzoic ester)(PFM), carbon nanotubes (CNT), and sulfur particles nanocomposite, wherein the nanocomposite is porous. The present invention also provides for an electrode comprising: poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-fluorenone-co-methylbenzoic ester)(PFM), carbon nanotubes (CNT), and sulfur particles nanocomposite, wherein the nanocomposite is porous. The present invention also provides for a lithium sulfur (Li—S) battery comprising: an electrode comprising poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-fluorenone-co-methylbenzoic ester)(PFM), carbon nanotubes (CNT), and sulfur particles nanocomposite, wherein the nanocomposite is porous.

Abstract: The present application relates to the technical field of lithium-ion batteries and, specifically, relates to an electrolyte and a lithium-ion battery containing the electrolyte. The electrolyte of the present application includes a lithium salt, an organic solvent and additives, the additives include a fluorinated ether compound and an ester dimer compound, the ester dimer compound includes carbonate dimers, carboxylate dimers and sultone dimers. The lithium battery adopting the electrolyte of the present application can realize the object of high voltage, of which the highest normal working voltage can be improved to 4.4˜5.0V, and the lithium battery has good cycle performance, such as higher capacity retention rate at charge or discharge and improved service life.

Abstract: A negative electrode for a metal battery, the negative electrode a metal substrate; and a protective layer disposed directly on at least a portion of the metal substrate, wherein the protective layer comprises an ion-conductive oligomer, wherein the ion-conductive oligomer comprises an ion-conductive structural unit in at least one of a main chain and a side chain of the an ion-conductive oligomer, and at least two hydrogen-bond-forming functional groups at different ends of the ion-conductive oligomer, and wherein the protective layer has a thickness of 5 micrometers or less.

Abstract: A negative electrode contains at least composite particles. The composite particles each contain a negative electrode active material particle and a coating. The coating is formed on a surface of the negative electrode active material particle. The coating contains at least a metal organic framework. The metal organic framework is formed by alternately stacking a first layer and a second layer. The first layer is formed by stacking an aromatic compound in a direction intersecting with a direction of stack of the first layer and the second layer. The aromatic compound contains two carboxylate anions. The two carboxylate anions satisfy para-positional relation. The second layer is formed of lithium ions coordinated to the carboxylate anion.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrolyte solution for a lithium-sulfur battery and a lithium-sulfur battery including the same. The electrolyte solution for a lithium-sulfur battery according to the present invention exhibits excellent stability, and may improve a swelling phenomenon by suppressing gas generation during lithium-sulfur battery operation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a silicon-based anode active material and a method of fabricating the same. The silicon-based anode active material according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises: particles comprising silicon and oxygen combined with the silicon, wherein a carbon-based conductive layer is coated with on outermost surface of the particles; and phosphorus doped in the particles, wherein a content of the phosphorus with respect to a total weight of the particles and the phosphorus doped in the particles have a range of 0.01 wt % to 15 wt %, and a content of the oxygen has a range of 9.5 wt % to 25 wt %.

Abstract: With a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery separator having a radical concentration of 5000×1012 spins/mg to 90000×1012 spins/mg, wherein the concentration is calculated from a peak at a g-value of not less than 2.010 in an electron spin resonance spectrum obtained through electron spin resonance analysis using a microwave having a frequency of 9.4 GHz, it is possible to provide a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery having a high battery resistance decreasing rate before and after battery formation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a positive electrode active material for a lithium-sulfur battery containing polyimide, more specifically, a positive electrode active material formed by complexing the composite of polyimide and carbon-based secondary particles with sulfur particles, a preparation method thereof and a lithium-sulfur battery comprising the same. If the positive electrode active material formed by including and complexing the polyimide according to the present invention is applied to the lithium-sulfur battery, the elution of the polysulfide is suppressed, and thus lifetime characteristics and energy efficiency are improved.

Abstract: The present invention relates to polymers and to the use thereof in the form of active electrode material or in an electrode slurry as electrical charge storage means, the electrical charge storage means especially being secondary batteries. The secondary batteries are especially notable for high cell voltages, a small drop in capacity even on undergoing several charging and discharging cycles, and simple and scalable processing and production methods (for example by means of screen printing).

Abstract: A flow battery includes a first liquid containing a first nonaqueous solvent; a first electrode immersed in the first liquid; a second electrode which is a counter electrode to the first electrode; and a separator separating the first electrode from the second electrode. The separator includes a solid electrolyte containing: a metal compound and a nonionic polymer which includes a poly(alkylene oxide) and cross-linking points. At least one of alkylene oxide units forming the poly(alkylene oxide) is composed of a tetramethylene oxide unit.

