Abstract: An electrode for a secondary battery includes a current collector, a first electrode mixture layer disposed on at least one surface of the current collector and including styrene butadiene rubber, and a second electrode mixture layer disposed on the first electrode mixture layer and including a second styrene butadiene rubber. The first styrene butadiene rubber and the second styrene butadiene rubber have a repeating unit of styrene derived structure and a repeating unit of a butadiene derived structure, the first styrene butadiene rubber containing 40 to 90 mol % of a butadiene monomer based on total content of a monomer, and the second styrene butadiene rubber having a lower content of a butadiene monomer than the content of the first styrene butadiene rubber.

Abstract: The invention is directed toward a primary AA alkaline battery. The primary AA alkaline battery includes an anode; a cathode; an electrolyte; and a separator between the anode and the cathode. The anode includes an electrochemically active anode material. The cathode includes an electrochemically active cathode material. The electrolyte includes potassium hydroxide. The primary AA alkaline battery has an integrated in-cell ionic resistance (Ri) at 22° C. of less than about 39 m?. The separator has a porosity of greater than 70%.

Abstract: A composite cathode active material and a cathode and a lithium battery including the composite cathode active material. The composite cathode active material has a core including a plurality of primary particles including a nickel-containing first lithium transition metal oxide having a layered crystal structure; a grain boundary disposed between adjacent primary particles of the plurality of primary particles; and a shell on the core, the shell including a second lithium transition metal oxide having a spinel crystal structure, wherein the grain boundary includes a first composition having a spinel crystal structure.

Abstract: A system and method for implementing and manufacturing a hierarchy system for use with a TMCCC-containing electrically-conductive structure (e.g., an electrode) as well as methods for use and manufacturing of such structures and electrochemical cells including these devices. Structures and methods include a coordination complex having LxMyNzTia1Va2Cra3Mna4Fea5Coa6Nia7Cua8Zna9Caa10Mga11[R(CN)6]b (H2O)c. The method includes binding electrochemically active material to produce a hierarchical structure, the hierarchical structure having a plurality of primary crystallites having a size D1, the plurality of these primary crystallites agglomerated into a set of agglomerates each agglomerate having a size D2>D1.

Abstract: Provided is a positive electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries for making high capacity and high output compatible, non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries, having the positive electrode active material adopted thereto, and a production method for a positive electrode active material in which the positive electrode active material can be easily produced in an industrial scale. A positive electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries, contains: primary particles of a lithium nickel composite oxide represented by at least General Formula: LizNi1-x-yCoxMyO2 (0.95?z?1.03, 0<x?0.20, 0<y?0.10, x+y?0.20, and M is at least one type of element selected from Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Nb, Zr, and Mo); and secondary particles configured by flocculating the primary particles, wherein an LiAl compound and an LiW compound are provided on surfaces of the primary particles.

Abstract: An electrochemical device of the present invention includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The positive electrode includes a positive current collector containing aluminum, a positive electrode material layer containing a conductive polymer, and an aluminum oxide layer disposed on a surface of the positive current collector. The aluminum oxide layer contains fluorine.

Abstract: A battery comprising an acidified metal oxide (“AMO”) material, preferably in monodisperse nanoparticulate form 20 nm or less in size, having a pH <7 when suspended in a 5 wt % aqueous solution and a Hammett function H0 >?12, at least on its surface.

Abstract: An alkaline electrochemical cell has a central cathode having a corresponding cathode current collector electrically connected with a positive terminal of the electrochemical cell. The cathode current collector has a tubular shape, such as a cylindrical shape or rectangular shape, extending parallel with the length of the central cathode. The cathode current collector is embedded within the central cathode, such as at a medial point of a radius of the central cathode, thereby minimizing the distance between the cathode current collector and any portion of the central cathode, thereby increasing the mechanical strength of the cathode and facilitating charge transfer to the cathode current collector.

