Abstract: A lithium secondary battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode containing a lithium ion-storable/dischargeable negative electrode-active material and a lithium ion conductive, non-aqueous electrolytic solution or polymer electrolyte, characterized in that the negative electrode-active material comprises particles of carbonaceous material and particles of metal and metal oxide capable of enhancing lithium ion interstitial diffusibility/releasability as embedded in the particles of carbonaceous material, particles of carbonaceous materials and lithium ion interstitially diffusible/releasable particles being prepared by carbonization of a mixture thereof with MA or carbon precursor, has a high capacity and a long cycle life, and can be used in various electric appliances.

Abstract: A secondary battery which exhibits less deterioration of capacity, can maintain high energy densities in high temperature atmospheres, and has high practicality, and an electrolyte used therefor, are provided. The electrolyte contains an anion expressed by (PFaQbRc)−, so degradation of the electrolyte can be prevented. In the formula, Q expresses at least one of CF3, C2F5, and C3F7, and R expresses SO2CF3 and/or SO2C2F5. a, b and c satisfy 1≦a≦5, 0≦b≦5, and, 0≦c≦5, respectively. Furthermore, an anion expressed by N(CnF2n+1SO2)2− is contained, which can further prevent the degradation of the electrolyte. In the formula, n satisfies 1≦n≦2. Therefore, the capacity recovery rate after storage and heavy load discharge maintenance rate are high even in high temperature atmospheres, and high reliability can be obtained.

Abstract: Provided is a lithium battery in which the cathode comprises an electroactive sulfur-containing material and the electrolyte comprises a lithium salt, a non-aqueous solvent, and one or more capacity-enhancing reactive components. Suitable reactive components include electron transfer mediators. Also are provided methods for making the lithium battery.

Abstract: A secondary electrochemical cell comprising a medium rate electrode region in a side-by-side electrode plate configuration intended to be discharged under a substantially constant drain and a high rate electrode region disposed in a jellyroll wound configuration intended to be pulse discharged, is described. Both electrode regions share a common anode and are activated with the same electrolyte.

Abstract: A positive electrode for a lithium ion cell, comprising an aluminum foil, and a layer formed on the aluminum foil, wherein said layer is formed by adding 30 to 40 mass % of LiCo1-XMXO2, where M is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Fe and Al, to a spinel type of lithium manganese dioxide. Also added is a conductive agent, and a binding agent. The invention also covers a rocking chair type lithium ion cell, comprising the described positive electrode, and a negative electrode formed of a graphite-containing intercalation compound.

Abstract: Disclosed are non-aqueous electrolyte compositions of the present invention that comprise non-aqueous solvents and monomers such as aniline, phenanthrene, ethylenedioxythiophene, benzothiophene or derivatives thereof. The monomers are contained in the electrolytes of the present invention in the amounts of less than about 5.0 weight percent of the non-aqueous solvent. In the present invention, cyclic carbonates, linear carbonates or mixtures thereof can be used as the non-aqueous solvents. The electrolyte compositions of the present invention improve the safety characteristics of the cell by preventing the flow of large currents resulting from overcharge or feed-through, and also improve cell life characteristic by helping the reversible transfer of lithium ions.

Abstract: Disclosed is a carbon-based active material for a rechargeable lithium battery that is capable of increasing charge and discharge efficiency of the battery.

Abstract: An anhydrous inorganic gel-polymer electrolyte is prepared using a non-aqueous sol-gel process. The inorganic gel-polymer is prepared by reacting a metal halide (SiCl4) and an alcohol (tert-butyl alcohol) in a diluent solution containing a lithium salt (lithium bisperfluoroethanesulfonimide) and at least one carbonate. The resulting porous silicon oxide network encapsulates the liquid electrolyte. The gel polymer electrolyte can serve as both a separator and an electrolyte in a Li-ion cell. The material is stable and has demonstrated minimal flammability. Lithium-ion electrochemical cells made with the inorganic gel-polymer electrolyte function similarly to Li-ion cells made with a liquid electrolyte. The cells have low capacity fade, 0.69%, and low irreversible capacity, 7.6%.