Abstract: The present specification relates to an anode, a lithium secondary battery including the same, a battery module including the lithium secondary battery, and a method for manufacturing an anode.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to preventing generation of side reactions at a negative electrode, inhibiting an increase in resistance, and improving productivity. An electrode assembly is provided including: a negative electrode including a negative electrode current collector having a negative electrode tab at one end, and a negative electrode active material layer formed on a surface thereof; a positive electrode including a positive electrode current collector having a positive electrode tab at one end, and a positive electrode active material layer formed on a surface thereof; and a separator interposed between the positive and negative electrodes, and including a coating layer containing a conductive material and a polymer binder on the top surface of the negative electrode active material layer, wherein the coating layer is spaced apart from the top end, where the negative electrode tab is formed, and the bottom end by a predetermined distance.

Abstract: An electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery, the electrolyte including: a lithium salt, an organic solvent, and an organic fluorinated ether compound represented by Formula 1: CH3—CH2—O—CF2—CHF—R1??Formula 1 wherein, in Formula 1, R1 is a C1-C10 alkyl group, a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a C1-C10 fluorinated alkyl group, or a C3-C10 fluorinated cycloalkyl group.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to preventing generation of side reactions at a negative electrode, inhibiting an increase in resistance, and improving productivity. An electrode assembly is provided including: a negative electrode including a negative electrode current collector having a negative electrode tab at one end, and a negative electrode active material layer formed on a surface thereof; a positive electrode including a positive electrode current collector having a positive electrode tab at one end, and a positive electrode active material layer formed on a surface thereof; and a separator interposed between the positive and negative electrodes, and including a coating layer containing a conductive material and a polymer binder on the top surface of the negative electrode active material layer, wherein the coating layer is spaced apart from the top end, where the negative electrode tab is formed, and the bottom end by a predetermined distance.

Abstract: There is provided a coating liquid capable of forming a coating film that is excellent in adhesiveness to the surface of a base material such as a metal, glass, or a resin even though the coating film contains PVDF which exhibits a remarkable non-tackiness and that can exhibit various desired functionalities such as non-tackiness, an antifouling property, chemical resistance, a sliding property, water repellency, electrical conductivity, an antifungal/antimicrobial property, and a deodorizing property. The coating liquid contains a polar solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, a hydrophilic polymer such as a chitosan derivative or a cellulose derivative, and polyvinylidene fluoride.

Abstract: Organic lithium batteries are provided having high energy and power densities with a positive electrode based on redox organic compounds and an electrolyte having a high concentration of lithium salt.

Abstract: Representative embodiments provide a liquid or gel separator utilized to separate and space apart first and second conductors or electrodes of an energy storage device, such as a battery or a supercapacitor. A representative liquid or gel separator comprises a plurality of particles, typically having a size (in any dimension) between about 0.5 to about 50 microns; a first, ionic liquid electrolyte; and a polymer. In another representative embodiment, the plurality of particles comprise diatoms, diatomaceous frustules, and/or diatomaceous fragments or remains. Another representative embodiment further comprises a second electrolyte different from the first electrolyte; the plurality of particles are comprised of silicate glass; the first and second electrolytes comprise zinc tetrafluoroborate salt in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidalzolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid; and the polymer comprises polyvinyl alcohol (“PVA”) or polyvinylidene fluoride (“PVFD”).

Abstract: A battery has a cathode, an anode, and a first solid electrolyte. The cathode contains a particle of a cathode active material, and the anode contains a particle of an anode active material. The first solid electrolyte is disposed between the cathode and the anode. At least one of the surface of the particle of the cathode active material and the surface of the particle of the anode active material is coated with a polyether-based organic solid electrolyte. The polyether-based organic solid electrolyte is in contact with the first solid electrolyte. The polyether-based organic solid electrolyte is a compound of a polymer having an ether bond and an electrolytic salt.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a positive electrode active material and a positive electrode comprising metal nano particles, and a lithium-sulfur battery comprising the same, and in particular, to a positive electrode for a lithium-sulfur battery comprising a positive electrode active material of a sulfur-metal catalyst-carbon composite, and a lithium-sulfur battery comprising the same. The lithium-sulfur battery using a positive electrode comprising metal nano particles according to the present disclosure increases reactivity of sulfur, a positive electrode active material, and increases electrical conductivity of an electrode by the dispersion of the metal nano particles in the electrode so as to increase reactivity and electric capacity of the positive electrode. In addition, battery reaction products such as lithium sulfide (Li2S) are readily decomposed by a catalyst reaction, and therefore, lifespan characteristics can be improved.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for preparing silicon-based active material particles for a secondary battery and silicon-based active material particles. The method for preparing silicon-based active material particles according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises the steps of: providing silicon powder; dispersing the silicon powder into an oxidant solvent to provide a mixture prior to grinding; fine-graining the silicon powder by applying mechanical compression and shear stress to the silicon powder in the mixture prior to grinding to produce silicon particles; producing a layer of chemical oxidation on the fine-grained silicon particles with the oxidant solvent while applying mechanical compression and shear stress to produce silicon-based active material particles; and drying the resulting product comprising the silicon-based active material particles to yield silicon-based active material particles.