Abstract: A system and method for implementing and manufacturing a hierarchy system for use with a TMCCC-containing electrically-conductive structure (e.g., an electrode) as well as methods for use and manufacturing of such structures and electrochemical cells including these devices. Structures and methods include a coordination complex having LxMyNzTia1Va2Cra3Mna4Fea5Coa6Nia7Cua8Zna9Caa10Mga11[R(CN)6]b (H2O)c. The method includes binding electrochemically active material to produce a hierarchical structure, the hierarchical structure having a plurality of primary crystallites having a size D1, the plurality of these primary crystallites agglomerated into a set of agglomerates each agglomerate having a size D2>D1.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel positive electrode active material for a sodium-ion secondary battery having a high voltage and a high capacity. The positive electrode active material for a sodium-ion secondary battery contains, in terms of % by mole of oxide, 8 to 55% Na2O, 10 to 70% CoO, 0 to 60% CrO+FeO+MnO+NiO, and 15 to 70% P2O5+SiO2+B2O3 and also contains an amorphous phase.

Abstract: The invention discloses a high voltage rechargeable Zn—MnO2 battery. The structure of the Zn—MnO2 battery includes zinc electrode/alkaline electrolyte/ion exchange membrane/acid electrolyte/MnO2 electrode. The ion exchange membrane comprises a cation exchange membrane, an anion exchange membrane or a proton exchange membrane. According to the invention, by using a composite electrolyte system (alkaline electrolyte/ion exchange membrane/acid electrolyte), a high voltage rechargeable Zn—MnO2 battery is obtained. According to the invention, an open circuit voltage of up to 2.7V is obtained, greatly improving the discharge voltage, and at the same time increasing the discharge capacity and enabling cyclic charge and discharge. The invention is of great importance in science research, beneficial to society and economics.

Abstract: To increase capacity per weight of a power storage device, a particle includes a first region, a second region in contact with at least part of a surface of the first region and located on the outside of the first region, and a third region in contact with at least part of a surface of the second region and located on the outside of the second region. The first and the second regions contain lithium and oxygen. At least one of the first region and the second region contains manganese. At least one of the first and the second regions contains an element M. The first region contains a first crystal having a layered rock-salt structure. The second region contains a second crystal having a layered rock-salt structure. An orientation of the first crystal is different from an orientation of the second crystal.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a solid electrolyte battery including a negative electrode including: a negative electrode current collector; a first negative electrode active material layer formed on at least one surface of the negative electrode current collector and including a first negative electrode active material, a first solid electrolyte and a first electrolyte salt; and a second negative electrode active material layer formed on the first negative electrode active material layer and including a second negative electrode active material, a second solid electrolyte, a second electrolyte salt and a plasticizer having a melting point of 30-130° C., the solid electrolyte battery is activated at a temperature between the melting point of the plasticizer and 130° C., and a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer is formed on the surface of the second negative electrode active material.

Abstract: A method for lithiation of an electrode includes providing an electrode to be lithiated, providing a piece of lithium metal with predetermined weight attached to a conductive material, attaching the conductive material to a current collector of the electrode to be lithiated or to a metal tab connected to or from the electrode to be lithiated, placing the electrode to be lithiated, the piece of lithium, and the conductive material in a container, and filling the container with an electrolyte containing a lithium salt.

Abstract: A positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery includes secondary particles which are aggregates of primary particles that are capable of being doped and dedoped with lithium ions, in which the secondary particles have a total specific surface area of pores having a pore radius of 10 nm or more and 50 nm or less of 0.27 m2/g or more and 0.90 m2/g or less in a pore distribution measured by a mercury porosimetry method.

Abstract: To provide electrolytic manganese dioxide excellent in packing property and high-rate discharge characteristics when used as a cathode material for alkaline dry cells. Electrolytic manganese dioxide in which the half-value width of the (110) plane in XRD measurement using CuK? line as the radiation source is at least 1.8° and less than 2.2°, the peak intensity ratio of X-ray diffraction peaks (110)/(021) is at least 0.70 and at most 1.00, and the JIS-pH (JIS K1467) is at least 1.5 and less than 5.0; a method for producing the electrolytic manganese dioxide; and its application.

