Abstract: Compositions and process for optimizing oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions are provided. Oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution catalysts include oxide compositions having a general formula a formula A2-xMOy, where x is electrochemically tuned to find optimal A content that delivers the best catalytic performance in a chemical system. The process provides the ability to find the optimal catalytic performance by tuning A and hence, the binding strength of O.

Abstract: An air supply indicator apparatus for indicating an amount of breathing air remaining in a cylinder, the apparatus including a housing member having a first side integrally formed with an attachment member, the attachment member configured to be detachably coupled to an emergency breathing safety system (EBSS) or universal emergency breathing safety system (UEBBS) and a second side form with an enclosure, an air status management status indicator having a plurality of indicator light sources disposed on the housing member, and a processor disposed within the enclosure, the processor coupled to the air status management status indicator and configured to emit light from the plurality of indicator light sources based on received signals corresponding to an amount of air remaining in a cylinder.

Abstract: The present invention provides a refrigeration and freezing device, including a case body, a door body, an oxygen-enrichment membrane assembly, an air pump, and a refrigeration system. For the refrigeration and freezing device, temperature within an appropriate storage range and a nitrogen-rich and oxygen-deficient atmosphere cooperate, thereby effectively extending the shelf life of foods.

Abstract: A lithium battery and method for fabricating the same are provided herein. The battery cathode comprises a carbon structure filled with a catalyst, such as palladium-catalyst-filled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The carbon structure provides a barrier between the catalyst and the electrolyte providing an increased stability of the electrolyte during both discharging and charging of a battery.

Abstract: An electrochemical reaction unit cell including an electrolyte layer containing a solid oxide; a cathode and an anode which face each other in a first direction with the electrolyte layer intervening therebetween; and an intermediate layer disposed between the electrolyte layer and the cathode and containing a first cerium oxide. In the electrochemical reaction unit cell, the cathode includes an active layer containing a strontium-containing perovskite oxide, a second cerium oxide, sulfur, and strontium sulfate and having ion conductivity and electron conductivity, and a grain of the strontium sulfate covers at least a portion of the surface of a grain of the second cerium oxide.

Abstract: Coatings for components of electrochemical cells (e.g., layers for protecting electrodes) are generally described. Associated compounds, articles, systems, and methods are also generally described.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a rechargeable battery, and a rechargeable battery including: a liquid cathode portion including a sodium-containing solution and a cathode current collector impregnated in the sodium-containing solution; an anode portion including a liquid organic electrolyte, an anode current collector impregnated in the liquid organic electrolyte, and an anode active material provided in the surface of the anode current collector; and a solid electrolyte provided between the cathode portion and the anode portion can be provided.

Abstract: A battery employing lithium-oxygen chemistry may include an anode comprising lithium, an electrolyte, and a porous cathode. The electrolyte may include a lithium-containing salt; a partially fluorinated ether, such as 2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dioxolane; and a co-solvent selected from the group consisting of ethers, amides, nitriles, and combinations thereof. In some examples, the electrolyte does not include a cyclic carbonate ester, a sulfolane, or a sulfolane derivative. The porous cathode allows oxygen to come into contact with the electrolyte.

Abstract: Provided are an air cell that has a reduced environmental impact and has favorable discharge characteristics as well as a patch equipped with the air cell. An air cell of the present invention includes, an outer case, which contains a positive electrode having a catalyst layer containing a catalyst and a binder, a negative electrode containing a metal material, a separator, and an electrolytic solution. The electrolytic solution is an aqueous solution with a pH of 3 or more and less than 12. The separator has an air permeability of 10 sec/100 ml or more, or the positive electrode has a porous sheet made of carbon as a current collector. A patch of the present invention includes the air cell of the present invention as a power supply.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a secondary battery and a method for supplementing an electrolyte of the secondary battery. The secondary battery according to the present invention comprises a battery case comprising an accommodation part accommodating an electrode and an electrolyte therein and a sealing member for additionally injecting the electrolyte, which is disposed on a portion of the battery case to additionally inject the electrolyte into the accommodation part of the battery case and seals an injection portion.