Abstract: An anode for a Li-ion cell, protected with an SEI by pre-treatment in an SEI-formation cell, is stable for cell cycling even in the presence of substantial water in the cell electrolyte. A method for making the protected anode includes forming an SEI on a lithium electrode by performing multiple charge/discharge cycles on the electrode in a first cell having an SEI formation electrolyte to produce the protected anode. The SEI formation electrolyte includes an ionic liquid having at least one of eight organic cations.

Abstract: An electrolyte includes a first electrolyte, in which an element constituting a crystalline lithium composite metal oxide represented by the following compositional formula (1) is substituted with a first metal element having a crystal radius of 78 pm or more, and an amorphous second electrolyte, which contains Li and a second metal element contained in the first electrolyte other than Li. (Li7?3x+yGax)(La3?yCay)Zr2O12??(1) (In the formula (1), x and y satisfy the following formulae: 0.1?x?0.6 and 0.0<y?0.3).

Abstract: An electrode formulation including a polymer, which can be ion-conducting or non-conducting; an ion-conducting inorganic material; a lithium salt; and optionally an additive salt.

Abstract: There is provided a method of forming a porous particle comprising an electrically conductive continuous shell encapsulating a core, said core comprising an elemental compound that reversibly reduces in the presence of a cation and oxidizes in the absence of said cation, said method comprising the steps of: a) encapsulating an elemental compound precursor with said electrically conductive shell; b) reacting said elemental compound precursor with an oxidation agent to oxidize said elemental compound precursor to form said elemental compound, thereby forming said electrically conductive shell encapsulating said core comprising said elemental compound.

Abstract: A process of forming a hydrophobic, conductive barrier on a metallic surface includes coating the metallic surface with an organic, conductive material. The organic, conductive material includes a conductive group having two or more alkyne groups and a terminal thio group to bind the organic, conductive material to the metallic surface.

Abstract: The present specification relates to a compound comprising an aromatic ring, a polyelectrolyte membrane comprising the same, a membrane-electrode assembly comprising the polyelectrolyte membrane, a fuel cell comprising the membrane-electrode assembly, and a redox flow battery comprising the polyelectrolyte membrane.

Abstract: A material that can be used in a wide temperature range is provided. A graphene compound includes graphene or graphene oxide and a substituted or unsubstituted chain group, the chain group includes two or more ether bonds, and the chain group is bonded to the above graphene or graphene oxide through a Si atom. Alternatively, a method for forming a graphene compound includes a first step and a second step after the first step. In the first step, graphene oxide and a base are stirred under a nitrogen stream. In the second step, the mixture is cooled to room temperature, a silylating agent that has a group having two or more ether bonds is introduced into the mixture, and the obtained mixture is stirred. The base is butylamine, pentylamine, hexylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine, dibutylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, or pyridine.

Abstract: Improved anodes and cells are provided, which enable fast charging rates with enhanced safety due to much reduced probability of metallization of lithium on the anode, preventing dendrite growth and related risks of fire or explosion. Anodes and/or electrolytes have buffering zones for partly reducing and gradually introducing lithium ions into the anode for lithiation, to prevent lithium ion accumulation at the anode electrolyte interface and consequent metallization and dendrite growth. Various anode active materials and combinations, modifications through nanoparticles and a range of coatings which implement the improved anodes are provided.

Abstract: An electrically responsive polymer having a electrically responsive bulk polymer matrix, the electrically responsive polymer bulk polymer matrix comprising a base polymer matrix; an electrically responsive component, wherein the electrically responsive component comprises a disulfide, an oligosulfide moiety, or a plurality of thiol moieties; and an electrolyte salt; wherein the electrically responsive polymer is configured to transition from a first elastic modulus to a second elastic modulus when an external stimulus is applied to the electrically responsive polymer.