Abstract: Disclosed is negative electrode active material for lithium ion batteries and a method for manufacturing the same. The active material includes a crystalline carbon core; and an amorphous or turbostratic carbon shell evenly covering the crystalline carbon core, the carbon shell having a thickness of 10-2000 Å. The method includes the steps of chemically combining a crystalline carbon and an amorphous carbon precursor; removing remaining amorphous carbon precursor not reacted in the chemical combination; and heat-treating a chemical combination material of graphite and the amorphous carbon precursor obtained in the chemical combination.

Abstract: A non-aqueous secondary organic battery. The battery includes an positive electrode of polyaniline-conductive carbon black composite (PAn-C composite). The PAn-C composite is prepared using a high-speed impingment mill with high-speed fluid striking and grinding functions. The resulting PAn-C composite has higher conductivity than the mixture of conductive carbon and PAn by direct mixing. The non-aqueous secondary organic battery of the present invention exhibits great capacity and energy density.

Abstract: A positive active material including a compound expressed by a general formula LimMxM′yM″zO2 (here, M designates at least one kind of element selected from Co, Ni and Mn, M′ designates at least one kind of element selected from Al, Cr, V, Fe, Cu, Zn, Sn, Ti, Mg, Sr, B, Ga, In, Si and Ge, and M″ designates at least one kind of element selected from Mg, Ca, B and Ga. Further, x is designated by an expression of 0.9≦x<1, y is indicated by an expression of 0.001≦y≦0.5, z is indicated by an expression of 0≦z≦0.5, and m is indicated by an expression of 0.5≦m) and lithium manganese oxide expressed by a general formula LisMn2−tMatO4 (here, the value of s is expressed by 0.9≦s, the value of t is located within a range expressed by 0.01≦t≦0.

Abstract: A secondary cell employs a non-aqueous electrolyte solution including a non-aqueous solvent and a salt, and a flame retardant material that is a liquid at room temperature and pressure and substantially immiscible in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution is formed by dissolving a salt, preferably an alkali metal salt, in a non-aqueous solvent. The non-aqueous solvent preferably includes a cyclic carbonate and/or a linear carbonate. The cyclic carbonate preferably contains an alkylene group with 2 to 5 carbon atoms, and the linear carbonate preferably contains a hydrocarbon group with 1 to 5 carbon atoms. Preferred salts include LiPF6 and LiBF4 at a concentration between about 0.1 to 3.0 moles/liter in the non-aqueous solvent.

Abstract: A solid electrolyte battery is disclosed which is capable of raising an energy density without deterioration of discharge load characteristics thereof, incorporating a wound electrode incorporating a positive electrode incorporating an elongated positive-electrode collector having two sides on which positive-electrode active material layers are formed, a negative electrode incorporating an elongated negative-electrode collector having two sides on which negative-electrode active material layers are formed and a solid electrolyte layer formed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode such that the positive electrode and the negative electrode are laminated and wound, wherein when an assumption is made that the total thickness of a pair of the positive-electrode active material layers formed on the two sides of the collector for the positive electrode is total film thickness A and the total thickness of a pair of the negative-electrode active material layers formed on the two sides of the collec

Abstract: A lithium ion electrochemical cell having high charge/discharge capacity, long cycle life and exhibiting a reduced first cycle irreversible capacity, is described. The stated benefits are realized by the addition of at least one carbonate additive to an electrolyte comprising an alkali metal salt dissolved in a solvent mixture including ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate. The preferred additive is either a linear or cyclic carbonate containing covalent O—X and O—Y bonds on opposite sides of a carbonyl group wherein at least one of the O—X and the O—Y bonds has a dissociation energy less than about 80 kcal/mole.

Abstract: A solid electrolyte battery is disclosed which is capable of raising an energy density without deterioration of discharge load characteristics thereof, incorporating a wound electrode incorporating a positive electrode incorporating an elongated positive-electrode collector having two sides on which positive-electrode active material layers are formed, a negative electrode incorporating an elongated negative-electrode collector having two sides on which negative-electrode active material layers are formed and a solid electrolyte layer formed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode such that the positive electrode and the negative electrode are laminated and wound, wherein when an assumption is made that the total thickness of a pair of the positive-electrode active material layers formed on the two sides of the collector for the positive electrode is total film thickness A and the total thickness of a pair of the negative-electrode active material layers formed on the two sides of the collec

Abstract: Disclosed is a negative active material for a rechargeable lithium battery that includes graphite particles, silicon micro-particles attached on the graphite particles and a carbon film partially or totally coated on the graphite particles.