Abstract: A nickel-hydrogen battery includes a plurality of electrodes each including a current collector made of a metal, and disposed in a manner stacked in a first direction; a separator disposed between adjacent electrodes of the plurality of electrodes; a plurality of resin members disposed on peripheral portions of the plurality of electrodes to ensure a clearance between the adjacent electrodes; and a surface treatment layer covering one surface of the current collector at least in the peripheral portion of the plurality of electrode. The surface treatment layer includes a plurality of protrusions from the one surface. Widest parts of the protrusions are located above base ends thereof, and parts of the resin members are interposed between adjacent protrusions, across a range from tip ends to the base ends thereof.

Abstract: A zinc-air secondary battery includes an air positive electrode part, a separator, and a zinc gel negative electrode part. The zinc gel negative electrode part includes therein at least one middle layer made of mesh or foam. In a zinc-air secondary battery, oxygen discharging efficiency that is present in a zinc gel negative electrode part is high, and thus charging performance of the zinc-air secondary battery can be improved.

Abstract: A liquid electrolyte for a lithium metal battery comprises 45-65 mol % of an aprotic solvent, 5-15 mol % of an ionic liquid, 28-44 mol % of a lithium salt and up to 5 mol % additives. The aprotic solvent consists of one or more of a linear carbonate and a linear ether and the ionic liquid consists of one or more of PYR13FSI, PYR14FSI, PYR13TFSI, and PYR14TFSI. The lithium salt is selected from the group consisting of LiFSI, LiTFSI, and LiBET. The liquid electrolyte can have a flash point of greater than 60° C. and a dynamic viscosity of less than 120 mPa·s.

Abstract: A Li—O2 battery and method for fabricating the same are provided herein. The battery cathode comprises a carbon structure filled with a palladium nanoparticle catalyst, including palladium-filled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The carbon structure provides a barrier between the catalyst and the electrolyte providing an increased stability of the electrolyte during both discharging and charging of a battery.

Abstract: Provided are a slurry for a solid electrolyte, which can reduce the usage of a polymer binder, a method for producing a solid electrolyte layer, and a method for producing an all-solid-state battery. Disclosed is a slurry for a solid electrolyte, the slurry comprising a solvent, a lithium compound, and crystal particles of a garnet-type ion-conducting oxide represented by a general formula (Lix?3y?z,Ey,Hz)L?M?O? (where E is at least one kind of element selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, Fe and Si; L is at least one kind of element selected from an alkaline-earth metal and a lanthanoid element; M is at least one kind of element selected from a transition element that can be six-coordinated with oxygen and typical elements in groups 12 to 15 of the periodic table; 3?x?3y?z?7; 0?y?0.25; 0<z?2.8; 2.5???3.5; 1.5???2.5; and 11???13).

Abstract: An air electrode has a plurality of carbon nanotubes and a plurality of layered double hydroxide particles. The plurality of layered double hydroxide particles is supported on the plurality of carbon nanotubes.

Abstract: Provided are a slurry for a solid electrolyte, which can reduce the usage of a polymer binder, a method for producing a solid electrolyte layer, and a method for producing an all-solid-state battery. Disclosed is a slurry for a solid electrolyte, the slurry comprising a solvent, a lithium compound, and crystal particles of a garnet-type ion-conducting oxide represented by a general formula (Lix?3y?z,Ey,Hz)L?M?O? (where E is at least one kind of element selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, Fe and Si; L is at least one kind of element selected from an alkaline-earth metal and a lanthanoid element; M is at least one kind of element selected from a transition element that can be six-coordinated with oxygen and typical elements in groups 12 to 15 of the periodic table; 3?x?3y?z?7; 0?y?0.25; 0<z?2.8; 2.5???3.5; 1.5???2.5; and 11???13).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a lithium air battery and a method of manufacturing the same, wherein the lithium air battery comprises; a positive electrode which uses oxygen as an anode active material and is formed by laminating carbon black secondary particles which are composed of carbon black primary particles and graphene, and including macropores having a pore size range of exceeding 100 nm formed between the carbon black secondary particles; a negative electrode disposed to face the positive electrode; and a separation membrane disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The lithium air battery provides an increase in discharge capacity in a discharge test and a decrease in overvoltage, and can be manufactured by a simple method.