Abstract: An electrochromic composition is provided. The electrochromic composition includes 0.5˜10 parts by weight of a first oxidizable polymer, 0.5˜10 parts by weight of a reducible organic compound, 0.5˜20 parts by weight of an electrolyte, and 60˜98.5 parts by weight of a solvent. The first oxidizable polymer is a polymer of 1 molar part of diamine and 0.1˜20 molar parts of dicarboxylic acid, diacyl chloride, or dianhydride, a mixture of the aforementioned polymers, or a copolymer of the aforementioned polymers. An electrochromic element including the aforementioned electrochromic composition is also provided.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery has an electrode mixture layer comprising an active material, a conductive agent, and a binding agent to bind the active material and the conductive agent, and a collector on which the electrode mixture layer is laminated. The active material comprises a composite body comprising at least a carbonaceous material, and a metal dispersed in the carbonaceous material or an oxide of the metal. And the binding agent is a polyvinyl alcohol resin of a saponification degree of 87-99.9 mole %.

Abstract: A rechargeable magnesium ion electrochemical cell comprising an anode, a cathode, and a non-aqueous magnesium electrolyte disposed between the anode and the cathode is described herein. The cathode comprises a redox-active anthraquinone-based polymer comprising one or more of 1,4-polyanthraquinone or 2,6-polyanthraquinone. Both 2,6-polyanthraquinone and 1,4-polyanthraquinone can operate with 1.5-2.0 V with above 100 mAh/g capacities at a reasonable rate, higher than the state-of-the-art Mg—Mg6S8 battery. More than 1000 cycles with very small capacity loss can be realized.

Abstract: A negative electrode for nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries which suppresses generation of gas and increases power characteristics, including a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode mixture layer placed on the negative electrode current collector. The negative electrode mixture layer is a mixture of a negative electrode active material, a binding agent, and a conductive agent. The negative electrode active material contains silicon. The binding agent includes a binding agent A made of a rubber polymeric compound. A through-thickness cross section of the negative electrode mixture layer halved into a current collector-side region and a surface-side region, has the amount of the binding agent A in the current collector-side region larger than the amount of the binding agent A in the surface-side region and the amount of the conductive agent in the surface-side region is larger than the amount of the conductive agent in the current collector-side region.

Abstract: A preparation method of hollow mesoporous carbon nanosphere composite material loaded with gold nanoparticles includes the following steps: (1) in the presence of an initiator, aniline and pyrrole are polymerized in deionized water containing a surfactant to form hollow carbon precursors, and then calcined to obtain hollow mesoporous carbon nanospheres, (2) said hollow mesoporous carbon nanospheres are immersed in a chloroauric acid solution, stirred and then centrifuged to remove the liquid, finally, hollow mesoporous carbon nanosphere composite material loaded with gold nanoparticles are obtained by reduction treatment.

Abstract: A lithium ion battery includes a positive electrode comprising carbon fibers, a binder composition with conductive carbon, and a lithium rich composition. The lithium rich composition comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of Li1+x(My MzII MwIII)O2 where x+y+z+w=1, and xLi2MnO3(1?x)LiMO2, where x=0.2-0.7, and where M, MII and MIII are interchangeably manganese, nickel and cobalt, and LiM2?xMxIIO4, where M and MII are manganese and nickel, respectively, with x=0.5. A negative electrode comprises carbon fibers having bound thereto silicon nanoparticles, and a mesophase pitch derived carbon binder between the silicon nanoparticles and the carbon fibers. An electrolyte is interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. Methods of making positive and negative electrodes are also disclosed.

Abstract: Provided is a lithium ion cell having a power generation part provided with a single cell obtained by stacking a positive electrode current collector, a positive electrode active material layer, a separator, a negative electrode active material layer, and a negative electrode current collector in the order, and an exterior cell container for accommodating the power generation part, in which the positive electrode active material layer is a non-bound material of a positive electrode active material particle, the negative electrode active material layer is a non-bound material of a negative electrode active material particle, and the single cell has flexibility.

Abstract: An aqueous electrolyte composition suitable for a lithium ion battery is provided. The aqueous electrolyte composition contains water, at least one of a linear ether and a cyclic ether and a lithium fluoroalkylsulfonyl salt. A lithium ion battery containing the aqueous electrolyte and a vehicle at least partially powered by the battery are also provided.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell having a positive electrode; a negative electrode and an electrolyte, wherein the electrochemical cell contains reversible ions in an amount sufficient to maintain a negative electrode potential verses reference level below a negative electrode damage threshold potential of the cell and a positive electrode potential verses reference level above a positive electrode damage threshold potential of the cell under an applied load at a near zero cell voltage state, such that the cell is capable of recharge from the near zero cell voltage state, and method for its production is disclosed.