Abstract: A composite material includes electro-deposited manganese dioxide particles of up to 110 micron in size and in a form of ?-modification of manganese dioxide; and single-walled carbon nanotubes with a diameter of 1 to 2 nm and a length of 1 to 5 ?m, wherein a content of the carbon nanotubes is 0.0001 to 0.1 wt % of the composite material. Optionally, the particles have an average size of about 40-60 microns. Optionally, the carbon nanotubes form a coating on a surface of the particles and extend inward from the surface. Optionally, the single-wall carbon nanotubes form a three-dimensional conductive network in the material.

Abstract: Substituted ramsdellite manganese dioxide (R—MnO2) compounds are provided, where a portion of the Mn is replaced by at least one alternative cation, or a portion of the O is replaced by at least one alternative anion. Electrochemical cells incorporating substituted R—MnO2 into the cathode, as well as methods of preparing the substituted R—MnO2, are also provided.

Abstract: An electrode for an energy storage device and a method of fabricating such electrode. The electrode includes a plurality of layers of active material defining a layer material structure; and an interlayer material disposed between each adjacent pairs of layer of the active material. The interlayer material is arranged to facilitate a transportation of ions along and/or across the plurality of layers of active material during a charging or a discharging operation of the energy storage device.

Abstract: Disclosed is a lithium-cobalt based complex oxide represented by Formula 1 below including lithium, cobalt and manganese wherein the lithium-cobalt based complex oxide maintains a crystal structure of a single O3 phase at a state of charge (SOC) of 50% or more based on a theoretical amount: LixCo1-y-zMnyAzO2??(1) wherein 0.95?x?1.15, 0<y?0.3 and 0?z?0.2; and A is at least one element selected the group consisting of Al, Mg, Ti, Zr, Sr, W, Nb, Mo, Ga, and Ni, wherein the at least one element of A is Mg.

Abstract: A positive active material, including: a lithium transition metal composite oxide represented by Formula 1: LiaNibM1cM2dM3eO2??Formula 1 wherein, in Formula 1, M1 comprises Co, Mn, or a combination thereof, M2 comprises Mg and Ti, M3 comprises Al, B, Ca, Na, K, Cr, V, Fe, Cu, Zr, Zn, Sr, Sb, Y, Nb, Ga, Si, Sn, Mo, W, Ba, a rare earth element, or a combination thereof, 0.9?a?1.1, 0.7?b<1.0, 0<c?0.3, 0<d?0.03, 0?e?0.05, and 0.95?(b+c+d+e)?1.05, and a molar ratio of Ti:Mg in M2 is about 1:1 to about 3:1.

Abstract: A thin film battery includes: a cathode body; and an anode body which is laminated on at least one of an upper portion or a lower portion of the abode body, in which the cathode body includes: a cathode plate on which a cathode active material is applied; a pair of separators which covers an upper surface and a lower surface of the cathode plate; and a polymer insulating film unit interposed between the pair of separators and a portion of the polymer insulating film unit which protrudes outwardly from an edge of the separator is bonded to an anode plate of the anode body.

Abstract: [Problem] Provided are a high filler-loaded high thermal conductive material which sufficiently utilizes features of an organic polymer while ameliorating drawbacks, enables integrated molding with ceramics, metals, semiconductor elements and the like, and has a low coefficient of thermal expansion and a high thermal conductivity; and a method for producing the high filler-loaded high thermal conductive material, a composition, coating liquid and a molded article.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a secondary battery electrode including: a collector positioned between an external wire and an electrode active material to transfer electrons; and an electrode mixture layer coated on the collector, wherein the electrode mixture layer includes a cross-linked polymer, an electrode active material, and a binder, and the cross-linked polymer is formed by a cross-linked bond between a first polymerization unit and a second polymerization unit to have an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN), and a manufacturing method thereof.

Abstract: A novel electrode is provided. A novel power storage device is provided. A conductor having a sheet-like shape is provided. The conductor has a thickness of greater than or equal to 800 nm and less than or equal to 20 ?m. The area of the conductor is greater than or equal to 25 mm2 and less than or equal to 10 m2. The conductor includes carbon and oxygen. The conductor includes carbon at a concentration of higher than 80 atomic % and oxygen at a concentration of higher than or equal to 2 atomic % and lower than or equal to 20 atomic %.

Abstract: A positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery has a rock salt type structure represented by General Formula: LixTi2x-1Mn2-3xO (0.50<x<0.67)??(1) and has an average particle size of 0.5 ?m or less.