Abstract: An energy conversion device for conversion of various energy forms into electricity. The energy forms may be chemical, photovoltaic or thermal gradients. The energy conversion device has a first and second electrode. A substrate is present that has a porous semiconductor or dielectric layer placed thereover. The substrate itself can be planar, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional, and possess internal and external surfaces. These substrates may be rigid, flexible and/or foldable. The porous semiconductor or dielectric layer can be a nano-engineered structure. A porous conductor material is placed on at least a portion of the porous semiconductor or dielectric layer such that at least some of the porous conductor material enters the nano-engineered structure of the porous semiconductor or dielectric layer, thereby forming an intertwining region.

Abstract: A metal/air battery includes an oxygen management system that delivers oxygen to the battery during a discharge cycle. The oxygen management system includes an oxygen separations unit and an oxygenated gas supply reservoir that are fluidly coupled to a positive electrode of the battery via a valve system. The valve system selectively places the oxygen separations unit and the oxygenated gas supply reservoir in fluid communication with the positive electrode during the discharge cycle. The oxygen management system also includes a compressor with an outlet fluidly coupled to the oxygenated gas supply reservoir and an inlet fluidly connected to the oxygen separations unit via the valve system. The valve system selectively places the oxygen separations unit in fluid communication with the oxygenated gas supply reservoir during one or more of the discharge cycle and a charge cycle of the battery.

Abstract: A Li—O2 battery and method for fabricating the same are provided herein. The battery cathode comprises a carbon structure filled with a palladium nanoparticle catalyst, including palladium-filled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The carbon structure provides a barrier between the catalyst and the electrolyte providing an increased stability of the electrolyte during both discharging and charging of a battery.

Abstract: Provided is a battery including a layered double hydroxide. The battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, an electrolytic solution being an aqueous alkali metal hydroxide solution, and a layered double hydroxide having a fundamental composition represented by the formula: M2+1?xM3+x(OH)2An?x/n·mH2O where M2+ represents a divalent cation, M3+ represents a trivalent cation, An? represents an n-valent anion, n is an integer of 1 or more, x is 0.1 to 0.4, and m is any real number, the layered double hydroxide being in contact with the electrolytic solution, wherein a metal compound containing a metal corresponding to M2+ and/or M3+ is dissolved in the electrolytic solution such that erosion of the layered double hydroxide by the electrolytic solution is suppressed. The present invention provides a highly reliable battery such that the degradation of a layered double hydroxide (LDH) contained in the battery can be significantly reduced.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a lithium air battery having a multi-layered electrolyte membrane and a method of manufacturing the same. The lithium air battery includes a first electrolyte membrane capable of obtaining high ionic conductivity on a lithium negative electrode surface while minimizing the content of polymer and positioning a second electrolyte membrane with high resistance to oxygen radicals on the air electrode. Accordingly, the multi-layered electrolyte membrane can improve an electrolyte filling characteristic and a conductive characteristic of lithium ions, suppress oxygen radicals from being carried from an air electrode, and suppress a growth of lithium dendrite to largely improve a battery lifespan.

Abstract: Provided is a high-density lithium-containing garnet crystal body. The lithium-containing garnet crystal body has a relative density of 99% or more, belongs to a tetragonal system, and has a garnet-related type structure. A method of producing a Li7La3Zr2O12 crystal, which is one example of this lithium-containing garnet crystal body, includes melting a portion of a rod-like raw material composed of polycrystalline Li7La3Zr2O12 belonging to a tetragonal system while rotating it on a plane perpendicular to the longer direction and moving the melted portion in the longer direction. The moving rate of the melted portion is preferably 8 mm/h or more but not more than 19 mm/h. The rotational speed of the raw material is preferably 30 rpm or more but not more than 60 rpm. By increasing the moving rate of the melted portion, decomposition of the raw material due to evaporation of lithium can be prevented and by increasing the rotational speed of the raw material, air bubbles can be removed.

Abstract: An ionic liquid comprising a cationic chemical species and an anionic chemical species. The cationic chemical species comprising a nitrogen containing moiety and a partially fluorinated alkyl chain moiety, wherein the partially fluorinated alkyl chain moiety is bonded to a nitrogen atom of the nitrogen containing moiety. The ionic liquid can be used as an electrolyte, as an additive to an organic solvent, as a lubricant, as a hydrophobic coating, as a treatment for fluorinated pollutants, as an electrolyte for sensor applications, as a stabilizing additive for existing battery electrolytes, and as an emulsifier.