Abstract: The present invention provides a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, comprising an electrode group including a positive electrode, a negative electrode including a material for absorbing-desorbing lithium ions, and a separator arranged between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, a nonaqueous electrolyte impregnated in the electrode group and including a nonaqueous solvent and a lithium salt dissolved in the nonaqueous solvent, and a jacket for housing the electrode group and having a thickness of 0.3 mm or less, wherein the nonaqueous solvent &ggr;-butyrolactone in an amount larger than 50% by volume and not larger than 95% by volume based on the total amount of the nonaqueous solvent.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electric current producing electrochemical cell is provided comprising an anode and a cathode, an ionically permeable separator interposed between the anode and the cathode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte, the electrolyte comprising an ionically conducting salt in a non-aqueous medium, the ionically conducting salt corresponding to the formula:

Abstract: Modified graphite particles are described, which have an almost circular and tabular shape, an average particle size Ap of 12 to 18 &mgr;m, a BET specific surface area Ss of 4 to 6 m2/g, and a BET specific surface area to average particle size ratio, Ss/Ap, of 0.35 or less, and which are obtained by treating tabular particles of lumpy or flaky graphite to break or slightly fold the periphery of the tabular particles to increase the degree of circularity. A battery having the modified graphite particles as an anode active material is also described.

Abstract: An energy storage device includes a first electrode comprising a first material and a second electrode comprising a second material, at least a portion of the first and second materials forming an interpenetrating network when dispersed in an electrolyte, the electrolyte, the first material and the second material are selected so that the first and second materials exert a repelling force on each other when combined. An electrochemical device, includes a first electrode in electrical communication with a first current collector; a second electrode in electrical communication with a second current collector; and an ionically conductive medium in ionic contact with said first and second electrodes, wherein at least a portion of the first and second electrodes form an interpenetrating network and wherein at least one of the first and second electrodes comprises an electrode structure providing two or more pathways to its current collector.

Abstract: A lithium secondary battery, which comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode containing a lithium ion-storable/dischargeable negative electrode-active material and a lithium ion conductive, non-aqueous electrolytic solution or polymer electrolyte can have distinguished charging/discharging characteristics and a higher safety, when the negative electrode material contains particles comprising carbonaceous materials and at least one of elements capable of forming a compound with Li; the elements have a melting point of at least 900° C. and a thermal expansion coefficient of not more than 9 ppm/K at room temperature; the particles are embedded in a plurality of layers of the carbonaceous materials; the particles being subjected to a mechanical treatment to make particle sizes of the particles smaller than the initial particle size in advance.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell of either a primary or a secondary chemistry, is described. In either case, the cell has a negative electrode of lithium or of an anode material which is capable of intercalating and de-intercalating lithium coupled with a positive electrode of a cathode active material. A nitrate compound is mixed with either the anode material or the cathode active material prior to contact with its current collector. The resulting electrode couple is activated by a nonaqueous electrolyte. The electrolyte flows into and throughout the electrodes causing the nitrate additive to dissolve in the electrolyte. The nitrate solute is then able to contact the lithium to provide an electrically insulating and ionically conducting passivation layer thereon.

Abstract: The invention relates to non-aqueous electrochemical cell comprising: a first electrode and a second counterelectrode each capable of reversibly incorporating an alkali metal, preferably lithium; an alkali metal incorporated into at least one of said electrodes; and an electrolyte comprising at least one salt of the alkali metal and a non-aqueous solvent; wherein the said salt is capable of generating HF in the presence of water and the cell includes at least one component, such as a temperature sensitive separator, which precludes complete removal of residual water from the cell, and wherein the cell includes sufficient of an unsaturated cyclic carbonate to reduce the concentration of HF formed by reaction of the electrolyte salt with the residual water.

Abstract: A solid polymer electrolyte for an electrolytic cell is prepared by a sol-gel process in which an active metal ion conducting liquid electrolyte, e.g. a lithium-ion electrolyte, containing a salt which is stable in the presence of water, e.g. lithium bisperfluoroethanesulfonimide, LiN(SO2C2F5)2, is admixed in aqueous solution with an alkoxide, e.g. silica alkoxide, to form a liquid precursor which is added to the electrolytic cell between the anode and cathode thereof and allowed to solidify in situ to form the solid electrolyte.