Abstract: Described herein is an electrochemical device including a cathode containing an electroactive material including LO2 or L2O2, wherein each L is independently selected from Li, Na, K, Be, Mg, Ca, and Al; the electroactive material is carbon-coated, metal-coated, metal oxide-coated, nano-sized, or doped; and the electroactive material is substantially free of transition metal catalyst.

Abstract: A positive active material for a rechargeable lithium battery includes a positive active material compound including a metal compound for intercalating and deintercalating lithium, a coating particle having an embedded portion embedded into the active material compound and a protruding portion protruding from the surface of the active material, and a rechargeable lithium battery including the positive active material.

Abstract: An article has a curved surface. Disposed upon the curved surface is a plurality of patterns. Each pattern is defined by a plurality of spaced apart features attached to or projected into the curved surface. The plurality of features each have at least one neighboring feature having a substantially different geometry, wherein an average spacing between adjacent features is about 1 nanometer and about 1 millimeter in at least a portion of the curved surface. The plurality of spaced apart features are represented by a periodic function.

Abstract: Provided is a laminated porous film suitable as a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery separator, which includes a heat resistant layer excellent in morphological stability at a high temperature and ion permeability and more resistant to fall-off of a filler. A laminated porous film in which a heat resistant layer including a binder resin and a filler and a base porous film including a polyolefin as a principal component are laminated, wherein the filler included in the heat resistant layer substantially consists of an inorganic filler (a) having a primary particle diameter of 0.2 to 1 ?m and an inorganic filler (b) having a primary particle diameter of 0.01 to 0.1 ?m, and the particle diameter of secondary aggregates of the inorganic filler (b) is not more than 2 times the primary particle diameter of the inorganic filler (a) in the heat resistant layer.

Abstract: Representative embodiments provide a liquid or gel separator utilized to separate and space apart first and second conductors or electrodes of an energy storage device, such as a battery or a supercapacitor. A representative liquid or gel separator comprises a plurality of particles, typically having a size (in any dimension) between about 0.5 to about 50 microns; a first, ionic liquid electrolyte; and a polymer. In another representative embodiment, the plurality of particles comprise diatoms, diatomaceous frustules, and/or diatomaceous fragments or remains. Another representative embodiment further comprises a second electrolyte different from the first electrolyte; the plurality of particles are comprised of silicate glass; the first and second electrolytes comprise zinc tetrafluoroborate salt in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidalzolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid; and the polymer comprises polyvinyl alcohol (“PVA”) or polyvinylidene fluoride (“PVFD”).

Abstract: This invention provides a lithium secondary battery which degrades less upon high-rate charge/discharge cycles (thus durable). The lithium secondary battery comprises positive electrode 10 having positive electrode active material layer 14, negative electrode 20 having negative electrode active material layer 24, organic porous material layer 32 placed between positive electrode active material layer 14 and negative electrode active material layer 24, inorganic porous material layer 34 placed between organic porous material layer 32 and negative electrode active material layer 24. Inorganic porous material layer 34 comprises an inorganic filler that does not store lithium at a potential higher than the lithium-storing potential of the negative electrode active material layer, and a Li absorber that irreversibly stores lithium at a potential higher than the lithium-storing potential.

Abstract: [Problems] To provide an electrode material for a lithium-ion rechargeable battery capable of improving the battery characteristics, durability, and stability of a lithium-ion rechargeable battery, an electrode for a lithium-ion rechargeable battery, and a lithium-ion rechargeable battery. [Means] An electrode material for a lithium-ion rechargeable battery of the present invention is an electrode material for a lithium-ion rechargeable battery formed by coating the surface of an electrode active material represented by General Formula LixAyDzPO4 (here, A represents at least one element selected from Co, Mn, Ni, Fe, Cu, and Cr, D represents at least one element selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ti, Zn, B, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sc, and Y, 1?x?1.1, 0<y?1, 0?z<1, 0.9<y+z?1) with a carbonaceous film, in which a saturated adsorbed moisture amount in a carbonaceous film single body, which is detected in a temperature range of room temperature or more and 250° C.

Abstract: A method of detecting chlorate in soil includes contacting soil wetted with a solvent containing an electrically conductive salt with an electrode comprising layers of vanadium-substituted phosphomolybdate alternating with layers of para-rosaniline, and performing voltammetry with the electrode, wherein a catalytic reduction current indicates a likelihood of the presence or absence of chlorate in the soil. A system includes a potentiostat operably connected to the electrode and in communication with hardware and software sufficient to produce an output indicating a chlorate level in soil.