Abstract: Provided is a complex oxide that has a high hydrogen content, contains almost no impurity phase, and is suitable for proton conductivity. The complex oxide is represented by a chemical formula Li7-xHxLa3M2O12 (M represents Zr and/or Hf, and 3.2<x?7) and is a single phase of a garnet type structure belonging to a cubic system. A method for producing the complex oxide includes an exchange step of bringing a raw material complex oxide represented by a chemical formula Li7-xHxLa3M2O12 (M represents Zr and/or Hf, and 0?x?3.2) and a compound having a hydroxy group or a carboxyl group into contact with each other to exchange at least some of lithium of the raw material complex oxide and hydrogen of the compound having a hydroxy group or a carboxyl group.

Abstract: An air battery includes a negative electrode allowing a metal ion to be occluded in the negative electrode and released from the negative electrode, a positive electrode configured to use oxygen in the air as a positive electrode active material, a nonaqueous metal ion conductor disposed between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, and oxygen evolving catalysts. The positive electrode includes a carbon material. At least one of the oxygen evolving catalysts is fixed to the surface of the carbon material through a Si—O bond.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalyst comprising manganese oxides wherein the manganese oxides comprise: MnO in an amount of 40-60 mole %, based on mole of Mn; Mn2O3 in an amount of 40-60 mole %, based on mole of Mn; and Mn3O4 in an amount of 1-10 mole %, based on mole of Mn. The present invention also relates to a method for preparing the catalysts and the use of the catalyst in an air purifier. The catalyst according to the present invention can effectively catalyze formaldehyde oxidation at ambient temperature so as to effectively remove indoor formaldehyde being present in relative low amounts.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to electrochemical energy storage systems. In particular, the present disclosure relates to particular systems and methods for providing a compact framework in which to house an electrochemical energy storage system. Various embodiments of electrochemical energy storage systems are disclosed that include a flow manifold and a flow manifold cover. The flow manifold may provide a plurality of channels for distributing liquid reactant to an electrical cell stack. The flow manifold may be utilized in conjunction with a flow manifold cover. The flow manifold cover may be configured to support a variety of components of a liquid reactant distribution system. Such components may include liquid reactant pump motors, inlet and outlet ports, a reference cell, and a variety of sensors. The distribution of liquid reactants to the cell stack from the inlet and outlet ports may be accomplished by way of the flow manifold cover.

Abstract: A lithium air battery including: a composite cathode including a porous material and a first solid electrolyte; a lithium metal anode; an oxygen blocking layer adjacent to the anode; and a cathode interlayer disposed between the composite cathode and the oxygen blocking layer, wherein the cathode interlayer includes a lithium ion conducting second solid electrolyte.

Abstract: A lithium-ion secondary battery having stable charge characteristics and lifetime characteristics is manufactured. Before the secondary battery is completed, a positive electrode is subjected to an electrochemical reaction in a large amount of electrolyte solution in advance, so that the positive electrode can have stability. The use of the positive electrode enables the secondary battery to be highly reliable. If a negative electrode is also subjected to an electrochemical reaction in a large amount of electrolyte solution in advance, the secondary battery can be more highly reliable.

Abstract: An electrochemical battery including: a battery module comprising at least one electrochemical cell; an air supplier configured to supply air to the battery module and constantly maintain an oxygen concentration in the air that is supplied to the battery module; and an air recirculator configured to recirculate air exhausted from the battery module, wherein the battery module comprises an air inlet port though which air is introduced from the air supplier, and an air outlet port through which air remaining after a reaction in the at least one electrochemical cell is exhausted, and wherein the air recirculator is configured to recirculate the air exhausted through the air outlet port of the battery module to the air inlet port of the battery module.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure aim to provide a catalyst layer ensuring a high cell voltage and having both excellent robustness and sufficient endurance, and also to provide a process for producing the layer, a membrane electrode assembly and an electrochemical cell. The catalyst layer comprises two or more noble metal-containing layers, and a porous ceramic layer placed between the noble metal-containing layers. Further, in the catalyst layer, voids exist between the porous ceramic layer and the noble metal-containing layers.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell including: an anode assembly having opposite surfaces; and a cathode having at least one folded portion and having ionic continuity with the opposite surfaces of the anode assembly, wherein the anode assembly includes an anode, and an active metal ion conducting membrane that is disposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein the active metal ion conducting membrane has at least one folded portion. Also an electrochemical cell, an electrochemical cell module including the electrochemical cell, and methods of manufacturing the same.