Abstract: An anode for a lithium-ion battery is presented as well as a process for producing an anode for a lithium-ion battery. The anode is formed from a generally continuous sheet of particles of exfoliated graphite having a thickness of no more than about 350 microns, itself or in a laminate with a metallic substrate. The process involves laminating particles of exfoliated graphite to a metallic substrate, such that the particles of exfoliated graphite form a generally continuous sheet of graphite having a thickness of no more than about 350 microns. The inventive anode reduces or eliminates capacity fading due to contact loss and has superior permeability to lithium.

Abstract: There are disclosed a non-aqueous electrolyte which comprises a non-aqueous organic solvent and a lithium salt, and further contains a compound represented by the following formula (I): 1

Abstract: Carbonaceous insertion compounds and methods for preparation are described wherein the compounds comprise a highly disordered, impurity free, hard pre-graphitic carbonaceous host. Carbonaceous insertion compounds can be prepared which have large reversible capacity for lithium yet low irreversible capacity and voltage hysteresis. Such insertion compounds can be prepared by simple pyrolysis of suitable epoxy, phenolic resin, or carbohydrate precursors at an appropriate temperature. These insertion compounds may be suitable for use as high capacity anodes in lithium ion batteries.

Abstract: To provide a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery including a positive electrode containing a positive active material capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium ion and a negative electrode containing a first carbon material capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium ion and a second carbon material having a specific surface area of about 10 to about 1500 m2/g. According to the present invention, increase in a charge transfer resistance of the negative electrode is suppressed by the second carbon material having a specific surface area of about 10 to about 1500 m2/g, and therefore, a discharge capacity, cycle life performance, discharge rate characteristics and power characteristics of the battery can be improved.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a negative electrode material for a non-aqueous lithium secondary battery comprising a metal material M consisting of solid phases A and B, a graphite material, and a carbonaceous material having a crystallinity lower than that of said graphite material, wherein said metal material M has a structure in which a part or all of the surface of a core particle consisting of said solid phase A is covered with said solid phase B; said solid phase A contains at least silicon as a constitutive element; and said solid phase B is a solid solution or an intermetallic compound of silicon and a specific element.

Abstract: An active material for a battery is provided with a coating layer including either a conductive agent, or a coating layer having a mixture of a conductive agent, and a conductive polymeric dispersant.

Abstract: A negative electrode for a lithium battery includes a carbon material capable of occluding and discharging lithium and an additive material having a higher potential to discharge lithium than the carbon material, wherein the additive material is contained in a range of 0.01-9.0 weight % based on the weight of the carbon material, an average particle diameter of the carbon material is in a range of 0.01-50 &mgr;m, and an average particle diameter of the additive material is in a range of 0.01-50 &mgr;m. A lithium battery of the invention includes the negative battery.

Abstract: A secondary power source comprising a positive electrode made mainly of activated carbon, a negative electrode made mainly of a carbon material capable of doping and undoping lithium ions and an organic electrolyte containing a solute of a lithium salt, wherein the lithium salt comprises LiN(SO2Rf1) (SO2Rf2) wherein each of Rf1 and Rf2 which are independent of each other, is a C1-6 perfluoroalkyl group except Rf1═Rf2═CF3.

Abstract: A carbon fiber has a coaxial stacking morphology of truncated conical tubular graphene layers, wherein each of the truncated conical tubular graphene layers includes a hexagonal carbon layer and has a large ring end at one end and a small ring end at the other end in an axial direction. The hexagonal carbon layers are exposed on at least a part of the large ring ends. Part of carbon atoms of the hexagonal carbon layers are replaced with boron atoms, whereby projections with the boron atoms at the top are formed. An electrode material for a secondary battery using the carbon fiber excels in lifetime performance, has a large electric energy density, enables an increase in capacity, and excels in conductivity and electrode reinforcement.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell of either a primary or a secondary chemistry, is described. In either case, the cell has a negative electrode of lithium or of an anode material which is capable of intercalating and de-intercalating lithium coupled with a positive electrode of a cathode active material. A nitrite compound is mixed with either the anode material or the cathode active material prior to contact with its current collector. The resulting electrode couple is activated by a non-aqueous electrolyte. The electrolyte flows into and throughout the electrodes causing the nitrite compound to dissolve in the electrolyte. The nitrite solute is then able to contact the lithium to provide an electrically insulating and ionically conducting passivation layer thereon.