Abstract: A composite oxide with high diffusion rate of lithium is provided. Alternatively, a lithium-containing complex phosphate with high diffusion rate of lithium is provided. Alternatively, a positive electrode active material with high diffusion rate of lithium is provided. Alternatively, a lithium ion battery with high output is provided. Alternatively, a lithium ion battery that can be manufactured at low cost is provided. A positive electrode active material is formed through a first step of mixing a lithium compound, a phosphorus compound, and water, a second step of adjusting pH by adding a first aqueous solution to a first mixed solution formed in the first step, a third step of mixing an iron compound with a second mixed solution formed in the second step, a fourth step of performing heat treatment under a pressure more than or equal to 0.1 MPa and less than or equal to 2 MPa at a highest temperature more than 100° C. and less than or equal to 119° C.

Abstract: An electrode formed from a material represented by Li1-xMxCo1-yM?yO2-d where 0<x?0.2, 0?y<1, and 0<d?0.2. M and M? each independently comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of transition metals, Group I elements, and Group II elements.

Abstract: An electrode material of formula Li2+xNiuTivNbwO4 where: 0<x<0.3, u>0 and w>0, x+u+v+w=2, x+2u+4v+5w=6, the electrode material having a crystal structure of disordered NaCl type. A cathode having this material as an electronically active material and also the lithium-ion battery containing this cathode are also contemplated.

Abstract: A composite cathode active material, includes a first metal oxide having a first layered crystal structure; and a second metal oxide having a second layered crystal structure, wherein the second metal oxide includes a layered double oxide (LDO). Also a cathode and a lithium battery including the composite cathode active material.

Abstract: The present application relates to a method comprising: (a) providing a battery comprising a manganese oxide composition as a primary active material; and (b) cycling the battery by: (i) galvanostatically discharging the battery to a first Vcell; (ii) galvanostatically charging the battery to a second Vcell; and (iii) potentiostatically charging at the second Vcell for a first defined period of time. The present application also relates to a chemical composition produced by the method above. The present application also relates to a battery comprising a chemical composition having an X-ray diffractogram pattern expressing a Bragg peak at about 26°, said peak being of greatest intensity in comparison to other expressed Bragg peaks. The present application also relates to a battery comprising one or more chemical species, the one or more chemical species produced by cycling an activated composition.

Abstract: The invention provides a dual component lithium-rich layered oxide positive electrode material for a secondary battery, the material consisting of a single-phase lithium metal oxide with space group R-3m and having the general formula Li1+bN1?bO2, wherein 0.155?b?0.25 and N=NixMnyCOzZrcAd, with 0.10?x?0.40, 0.30?y?0.80, 0<z?0.20, 0.005?c?0.03, and 0?d?0.10, and wherein x+y+z+c+d=1, with A being a dopant comprising at least one element, and the material further consisting of a Li2ZrO3 component.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a surface treatment method for lithium cobalt oxide, comprising the steps of: (S1) mixing lithium cobalt oxide and an organic phosphoric acid compound; and (S2) heat treating and calcining the mixture prepared in step (S1). The surface treatment method of the present invention is simpler and has higher reproducibility than a conventional surface coating and doping technique, and can improve electrochemical characteristics by reinforcing the structural stability of lithium cobalt oxide. In addition, LiCoO2 prepared by the surface treatment method of the present invention is structurally stable during charging/discharging and does not cause unnecessary phase transition, and thus has excellent lifetime characteristics.

Abstract: Provided is a lithium air battery, particularly, a lithium air battery capable of being easily charged and discharged to thereby improve performance and reliability, having economic feasibility, preventing leakage of ions, and having firmly inter-coupled electrodes to thereby improve durability.

Abstract: A lithium deficient cathode active material for lithium-ion batteries is described. More particularly, the lithium deficient cathode active material can have multiphase structures, including both a layered or hexagonal structure (e.g., having an R-3m space group) and a spinel structure (e.g., having a Fd-m space group). Batteries including the cathode active material and methods of preparing the cathode active material are also described.