Abstract: Batteries and methods of forming the same include a lithium anode, an electrolyte having a high solubility for lithium ions and oxygen, and a thin graphene cathode formed on a substrate. Lithium ions migrate from the lithium anode through the electrolyte to form Li2O2 at a surface of the thin graphene cathode.

Abstract: The present application relates to a positive electrode and a Li-ion battery including the positive electrode, the positive electrode comprises a positive electrode current collector and a first active material layer including a first positive electrode active material arranged on the positive electrode current collector, a buffer layer including a carbon material and a binder, and a second active material layer including a second positive electrode active material, the buffer layer is arranged between the first active material layer and the second active material layer. The positive electrode provided by the present application, when applied to the lithium battery, not only can improve the safety performance of the Li-ion battery, but also improve the cycle performance of the Li-ion battery.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a secondary lithium-water electrochemical battery cell-comprising a water splitting bi-functional electrode in contact with an inorganic electrolyte, a reversible lithium electrode in contact with an organic electrolyte, a lithium salt and a Li+-ion conductive membrane disposed between the organic and inorganic electrolytes. Cell charged as Li—O2 couple and discharged as Li—H2 couple.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a battery comprising a casing provided with a cup and a closure part for said cup, the method comprising the successive steps consisting in: providing at least three parts with a first part defining one pole, and a second part and a third part defining the other pole and intended to form together the cup, the first and second parts respectively comprising a first surface and a second surface (6a) of matching shape, at least one adhesive portion of each of said surfaces extending in a geometric surface non-parallel to the general axis of the battery; bonding the aforementioned first and second surfaces to provide a structure with an adhesive joint between the first and second parts; welding the third part to the second part; the adhesive joint being arranged against an inner face of the cup, the aforementioned adhesive portion of the second part forming a stop, along the general axis, for the first part, which is located inside the cup.

Abstract: This invention relates to fuel cell unit for use in aggregating fuel cells, particularly useful for use when fuel cells are connected in parallel. Improving the management of fuel cell outputs across a plurality of aggregated fuel cells improves efficiency of the fuel cells. The invention relates to a fuel cell unit comprising a fuel cell and a regulating voltage converter, and further relates to a fuel cell module comprising a plurality of fuel cell units connected in parallel.

Abstract: In a method for manufacturing a supercapacitor, a first graphene current collector, a first electrode and a first separating layer are sequentially formed on a first metal layer, to form a first stacked layer. A second graphene current collector and a second electrode are sequentially formed on a second metal layer, to form a second stacked layer. The second electrode of the second stacked layer is formed on the first separating layer of the first stacked layer, to form a third stacked layer. The third stacked layer is compressed to remove the first and second metal layers, to form a unit stacked layer. The unit stacked layer and a second separating layer or an insulating layer are alternately formed.

Abstract: An electrode structure includes a first electrode unit, a second electrode unit and a first insulating frame, in which the electrode units are adjacent to each other. The first insulating unit has an airflow space therein and includes an electrically conducive base with an airflow plane and an air cell cathode disposed on an outer surface of the airflow plane. The second insulating unit includes an electrically conductive base and an air cell anode disposed on an outer surface of the electrically conductive base. The first insulating frame spaces and joins the adjacent electrode units to each other such that the air cell cathode and the air cell anode of the adjacent electrode units are opposed to each other. The first insulating frame together with the adjacent electrode units forms an electrolytic solution container.

Abstract: A metal-air battery includes an anode and a passivation layer formed on the anode. The passivation layer functions as electrolyte and cathode, so that no additional electrolyte or cathode is included. During discharge, metal cations derived from oxidation of the anode migrate across the passivation layer, and react with nucleophilic gas and electrons received from a gas diffusion layer. The metal-air battery, by virtue of having no added electrolyte or cathode, is compact and contains no volatile materials.