Abstract: There is proposed a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having an electrode assembly which is impregnated with a non-aqueous electrolyte solution, wherein the battery can be made thin while maintaining improved capacity, large-current characteristics and cycle life.

Abstract: A negative electrode for a rechargeable battery including: a current collector, a first layer containing a conductive material to occlude and release lithium ion, the first layer formed on the current collector, a second layer containing a metal selected from lithium and lithium alloy, the second layer formed on the first layer, and a third layer containing a lithium ion. conductive material, the third layer formed on the second layer. The third layer prevents the lithium and/or the lithium alloy in the second layer from being in contact with the electrolyte and smoothly feeds the lithium to the second layer to improve the efficiency of the negative electrode. The first layer can occlude and release the part of the lithium to be occluded and released, thereby reducing the volume change of the second layer. Such a structure of the negative electrode enables us to enhance cycling efficiency, and to attain long cycle life and good safety.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electrolyte battery having improved low temperature characteristics and preservation characteristics. The non-aqueous electrolyte battery includes a negative electrode containing a carbon material as a negative electrode active material, a positive electrode containing a positive electrode active material and which is arranged facing the negative electrode and a non-aqueous electrolyte arranged between the negative and positive electrodes. The negative electrode contains a material not doped with lithium and/or not emitting lithium in an amount of not less than 20 wt % and not larger than 40 wt % based on the negative electrode active material.

Abstract: In a lithium polymer secondary battery comprising: a positive electrode comprising a lithium-containing complex oxide; a negative electrode comprising a material capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions; and a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, the weight Wp of the polymer material constituting the polymer electrolyte contained in the positive electrode, the weight Wn of the polymer material constituting the polymer electrolyte contained in the negative electrode, and the weight Ws of the polymer material constituting the polymer electrolyte contained in the separator satisfy all of the following: Ws<Wn<Wp, 20≦100Wp/(Wp+Wn+Ws)≦50, 20≦100Wn/(Wp+Wn+Ws)≦50, and 20≦100Ws/(Wp+Wn+Ws)≦50; so that a lithium polymer secondary battery which is excellent in cycle stability and high in reliability is provided.

Abstract: A graphite particle obtained by assembling or binding together a plurality of flat-shaped particles so that the planes of orientation are not parallel to one another, or a graphite particle in which aspect ratio is 5 or less or specific surface area is 8 m2/g or less or the size of crystallite in the direction of c-axis of the crystal is 500 Å or more and the size of crystallite in the direction of plane is 1,000 Å or less as measured by X ray broad angle diffraction, or a graphite particle in which pore volume of the pores having a size falling in a range of 102 to 106 Å is 0.4 to 2.0 cc/g per weight of graphite particle or pore volume of the pores having a size falling in a range of 1×102 to 2×104 Å is 0.08 to 0.4 cc/g per weight of graphite particle is suitable for production of negative electrode of lithium secondary battery, and a lithium secondary battery obtained therefrom is excellent in rapid charge-discharge characteristics, cycle characteristics, etc.

Abstract: A negative electrode material and a battery which have an excellent cycle characteristic as well as a high capacity are provided. A positive electrode housed in an exterior can and a negative electrode housed in an exterior cup are laminated with a separator therebetween. An electrolytic solution of lithium salt dissolved in a solvent is poured into the inside of both the exterior can and the exterior cup. The negative electrode contains Mg2-xMIIxMI. MI expresses a first element such as Si, Sn, Ge, Pb, or the like. MII expresses a second element which is a metallic element, preferably Mn, Cu, Zn, or the like except both Mg and the first element. X is preferably in the range of 0.1≦x≦1.9. Substituting part of Mg by the second element MII can produce the distortion of the crystal structure, ease distortion accompanying the occluding/releasing lithium, and improve the charge and discharge efficiency and the cycle characteristic.

Abstract: A negative electrode of a nonaqueous secondary battery is formed of a carbonaceous material. The ratio RG=Gs/Gb of the degree of graphitization Gs of the carbonaceous material, determined by a surface-enhanced Raman spectrum, to the degree of graphitization Gb, determined by a Raman spectrum measured using argon laser light, is at least 4.5. Alternatively, the carbonaceous material has a peak in a wavelength range above 1,360 cm−1 in a surface-enhanced Raman spectrum which is measured by the same surface-enhanced Raman spectrum. The deterioration of the nonaqueous secondary battery is suppressed during use in high-temperature environments and high capacity is maintained for long periods.