Abstract: A scale-like graphite and carbon material for a battery electrode which is suitable for use as an electrode material for an aqueous-electrolyte secondary battery, wherein the ratio IG/ID (G value) between the peak area (ID) in a range of 1300 to 1400 cm?1 and the peak area (IG) in a range of 1580 to 1620 cm?1 by Raman spectroscopy spectra, in which an edge surface of the particle of the scale-like graphite is measured with by a Raman microspectrometer, is 5.2 to 100 and the average interplanar spacing d002 of plane (d002) by the X-ray diffraction method is 0.337 nm or less and optical structures of the scale-like graphite have a specific shape; the method for producing the same; a carbon material for a battery electrode and a paste for an electrode containing the material; and a secondary battery having excellent charge/discharge cycle characteristics and high current load characteristics.

Abstract: An olivine cathode material capable of 3-dimensional lithium diffusion and a method of preparing the same is provided, and more particularly, an olivine cathode material capable of 3-dimensional lithium diffusion having an olivine crystal structure of a composition of the following formula 1, wherein excess lithium ions are present in an iron ion site is provided. Li(LixFe1-x)PO4 (the x=0.01 to 0.

Abstract: A method for making a lithium ionic energy storage element, the method includes the steps of: (a) mixing a lithium ion donor, a positive electrode frame active substance and a binder with a predetermined weight ratio to form a mixture, and adding the mixture into a dispersant to form a positive electrode active substance, wherein the lithium ion donor includes lithium peroxide, lithium oxide or a combination thereof; (b) coating the positive electrode active substance on an aluminum foil to form a film, and baking the film to form a positive electrode; and (c) forming a lithium ionic energy storage element by assembling the positive electrode, a negative electrode having a negative electrode active substance and a porous separate strip interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and filling an electrolyte into the porous separate strip.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an electrode is provided. The electrode includes an active material-containing layer. The active material-containing layer includes an Na-containing niobium-titanium composite oxide having an orthorhombic crystal structure. The active material-containing layer satisfies I2/I1?1. I1 is an intensity of a peak P1 appearing in a binding energy range of 289 eV to 292 eV in an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectrum of the active material-containing layer. I2 is an intensity of a peak P2 appearing in a binding energy range of 283 eV to 285 eV in the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectrum of the active material-containing layer.

Abstract: Provided is a new method for producing a positive electrode active material for lithium secondary batteries, by which even in the case of washing a spinel type lithium transition metal oxide with water or the like, the service life characteristics can be further enhanced, and the concentration of magnetic substances can be effectively reduced. Suggested is a method for producing a positive electrode active material for lithium secondary batteries, the method including a water washing step of bringing a powder of a spinel type lithium transition metal oxide into contact with a polar solvent and thereby washing the powder; and a drying step of subsequently drying the powder by heating the powder to 300° C. to 700° C. in an atmosphere containing oxygen.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, there is provided a nonaqueous electrolyte battery including a positive electrode. The positive electrode includes a positive electrode active material-containing layer. The positive electrode active material-containing layer includes at least one lithium-nickel composite oxide and a conductive agent. The positive electrode active material-containing layer has, in a particle size distribution obtained by a laser diffraction scattering method, an average particle diameter d50 within a range of 1 ?m to 5.5 ?m, a maximum particle diameter within a range of 10 ?m to 100 ?m, a particle diameter d10 within a range of 0.5 ?m to 3 ?m, and X, represented by X=(d50?d10)/d50, within a range of 0.5 to less than 1.

Abstract: A positive active material for a lithium secondary battery containing a lithium transition metal composite oxide having a hexagonal crystal structure in which the transition metal (Me) includes Ni, Co and Mn, wherein in the lithium transition metal composite oxide, a molar ratio of Ni to the transition metal (Me) (Ni/Me) is 0.5 or more and 0.9 or less, a molar ratio of Co to the transition metal (Me) (Co/Me) is 0.1 or more and 0.3 or less, a molar ratio of Mn to the transition metal (Me) (Mn/Me) is 0.03 or more and 0.3 or less, and a value obtained by dividing a half width ratio F(003)/F(104) at a potential of 4.3 V (vs. Li/Li+) by a half width ratio F(003)/F(104) at a potential of 2.0 V (vs. Li/Li+) is 0.9 or more and 1.1 or less.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrode active material including a core formed from one selected from the group consisting of lithium-containing transition metal oxide, a carbon material, a lithium metal, and a metal compound, or mixtures thereof, and a shell formed on a surface of the core and including lithium metal oxide particles and polymer, and a lithium secondary battery using the same.