Abstract: A patch-type module includes a substrate provided with one surface and another surface that is a sticky surface; an air cell mounted to the substrate; a seal that blocks air from entering the air cell whose first surface is attached to the air cell; an electronic component mounted on the substrate; and a protection sheet that is attached to the sticky surface of the substrate through an adhesion layer, wherein a second surface of the seal is attached to the protection sheet through the adhesion layer, wherein when the protection sheet is peeled, the adhesion layer and the seal are peeled together to expose the sticky surface of the substrate and start introduction of air inside the air cell so that electric power is capable of being power supplied to the electronic component from the air cell.

Abstract: A positive electrode for an air battery that can remarkably improve the battery performance is provided by uniformly dispersing fine Nb (Nb oxide) therein. An air battery using the positive electrode as well as a method of manufacturing the positive electrode is also provided. A positive electrode for an air battery includes an expanded graphite sheet containing expanded graphite and Nb dispersed within the sheet. It is desirable that the Nb be contained in a weight proportion of from 5 ppm to 50000 ppm with respect to the expanded graphite.

Abstract: Provided is an electrode catalyst layer excellent in gas transportability by using an electrode catalyst layer for fuel cell comprising a catalyst containing a catalyst carrier and a catalytic metal carried on the catalyst carrier and an electrolyte, wherein the catalyst partially is coated with the electrolyte, and a specific surface area of the catalytic metal which gas can reach without passing through an electrolyte is 50% or more, with respect to the total specific surface area of the catalytic metal.

Abstract: A method for preparing a metal catalyst supported on a porous carbon support using a plant, including: (a) a step of preparing a plant; (b) a step of preparing a metal precursor-absorbed plant by absorbing a metal precursor into the plant; (c) a step of preparing a catalyst precursor by drying the metal precursor-absorbed plant; (d) a step of preparing a char by charring the catalyst precursor; and (e) a step of preparing a metal catalyst supported on a porous carbon support by treating the char with an acid. The method for preparing a metal catalyst supported on a porous carbon support of the present disclosure, whereby a plant itself is charred, is environment-friendly and allows for convenient large-scale synthesis. The metal catalyst supported on a porous carbon support prepared thereby can be used as electrode materials of various energy devices, particularly as an electrode catalyst of a fuel cell.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a mixture that includes a mediator having a first redox potential, a non-liquid active material having a second redox potential that is less than the first redox potential, and a cation. In addition, the non-liquid active material has a first condition that includes a first oxidation state, where the cation is intercalated within the non-liquid active material, and the non-liquid active material has a second condition that includes a second oxidation state that is higher than the first oxidation state, where the non-liquid active material is substantially free of the cation. In addition, the mediator has a first condition that includes a third oxidation state and a second condition that includes a fourth oxidation state that is higher than the third oxidation state.

Abstract: Provided herein are three-dimensional ion transport networks and current collectors for electrodes of electrochemical cells. Exemplary electrodes include interconnected layers and channels including an electrolyte to facilitate ion transport. Exemplary electrodes also include three dimensional current collectors, such as current collectors having electronically conducting rods, electronically conducting layers or a combination thereof.

Abstract: A method and/or electrochemical cell for utilizing one or more gas diffusion 5 electrodes (GDEs) in an electrochemical cell, the one or more gas diffusion electrodes have a wetting pressure and/or a bubble point exceeding 0.2 bar. The one or more gas diffusion electrodes can be subjected to a pressure differential between a liquid side and a gas side. A pressure on the liquid side of the GDE over the gas side does not exceed the wetting pressure of the GDE during 10 operation (in cases where a liquid electrolyte side has higher pressure), and/or a pressure on the gas side of the GDE over the liquid side, does not exceeds the bubble point of the GDE (in cases where the gas side has the higher pressure).

Abstract: Metal-halogen flow battery cell, stack, system, and method, the stack including flow battery cells that each include an impermeable first electrode, an insert disposed on the first electrode and comprising sloped channels, a cell frame disposed around the insert and including a cell inlet manifold configured to provide a metal halide electrolyte and an opposing cell outlet manifold configured to receive the electrolyte, a porous second electrode disposed on the insert, such that sloped separation zones are formed between the second electrode and the channels, conductive connectors electrically connecting the first and second electrodes, and ribs disposed on the second electrode and extending substantially parallel to the channels of the insert. A depth of the channels increases as proximity to the cell outlet manifold increases.