Abstract: Alithium secondary battery for use in electric vehicle, includes: a battery case, and an electricity-generating body including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator, the positive and the negative electrode being wound or laminated via the separator so that the positive electrode and negative electrode are not brought into direct contact with each other. Each single battery has a ratio (X/E) of battery output X (W) and battery energy E (Wh), of 2 to 36 or a product (R×E) of battery internal resistance R (m&OHgr;) and battery energy E (Wh), of 50 to 900 (m&OHgr;·Wh). The lithium secondary battery is used in an electric vehicle as combined batteries formed by connecting a required number of the single batteries in series.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an anode material excellent in its charging and discharging characteristics and a secondary battery excellent in its charging and discharging cyclic characteristics. An anode active material is used for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery including an anode having the anode active material, a cathode having a cathode active material and a nonaqueous electrolyte. The capacity of the anode is expressed by the sum of a capacity component obtained when light metal is doped and dedoped in an ionic state and a capacity component obtained when the light metal is deposited and dissolved. The light metal includes an anode base material capable of doping and dedoping the light metal in an ionic state and a fibrous material having an electric conductivity.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to solid composite cathodes which comprise (a)sulfur-containing cathode material which, in its oxidized state, comprises a polysulfide moiety of the formula, -Sm-, wherein m is an integer from 3 to 10; and (b) a non-electroactive particulate material having a strong adsorption of soluble polysulfides. The present invention also pertains to electric current producing cells comprising such solid composite cathodes, and methods of making such solid composite cathodes and electric current producing cells.

Abstract: A lithium secondary battery includes: a positive electrode; and a negative electrode, which further includes a lamination structure comprising: a lithium ion supporting layer capable of supporting lithium ions; and an amorphous-state lithium-based layer in contact directly with the lithium ion supporting layer.

Abstract: A negative electrode active material includes a composition A-B-C containing a first element A which is at least one selected from copper and iron, a second element B which is at least one selected from silicon and tin, and a third element C which is at least one selected from the group consisting of indium, antimony, bismuth, and lead. A nonaqueous electrolyte battery includes a negative electrode containing the negative electrode active material, a positive electrode containing a positive electrode active material, and a nonaqueous electrolyte. The nonaqueous electrolyte battery has a large discharge capacity and excellent cycle performance.

Abstract: An anode material for lithium secondary battery, which comprises graphite particles and a crystalline carbon coating layer formed thereon, wherein each graphite particle has a bent laminate structure inside, is produced by grinding a graphite of 5 mm or less in average particle diameter using an impact grinder to produce graphite particles of 100 &mgr;m or less in average particle diameter having a bent laminate structure inside each particle and then subjecting the graphite particles to chemical vapor deposition in a fluidized bed type reaction furnace to form a crystalline carbon coating layer on the graphite particles.

Abstract: A lithium secondary battery exhibiting good mechanical properties and using a thin negative current collector is provided. The lithium secondary battery includes a positive electrode formed by coating lithium metal oxides on a positive current collector and a negative electrode formed by coating carbonaceous materials or SnO2 on a negative current collector. The negative current collector is made of a Cu-based alloy foil with a thickness of 20 &mgr;m or less and the Cu-based alloy foil includes at least one material selected from the group consisting of nickel, titanium, magnesium, tin, zinc, boron, chromium, manganese, silicone, cobalt, iron, vanadium, aluminum, zirconium, niobium, phosphorous, bismuth, lead, silver and misch metal. The lithium secondary battery further includes a separator interposed between the positive and negative electrodes and an electrolyte into which the positive and negative electrodes and the separator are immersed.

Abstract: Sodium ion batteries are based on sodium based active materials selected among compounds of the general formula:

Abstract: An electrode material for a secondary battery has a carbon fiber. This carbon fiber has a coaxial stacking morphology of truncated conical tubular graphene layers, wherein each of the truncated conical tubular graphene layers includes a hexagonal carbon layer, and has a large ring end at one end and a small ring end at the other end in an axial direction. The hexagonal carbon layers are exposed on at least a part of the large ring ends. Such an electrode material for a secondary battery excels in lifetime performance, has a large electric energy density, enables an increase in capacity, and excels in conductivity and electrode reinforcement.