Abstract: An alkali metal-based energy storage system, having at least one composite electrode containing an active material, and an electrolyte containing a lithium salt dissolved in an aprotic organic solvent, an ionic fluid and/or a polymer matrix. The electrolyte further contains an additive selected from a cation or a compound of a metal selected from Mg, Al, Cu and/or Cr. The metal selected from Mg, Al, Cu and/or Cr is applied onto the active material and/or the active material of the composite electrode is partially replaced by the metal selected from Mg, Al, Cu and/or Cr in the form of a metal powder or a metal salt.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a lithium secondary battery including a negative electrode and a positive electrode, wherein the negative electrode includes a first negative electrode active material made of a carbonaceous material, and a second negative electrode active material having a lower initial charge/discharge efficiency than the first negative electrode active material, and the initial charge/discharge efficiency of the negative electrode is lower than the initial charge/discharge efficiency of the positive electrode. The present invention provides a lithium secondary battery capable of realizing high output by remarkably reducing the resistance at a low state-of-charge (SOC) level.

Abstract: A positive active material includes an overlithiated lithium transition metal oxide including: a metal cation and a Li2MO3 phase, wherein M is at least one metal selected from a Period 4 transition metal having an average oxidation number of +4 and a Period 5 transition metal having an average oxidation number of +4, and wherein an amount of the Li2MO3 phase is less than or equal to about 20 mole percent, based on 1 mole of the overlithiated lithium transition metal oxide.

Abstract: An electrolyte for a rechargeable lithium battery includes a lithium salt, an organic solvent, and an additive. The organic solvent includes a sulfur-containing compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 and a fluoroalkyl ether, and the additive includes a phosphazene compound represented by Chemical Formula 3. A rechargeable lithium battery including the electrolyte may have improved cycle-life characteristics and safety.

Abstract: A lithium-rich manganese-based positive electrode material represented by formula (I). In an X-ray diffraction pattern of the lithium-rich manganese-based positive electrode material, a ratio of a diffraction peak intensity of a Bragg angle near 18.7° to a diffraction peak intensity of a Bragg angle near 44.6° is 1.10 to 1.24. A method for preparing the lithium-rich manganese-based positive electrode material comprises: mixing a lithium-rich manganese-based compound with a lithium remover; and under the effect of the lithium remover, removing part of Li2O from Li2MnO3 in the lithium-rich manganese-based compound, so as to obtain the lithium-rich manganese-based positive electrode material. Due to the reduction of the irreversible product Li2O, the initial coulombic efficiency is improved; because of existence of lithium vacancy and oxygen vacancy, the lithium-rich manganese-based positive electrode material has good rate performance and cycle performance.

Abstract: In an example of the surface coating method, an aromatic resin or a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon is dissolved in an organic solvent to form a solution. A film precursor is formed on a surface of an electrode material by immersing the electrode material into the solution, and evaporating the organic solvent. The electrode material is selected from the group consisting of an electrode active material particle and a pre-formed electrode. The film precursor is exposed to i) a thermal treatment having a temperature equal to or less than 500° C., or ii) ultraviolet light irradiation, or iii) both i and ii, to carbonize the film precursor to form a carbon film on the surface of the electrode material. Also disclosed herein is a method for improving electrochemical performance of an electrode for a lithium based battery.

Abstract: A composite positive electrode active material, the positive electrode active material including: a first metal oxide having a layered structure; and a second metal oxide having a spinel structure, wherein second metal oxide is represented by Formula 1, and wherein the first metal oxide and the second metal oxide form a composite: Li2M1(1+a)Mn(3?a)O8??Formula 1 wherein, in Formula 1, ?1<a<1; and M1 is at least one element selected from Groups 4 to 10, 13, and 14 of the Periodic Table, and wherein M1 is not Mn. Also a positive electrode including the composite positive electrode active material, and a lithium battery including the positive electrode.